Evaluation of potential landslide damming: Case study of Urni landslide,Kinnaur, Satluj valley, India
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摘要
This work aims to understand the process of potential landslide damming using slope failure mechanism,dam dimension and dam stability evaluation. The Urni landslide, situated on the right bank of the Satluj River, Himachal Pradesh(India) is taken as the case study. The Urni landslide has evolved into a complex landslide in the last two decade(2000-2016) and has dammed the Satluj River partially since year 2013,damaging ～200 m stretch of the National Highway(NH-05). The crown of the landslide exists at an altitude of ～2180-2190 m above msl, close to the Urni village that has a human population of about 500.The high resolution imagery shows ～50 m long landslide scarp and ～100 m long transverse cracks in the detached mass that implies potential for further slope failure movement. Further analysis shows that the landslide has attained an areal increase of 103,900 ± 1142 m~2 during year 2004-2016. About 86% of this areal increase occurred since year 2013. Abrupt increase in the annual mean rainfall is also observed since the year 2013. The extreme rainfall in the June, 2013; 11 June(～100 mm) and 16 June(～115 mm),are considered to be responsible for the slope failure in the Urni landslide that has partially dammed the river. The finite element modelling(FEM) based slope stability analysis revealed the shear strain in the order of 0.0-0.16 with 0.0-0.6 m total displacement in the detachment zone. Further, kinematic analysis indicated planar and wedge failure condition in the jointed rockmass. The debris flow runout simulation of the detached mass in the landslide showed a velocity of ～25 m/s with a flow height of ～15 m while it(debris flow) reaches the valley floor. Finally, it is also estimated that further slope failure may detach as much as 0.80 ±0.32 million m~3 mass that will completely dam the river to a height of 76±30 m above the river bed.
This work aims to understand the process of potential landslide damming using slope failure mechanism,dam dimension and dam stability evaluation. The Urni landslide, situated on the right bank of the Satluj River, Himachal Pradesh(India) is taken as the case study. The Urni landslide has evolved into a complex landslide in the last two decade(2000-2016) and has dammed the Satluj River partially since year 2013,damaging ～200 m stretch of the National Highway(NH-05). The crown of the landslide exists at an altitude of ～2180-2190 m above msl, close to the Urni village that has a human population of about 500.The high resolution imagery shows ～50 m long landslide scarp and ～100 m long transverse cracks in the detached mass that implies potential for further slope failure movement. Further analysis shows that the landslide has attained an areal increase of 103,900 ± 1142 m~2 during year 2004-2016. About 86% of this areal increase occurred since year 2013. Abrupt increase in the annual mean rainfall is also observed since the year 2013. The extreme rainfall in the June, 2013; 11 June(～100 mm) and 16 June(～115 mm),are considered to be responsible for the slope failure in the Urni landslide that has partially dammed the river. The finite element modelling(FEM) based slope stability analysis revealed the shear strain in the order of 0.0-0.16 with 0.0-0.6 m total displacement in the detachment zone. Further, kinematic analysis indicated planar and wedge failure condition in the jointed rockmass. The debris flow runout simulation of the detached mass in the landslide showed a velocity of ～25 m/s with a flow height of ～15 m while it(debris flow) reaches the valley floor. Finally, it is also estimated that further slope failure may detach as much as 0.80 ±0.32 million m~3 mass that will completely dam the river to a height of 76±30 m above the river bed.
This work aims to understand the process of potential landslide damming using slope failure mechanism,dam dimension and dam stability evaluation. The Urni landslide, situated on the right bank of the Satluj River, Himachal Pradesh(India) is taken as the case study. The Urni landslide has evolved into a complex landslide in the last two decade(2000-2016) and has dammed the Satluj River partially since year 2013,damaging ～200 m stretch of the National Highway(NH-05). The crown of the landslide exists at an altitude of ～2180-2190 m above msl, close to the Urni village that has a human population of about 500.The high resolution imagery shows ～50 m long landslide scarp and ～100 m long transverse cracks in the detached mass that implies potential for further slope failure movement. Further analysis shows that the landslide has attained an areal increase of 103,900 ± 1142 m~2 during year 2004-2016. About 86% of this areal increase occurred since year 2013. Abrupt increase in the annual mean rainfall is also observed since the year 2013. The extreme rainfall in the June, 2013; 11 June(～100 mm) and 16 June(～115 mm),are considered to be responsible for the slope failure in the Urni landslide that has partially dammed the river. The finite element modelling(FEM) based slope stability analysis revealed the shear strain in the order of 0.0-0.16 with 0.0-0.6 m total displacement in the detachment zone. Further, kinematic analysis indicated planar and wedge failure condition in the jointed rockmass. The debris flow runout simulation of the detached mass in the landslide showed a velocity of ～25 m/s with a flow height of ～15 m while it(debris flow) reaches the valley floor. Finally, it is also estimated that further slope failure may detach as much as 0.80 ±0.32 million m~3 mass that will completely dam the river to a height of 76±30 m above the river bed.
引文
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Blothe, J.H., Korup, O., Schwanghart, W., 2015. Large landslides lie low:excess topography in the Himalaya-Karakoram ranges. Geology 43(6), 523-526.https://doi.org/10.1130/G36527.1.
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Cai, M., Kaiser, P.K., Tasaka, Y., Minami, M., 2007. Determination of residual strength parameters of jointed rock masses using the GSI system. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 44(2), 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.07.005.
Canuti, P., Casagli, N., Ermini, L., 1998. Inventory of landslide dams in the Northern Apennine as a model for induced flood hazard forecasting. In:Andah, K.(Ed.),Managing Hydro-geological Disasters in a Vulnerable Environment forSustainable Development. National Research Council of Italy, UNESCO(IHP),Porano, pp. 189-202.
Casagli, N., Ermini, L., Rosati, G., 2003. Determining grain size distribution of the material composing landslide dams in the Northern Apennines:sampling and processing methods. Engineering Geology 69(1),83-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00249-1.
Cascini, L., Ciurleo, M., Di Nocera, S., Gulla, G., 2015. A new-old approach for shallow landslide analysis and susceptibility zoning in fine-grained weathered soils of southern Italy. Geomorphology 241, 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.04.017.
Chandramouli, C., 2011. Census of India 2011. Ministry of Home Affairs. Government of India, New Delhi.
Chattoraj, S.L.,Champatiray, P.K., 2015. Simulation and modelling of debris flows using satellite derived data:a case study from Kedarnath area. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 6(2), 1498-1511.
Costa, J.E., Schuster, R.L.,1988. The formation and failure of natural dams. The Geological Society of America Bulletin 100(7), 1054-1068.
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