Evidence supporting New Geophysics
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摘要
In the last decade a New Geophysics has been proposed,whereby the crust and uppermost ~400 km of the mantle of the Earth are so pervaded by closely-spaced stress-aligned microcracks(intergranular films of hydrated melt in the mantle) that in situ rocks verge on failure by fracturing,and hence are critical-systems that impose a range of fundamentally-new properties on conventional sub-critical geophysics.Enough of these new properties have been observed to confirm that New Geophysics is a new understanding of fluid/rock deformation with important implications and applications.Evidence supporting New Geophysics has been published in a wide variety of publications.Here,for clarification,we summarise in one document the evidence supporting New Geophysics.
In the last decade a New Geophysics has been proposed,whereby the crust and uppermost ~400 km of the mantle of the Earth are so pervaded by closely-spaced stress-aligned microcracks(intergranular films of hydrated melt in the mantle) that in situ rocks verge on failure by fracturing,and hence are critical-systems that impose a range of fundamentally-new properties on conventional sub-critical geophysics.Enough of these new properties have been observed to confirm that New Geophysics is a new understanding of fluid/rock deformation with important implications and applications.Evidence supporting New Geophysics has been published in a wide variety of publications.Here,for clarification,we summarise in one document the evidence supporting New Geophysics.
In the last decade a New Geophysics has been proposed,whereby the crust and uppermost ~400 km of the mantle of the Earth are so pervaded by closely-spaced stress-aligned microcracks(intergranular films of hydrated melt in the mantle) that in situ rocks verge on failure by fracturing,and hence are critical-systems that impose a range of fundamentally-new properties on conventional sub-critical geophysics.Enough of these new properties have been observed to confirm that New Geophysics is a new understanding of fluid/rock deformation with important implications and applications.Evidence supporting New Geophysics has been published in a wide variety of publications.Here,for clarification,we summarise in one document the evidence supporting New Geophysics.
引文
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Angerer,E.,Crampin,S.,Li,X.Y.,and Davis,T.L.(2002).Processing,modelling and predicting time-lapse effects of overpressured fluid-injection in a fractured reservoir.Geophys.J.Int.,149(2),267-280.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01607.x
Bak,P.(1996).How Nature Works:the Science of Self-Organized Criticality.New York:Springer-Verlag.
Baltay,A.,Ide,S.,Prieto,G.,and Beroza,G.(2011).Variability in earthquake stress drop and apparent stress.Geophys.Res.Lett.,38(6),L06303.https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046698
Booth,D.C.,and Crampin,S.(1985).Shear-wave polarizations on a curved wavefront at an isotropic free-surface.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,83,31-45.
Booth,D.C.,Crampin,S.,Lovell,J.H.,and Chiu,J.M.(1990).Temporal changes in shear wave splitting during an earthquake swarm in Arkansas.J.Geophys.Res.,95(B7),11151-11164.https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095i B07p11151
Crampin,S.(1970).The dispersion of surface waves in multilayered anisotropic media.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,21(3),387-402.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1970.tb01799.x
Crampin,S.,and King,D.W.(1977).Evidence for anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Eurasia from the polarization of higher mode seismic surface waves.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,49(1),59-85.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb03701.x
Crampin,S.(1981).A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elasticmedia.Wave Motion,3(4),343-391.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2125(81)90026-3
Crampin,S.,and Kirkwood,S.C.(1981).Velocity variations in systems of anisotropic symmetry.J.Geophys.,49,35-42.
Crampin,S.,Booth,D.C.,Evans,R.,Peacock,S.,and Fletcher,J.B.(1990).Changes in shear wave splitting at Anza near the time of the North Palm Springs Earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,95(B7),11197-11212.https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095i B07p11197
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Crampin,S.(1994).The fracture criticality of crustal rocks.Geophys.J.Int.,118(2),428-438.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb03974.x
Crampin,S.,Zatsepin,S.V.,Slater,C.,and Brodov,L.Y.(1996).Abnormal shear wave polarizations as indicators of high pressures and over pressures.In Proceedings of the 58th Conference European Association of Geophysicists and Engineers.Amsterdam:EAGