青藏高原东北缘壳幔各向异性研究:基于SKS和Pms震相分析
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摘要
利用甘肃和青海两省固定宽频带地震台记录的远震波形资料,挑选高质量SKS震相,联合使用最小切向能量方法和旋转互相关方法获得230对高信噪比分裂参数;同时对接收函数中Pms震相随方位角的变化进行拟合,得到了24个台站的地壳各向异性分裂参数.整个区域SKS分裂快波方向均值为123°,Pms分裂快波方向均值为132°,且大部分区域SKS、Pms快波方向与地表构造走向相一致,说明青藏高原东北缘以岩石圈垂直连贯变形为主,地壳上地幔相互耦合.SKS、Pms分裂时差均值分别为1.0s和0.6s,显示地壳各向异性对于SKS分裂时差有较大贡献.昆仑断裂附近Pms、SKS分裂快波方向与昆仑断裂走向基本一致,说明昆仑断裂可能是岩石圈尺度深大断裂;而阿尔金断裂东缘二者快波方向显著差异意味着阿尔金断裂在东缘可能仅为地壳尺度的断裂.
Rock deformation may produce anisotropy,thus,seismic anisotropy contains deformation of the crust and upper mantle.Based on teleseismic SKS and Pms phases recorded by permanent broadband stations in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,shear-wave splitting analysis is made to investigate the seismic anisotropy of crust and upper mantle in this region,which permits to infer the related deformation mechanism.This study obtains 230 pairs of splitting parameters at 56 stations using the minimum transverse energy method and rotation correlation method jointly from teleseismic SKS phase.The splitting parameters of crustal anisotropy were also revealed by the data from 24 stations using the sinusoidal moveout of the P-to-S converted phase from the Moho(Pms)in receiver functions.The matches and mismatches between observations at the surface and those from deep structures provide critical clues regarding the nature of the geodynamic process.Our shear-wave splitting results show that the average fast polarization directions of SKS and Pms are 123°and 132°,respectively.The NW-SE directed fast directions of crust and upper mantle are generally consistent with the main active structures on the surface,suggesting a vertically coherent deformation within the lithosphere.The average splitting times of SKS and Pms are 1.0 sand 0.6 s,respectively,indicating that crustal anisotropy appears to play an important role in explaining the amount of SKS splitting times.The fast directions of SKS and Pms near the Kunlun fault are approximately parallel to its strike,which suggests that the Kunlun fault cut through the lithospheric mantle.However,the angle difference between the fast directions of SKS and Pms at the eastern Altyn Tagh fault implies the fault is a crustal-scale structure at its eastern end.
Rock deformation may produce anisotropy,thus,seismic anisotropy contains deformation of the crust and upper mantle.Based on teleseismic SKS and Pms phases recorded by permanent broadband stations in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,shear-wave splitting analysis is made to investigate the seismic anisotropy of crust and upper mantle in this region,which permits to infer the related deformation mechanism.This study obtains 230 pairs of splitting parameters at 56 stations using the minimum transverse energy method and rotation correlation method jointly from teleseismic SKS phase.The splitting parameters of crustal anisotropy were also revealed by the data from 24 stations using the sinusoidal moveout of the P-to-S converted phase from the Moho(Pms)in receiver functions.The matches and mismatches between observations at the surface and those from deep structures provide critical clues regarding the nature of the geodynamic process.Our shear-wave splitting results show that the average fast polarization directions of SKS and Pms are 123°and 132°,respectively.The NW-SE directed fast directions of crust and upper mantle are generally consistent with the main active structures on the surface,suggesting a vertically coherent deformation within the lithosphere.The average splitting times of SKS and Pms are 1.0 sand 0.6 s,respectively,indicating that crustal anisotropy appears to play an important role in explaining the amount of SKS splitting times.The fast directions of SKS and Pms near the Kunlun fault are approximately parallel to its strike,which suggests that the Kunlun fault cut through the lithospheric mantle.However,the angle difference between the fast directions of SKS and Pms at the eastern Altyn Tagh fault implies the fault is a crustal-scale structure at its eastern end.
引文
Alsina D,Snieder R.1995.Small-scale sublithospheric continental mantle deformation:constraints from SKS splitting observations.Geophysical Journal International,123(2):431-448.
Bowman J R,Ando M.1987.Shear-wave splitting in the uppermantle wedge above the Tonga subduction zone.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,88(1):25-41.
Chang L J,Ding Z F,Wang C Y,et al.2017.Vertical coherence of deformation in lithosphere in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau using GPS and shear-wave splitting data.Tectonophysics,699:93-101.
Chang L J,Flesch L M,Wang C Y,et al.,2015a.Vertical coherence of deformation in lithosphere in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis using GPS,Quaternary fault slip rates,and shear wave splitting data.Geophysical Research Letters,42(14):5813-5819.
Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F,et al.2008.Seismic anisotropy of upper mantle in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),51(2):431-438.
Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.2011.Upper mantle anisotropy in the Ordos Block and its margins.Science China Earth Sciences,54(6):888-900.
Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F,et al.2015b.Upper mantle anisotropy of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and surrounding regions from shear wave splitting analysis.Science China Earth Sciences,58(10):1872-1882.
Chen Y,Zhang Z J,Sun C Q,et al.2013.Crustal anisotropy from Moho converted Ps wave splitting analysis and geodynamic implications beneath the eastern margin of Tibet and surrounding regions.Gondwana Research,24(3-4):946-957.
Clark M K,Royden L H.2000.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28(8):703-706.
Crampin S.1981.A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elastic-media.Wave Motion,3(4):343-391.
Crampin S,Peacock S.2005.A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth.Wave Motion,41(1):59-77.
Dayem K E,Molnar P,Clark M K,et al.2009.Far-field lithospheric deformation in Tibet during continental collision.Tectonics,28(6):TC6005.
Deng Y F,Li J T,Song X D,et al.2019.The lithospheric-scale deformation in NE Tibet from joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave dispersion.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,30:1-11.
Deng Y F,Shen W S,Xu T,et al.2015.Crustal layering in northeastern Tibet:A case study based on joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion.Geophysical Journal International,203(1):692-706.
England P,McKenzie D.1982.A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation.Geophysical Journal International,70(2):295-321.
Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G,et al.2005.Constraining the extent of crust-mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,238(1-2):248-268.
Guilbert J,Poupinet G,Jiang M.1996.A study of azimuthal P residuals and shear-wave splitting across the Kunlun range(Northern Tibetan plateau).Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,95(3-4):167-174.
Guo G H,Zhang Z,Cheng J W,et al.2015.Seismic anisotropy in the crust in northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implication.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),58(11):4092-4105,doi:10.6038/cjg20151117.
Herquel G,Tapponnier P,Wittlinger G,et al.1999.Teleseismic shear wave splitting and lithospheric anisotropy beneath and across the Altyn Tagh fault.Geophysical Research Letters,26(21):3225-3228.
Herquel G,Wittlinger G,Guilbert J.1995.Anisotropy and crustal thickness of northern-Tibet.New constraints for tectonic modelling.Geophysical Research Letters,22(14):1925-1928.
Huang Z C,Tilmann F,Xu M J,et al.2017.Insight into NETibetan Plateau expansion from crustal and upper mantle anisotropy revealed by shear-wave splitting.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,478:66-75.
Huang Z C,Wang L S,Zhao D P,et al.2011.Seismic anisotropy and mantle dynamics beneath China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,306(1-2):105-117.
Huang Z M,Xu L J,Wang N M,et al.2008.Shear wave splitting in the southern margin of the Ordos Block,north China.Geophysical Research Letters,35(19):L19301,doi:10.1029/2008GL035188.
Kreemer C,Blewitt G,Klein E C.2014.A geodetic plate motion and Global Strain Rate Model.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,15(10):3849-3889.
Lev E,Long M D,Van Der Hilst R D.2006.Seismic anisotropy in Eastern Tibet from shear wave splitting reveals changes in lithospheric deformation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,251(3-4):293-304.
Li H Y,Song X D,LüQ T,et al.2018.Seismic imaging of Lithosphere structure and upper mantle deformation beneath East-Central China and their tectonic implications.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,123(4):2856-2870.
Li Y H,Wu Q J,Zhang F X,et al.2011.Seismic anisotropy of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau from shear wave splitting analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,304(1-2):147-157.
Liu H F,Niu F L.2012.Estimating crustal seismic anisotropy with ajoint analysis of radial and transverse receiver function data.Geophysical Journal International,188(1):144-164.
Meissner R,Mooney W D,Artemieva I.2002.Seismic anisotropy and mantle creep in young orogens.Geophysical Journal International,149(2):1-14.
Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,et al.1998.Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,and oblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau.Geophysical Journal International,135(1):1-47.
Royden L H.1996.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:implications for strain partitioning in the crust.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,101(B8):17679-17705.
Rümpker G,Kaviani A,Latifi K.2014.Ps-splitting analysis for multilayered anisotropic media by azimuthal stacking and layer stripping.Geophysical Journal International,199(1):146-163.
Savage M K.1999.Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:What have we learned from shear wave splitting?Reviews of Geophysics,37(1):65-106.
Silver P G.1996.Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents:probing the depths of geology.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,24:385-432.
Silver P G,Chan W.1991.Shear wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,96(B10):16429-16454.
Soto G L,Sandvol E,Ni J F,et al.2012.Significant and vertically coherent seismic anisotropy beneath eastern Tibet.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,117(B5):805308,doi:10.1029/2011JB008919.
Tang Y C,Chen Y J,Fu Y V,et al.2010.Mantle anisotropy across the southwestern boundary of the Ordos block,North China.Earthquake Science,23(6):549-553.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,et al.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:new insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10(12):611-616.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
Tian X B,Liu Z,Si S K,et al.2014.The crustal thickness of NETibet and its implication for crustal shortening.Tectonophysics,634:198-207.
Tian X B,Zhang Z J.2013.Bulk crustal properties in NE Tibet and their implications for deformation model.Gondwana Research,24(2):548-559.
Wüstefeld A,Bokelmann G,Zaroli C,et al.2008.SplitLab:a shear-wave splitting environment in Matlab.Computers&Geosciences,34(5):515-528.
Wang Q,Gao Y,Shi Y T,et al.2012.Seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath the northeastern margin of QinghaiTibet plateau:evidence from shear wave splitting of SKS,PKSand SKKS.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(3):892-905,doi:10.6038/cjg20130318.
Wang Q,Niu F L,Gao Y,et al.2016.Crustal structure and deformation beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau constrained by teleseismic receiver function data.Geophysical Journal International,204(1):167-179.
Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Poupinet G,et al.1998.Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh fault.Science,282(5386):74-76.
Wu C L,Tian X B,Xu T,et al.2019.Deformation of crust and upper mantle in central Tibet caused by the northward subduction and slab tearing of the Indian lithosphere:New evidence based on shear wave splitting measurements.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,514:75-83.
Wu C L,Xu T,Badal J,et al.2015.Seismic anisotropy across the Kunlun fault and their implications for northward transforming lithospheric deformation in northeastern Tibet.Tectonophysics,659:91-101.
Wu Z B,Xu T,Badal J,et al.2017.Crustal shear-wave velocity structure of northeastern Tibet revealed by ambient seismic noise and receiver functions.Gondwana Research,41:400-410.
Wu Z B,Xu T,Liang C T,et al.2018.Crustal shear wave velocity structure in the northeastern Tibet based on the Neighbourhood algorithm inversion of receiver functions.Geophysical Journal International,212(3):1920-1931.
