Neogene Paleoseismic Events and the Shanwang Biota's Burial in the Linqu Area,Shandong Province,China
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摘要
Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, pillow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites'; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks', which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period', which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w(La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes(e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.
Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, pillow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites'; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks', which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period', which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w(La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes(e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.
Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, pillow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites'; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks', which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period', which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w(La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes(e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.
引文
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Knaust,D.,2002.Pinch-and-swell structures at the Middle/Upper Muschelkalk boundary(Triassic):evidence of earthquake effects(seismites)in the Germanic Basin.International Journal of Earth Sciences,90:291–303.
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Li Yong,Shao Zhufu,Mao Cui,Yang Yuping and Liu Shengxin,2013.The seismic induced soft deformation structures in the Middle Jurassic of Western Qaidamu Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English edition),87(4):979–988.
Li Yonggang,Xu Zhiqin and Li Haibing,2014.Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen-Shan Fault in the 2008 M8Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed by Fault-Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling.Acta Geologica Sinica(English edition),88(2):444–467.
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Luo Zhaohua,Li Fenglin and Yang Muhua,1992.On origin of the Shanwang basin and its geological significance.Geosciences,6(1):30–39(in Chinese with English abstract).
Luo Zhili,Li Jingming,Li Xiaojun,Liu Shuyin,Zhao Xikui and Sun Wei,2005.Discussion on the formation,evolution and problems of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),35(6):699–706(in Chinese with English abstract).
LüHongbo,Wang Jun and Zhang Haichun,2011.Discovery of Late Mesozoic Slump beds in Lingshan island,Shandong,and a pilot research on the regional tectonics.Acta Geologica Sinica,85(6):938–946(in Chinese with English abstract).
LüWei,Ma Xuemin,Wang Zonghua and Li Junde,2009.Brief introduction to Shanwang ancient fauna fossils in Linqu County.Shandong Land and Resources,25(8):63–67(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mazumder,R.,Rodríguez-López,J.P.,Arima,M.and Van Loon,A.J.,2009.Palaeoproterozoic seismites(fine-grained facies of the Chaibasa Fm.,E India)and their soft-sediment deformation structures.In:Reddy,S.,Mazumder,R.,Evans,D.,and Collins,A.(eds),Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution.Geological Society,London,Special Publication 323:301–318.
Montenat,C.,Barrier,P.,d’Estevou,P.O.,and Hibsch,C.,2007.Seismites:An attempt at critical analysis and classification.Sedimentary Geology,196:5–30.
Moretti,M.,Pieri,P.,and Tropeano,M.,2002.Late Pleistocene soft-sediment deformation structure interpreted as seismites in paralic deposits in the city of Bari(Apulian foreland,southern Italy).In:Ettensohn,F.R.,Rast,N.,and Brett,C.E.(eds).Ancient Seismites.Geological Society of America,Special Paper,359:75–85.
Moretti,M.,and Van Loon,A.J.,2014.Restrictions to the application of‘diagnostic’criteria for recognizing ancient seismites.Journal of Palaeogeography,3:13–24.
Owen,G.,and Moretti,M.,2011.Identifying triggers for liquefaction-induced soft-sediment deformation in sands.Sedimentary Geology,235:141–147.
Owen,G.,Moretti,M.,and Alfaro,P.,2011.Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation:current un-derstanding and future directions.Sedimentary Geol-ogy,235:133–140.
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