Xu T,Wu Z B,Zhang Z J,et al.2014.Crustal structure across the Kunlun fault from passive source seismic profiling in East Tibet.Tectonophysics,627:98-107.
Xu X M,Niu F L,Ding Z F,et al.2018.Complicated crustal deformation beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau and its adjacent areas revealed by multi-station receiver-function gathering.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,497:204-216.
Yang Y H,Liang C T,Fang L H,et al.2018.A comprehensive analysis on the stress field and seismic anisotropy in Eastern Tibet.Tectonics,37(6):1648-1657.
Ye Z,Li Q S,Gao R,et al.2016.Anisotropic regime across northeastern Tibet and its geodynamic implications.Tectonophysics,671:1-8.
Yin A,Harrison T M.2000.Geologic evolution of the HimalayanTibetan orogen.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,28:180-185.
Yu Y,Chen Y J.2016.Seismic anisotropy beneath the southern Ordos block and the Qinling-Dabie orogen,China:Eastward Tibetan asthenospheric flow around the southern Ordos.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,455:1-6.
Zhang H,Gao Y,Shi Y T,et al.2012.Tectonic stress analysis based on the crustal seismic anisotropy in the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(1):95-104,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.01.009.
Zhang H S,Teng J W,Tian X B,et al.2012.Lithospheric thickness and upper-mantle deformation beneath the NETibetan Plateau inferred from S receiver functions and SKSsplitting measurements.Geophysical Journal International,191(3):1285-1294.
Zhang S Q,Karato S I.1995.Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear.Nature,375(6534):774-777.
Zhao J M,Mooney W D,Zhang X K,et al.2006.Crustal structure across the Altyn Tagh Range at the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau and tectonic implications.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,241(3-4):804-814.
常利军,王椿镛,丁志峰等.2008.青藏高原东北缘上地幔各向异性研究.地球物理学报,51(2):431-438.
郭桂红,张智,程建武等.2015.青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性的构造含义.地球物理学报,58(11):4092-4105,doi:10.6038/cjg20151117.
王琼,高原,石玉涛等.2013.青藏高原东北缘上地幔地震各向异性:来自SKS、PKS和SKKS震相分裂的证据.地球物理学报,56(3):892-905,doi:10.6038/cjg20130318.
张辉,高原,石玉涛等.2012.基于地壳介质各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘构造应力特征.地球物理学报,55(1):95-104,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.01.009.
Bowman J R,Ando M.1987.Shear-wave splitting in the uppermantle wedge above the Tonga subduction zone.Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,88(1):25-41.
Chang L J,Ding Z F,Wang C Y,et al.2017.Vertical coherence of deformation in lithosphere in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau using GPS and shear-wave splitting data.Tectonophysics,699:93-101.
Chang L J,Flesch L M,Wang C Y,et al.,2015a.Vertical coherence of deformation in lithosphere in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis using GPS,Quaternary fault slip rates,and shear wave splitting data.Geophysical Research Letters,42(14):5813-5819.
Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F,et al.2008.Seismic anisotropy of upper mantle in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),51(2):431-438.
Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.2011.Upper mantle anisotropy in the Ordos Block and its margins.Science China Earth Sciences,54(6):888-900.
Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F,et al.2015b.Upper mantle anisotropy of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and surrounding regions from shear wave splitting analysis.Science China Earth Sciences,58(10):1872-1882.
Chen Y,Zhang Z J,Sun C Q,et al.2013.Crustal anisotropy from Moho converted Ps wave splitting analysis and geodynamic implications beneath the eastern margin of Tibet and surrounding regions.Gondwana Research,24(3-4):946-957.
Clark M K,Royden L H.2000.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28(8):703-706.
Crampin S.1981.A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elastic-media.Wave Motion,3(4):343-391.
Crampin S,Peacock S.2005.A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth.Wave Motion,41(1):59-77.
Dayem K E,Molnar P,Clark M K,et al.2009.Far-field lithospheric deformation in Tibet during continental collision.Tectonics,28(6):TC6005.
Deng Y F,Li J T,Song X D,et al.2019.The lithospheric-scale deformation in NE Tibet from joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave dispersion.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,30:1-11.
Deng Y F,Shen W S,Xu T,et al.2015.Crustal layering in northeastern Tibet:A case study based on joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion.Geophysical Journal International,203(1):692-706.
England P,McKenzie D.1982.A thin viscous sheet model for continental deformation.Geophysical Journal International,70(2):295-321.
Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G,et al.2005.Constraining the extent of crust-mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,238(1-2):248-268.
Guilbert J,Poupinet G,Jiang M.1996.A study of azimuthal P residuals and shear-wave splitting across the Kunlun range(Northern Tibetan plateau).Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,95(3-4):167-174.
Guo G H,Zhang Z,Cheng J W,et al.2015.Seismic anisotropy in the crust in northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implication.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),58(11):4092-4105,doi:10.6038/cjg20151117.
Herquel G,Tapponnier P,Wittlinger G,et al.1999.Teleseismic shear wave splitting and lithospheric anisotropy beneath and across the Altyn Tagh fault.Geophysical Research Letters,26(21):3225-3228.
Herquel G,Wittlinger G,Guilbert J.1995.Anisotropy and crustal thickness of northern-Tibet.New constraints for tectonic modelling.Geophysical Research Letters,22(14):1925-1928.
Huang Z C,Tilmann F,Xu M J,et al.2017.Insight into NETibetan Plateau expansion from crustal and upper mantle anisotropy revealed by shear-wave splitting.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,478:66-75.
Huang Z C,Wang L S,Zhao D P,et al.2011.Seismic anisotropy and mantle dynamics beneath China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,306(1-2):105-117.
Huang Z M,Xu L J,Wang N M,et al.2008.Shear wave splitting in the southern margin of the Ordos Block,north China.Geophysical Research Letters,35(19):L19301,doi:10.1029/2008GL035188.
Kreemer C,Blewitt G,Klein E C.2014.A geodetic plate motion and Global Strain Rate Model.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,15(10):3849-3889.
Lev E,Long M D,Van Der Hilst R D.2006.Seismic anisotropy in Eastern Tibet from shear wave splitting reveals changes in lithospheric deformation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,251(3-4):293-304.
Li H Y,Song X D,LüQ T,et al.2018.Seismic imaging of Lithosphere structure and upper mantle deformation beneath East-Central China and their tectonic implications.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,123(4):2856-2870.
Li Y H,Wu Q J,Zhang F X,et al.2011.Seismic anisotropy of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau from shear wave splitting analysis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,304(1-2):147-157.
Liu H F,Niu F L.2012.Estimating crustal seismic anisotropy with ajoint analysis of radial and transverse receiver function data.Geophysical Journal International,188(1):144-164.
Meissner R,Mooney W D,Artemieva I.2002.Seismic anisotropy and mantle creep in young orogens.Geophysical Journal International,149(2):1-14.
Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,et al.1998.Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,and oblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau.Geophysical Journal International,135(1):1-47.
Royden L H.1996.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:implications for strain partitioning in the crust.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,101(B8):17679-17705.
Rümpker G,Kaviani A,Latifi K.2014.Ps-splitting analysis for multilayered anisotropic media by azimuthal stacking and layer stripping.Geophysical Journal International,199(1):146-163.
Savage M K.1999.Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:What have we learned from shear wave splitting?Reviews of Geophysics,37(1):65-106.
Silver P G.1996.Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents:probing the depths of geology.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,24:385-432.
Silver P G,Chan W.1991.Shear wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,96(B10):16429-16454.
Soto G L,Sandvol E,Ni J F,et al.2012.Significant and vertically coherent seismic anisotropy beneath eastern Tibet.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,117(B5):805308,doi:10.1029/2011JB008919.
Tang Y C,Chen Y J,Fu Y V,et al.2010.Mantle anisotropy across the southwestern boundary of the Ordos block,North China.Earthquake Science,23(6):549-553.
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,et al.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:new insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10(12):611-616.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,294(5547):1671-1677.
Tian X B,Liu Z,Si S K,et al.2014.The crustal thickness of NETibet and its implication for crustal shortening.Tectonophysics,634:198-207.
Tian X B,Zhang Z J.2013.Bulk crustal properties in NE Tibet and their implications for deformation model.Gondwana Research,24(2):548-559.
Wüstefeld A,Bokelmann G,Zaroli C,et al.2008.SplitLab:a shear-wave splitting environment in Matlab.Computers&Geosciences,34(5):515-528.
Wang Q,Gao Y,Shi Y T,et al.2012.Seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath the northeastern margin of QinghaiTibet plateau:evidence from shear wave splitting of SKS,PKSand SKKS.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(3):892-905,doi:10.6038/cjg20130318.
Wang Q,Niu F L,Gao Y,et al.2016.Crustal structure and deformation beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau constrained by teleseismic receiver function data.Geophysical Journal International,204(1):167-179.
Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Poupinet G,et al.1998.Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh fault.Science,282(5386):74-76.
Wu C L,Tian X B,Xu T,et al.2019.Deformation of crust and upper mantle in central Tibet caused by the northward subduction and slab tearing of the Indian lithosphere:New evidence based on shear wave splitting measurements.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,514:75-83.
Wu C L,Xu T,Badal J,et al.2015.Seismic anisotropy across the Kunlun fault and their implications for northward transforming lithospheric deformation in northeastern Tibet.Tectonophysics,659:91-101.
Wu Z B,Xu T,Badal J,et al.2017.Crustal shear-wave velocity structure of northeastern Tibet revealed by ambient seismic noise and receiver functions.Gondwana Research,41:400-410.
Wu Z B,Xu T,Liang C T,et al.2018.Crustal shear wave velocity structure in the northeastern Tibet based on the Neighbourhood algorithm inversion of receiver functions.Geophysical Journal International,212(3):1920-1931.
Xu T,Wu Z B,Zhang Z J,et al.2014.Crustal structure across the Kunlun fault from passive source seismic profiling in East Tibet.Tectonophysics,627:98-107.
Xu X M,Niu F L,Ding Z F,et al.2018.Complicated crustal deformation beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau and its adjacent areas revealed by multi-station receiver-function gathering.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,497:204-216.
Yang Y H,Liang C T,Fang L H,et al.2018.A comprehensive analysis on the stress field and seismic anisotropy in Eastern Tibet.Tectonics,37(6):1648-1657.
Ye Z,Li Q S,Gao R,et al.2016.Anisotropic regime across northeastern Tibet and its geodynamic implications.Tectonophysics,671:1-8.
Yin A,Harrison T M.2000.Geologic evolution of the HimalayanTibetan orogen.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,28:180-185.
Yu Y,Chen Y J.2016.Seismic anisotropy beneath the southern Ordos block and the Qinling-Dabie orogen,China:Eastward Tibetan asthenospheric flow around the southern Ordos.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,455:1-6.
Zhang H,Gao Y,Shi Y T,et al.2012.Tectonic stress analysis based on the crustal seismic anisotropy in the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(1):95-104,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.01.009.
Zhang H S,Teng J W,Tian X B,et al.2012.Lithospheric thickness and upper-mantle deformation beneath the NETibetan Plateau inferred from S receiver functions and SKSsplitting measurements.Geophysical Journal International,191(3):1285-1294.
Zhang S Q,Karato S I.1995.Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear.Nature,375(6534):774-777.
Zhao J M,Mooney W D,Zhang X K,et al.2006.Crustal structure across the Altyn Tagh Range at the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau and tectonic implications.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,241(3-4):804-814.
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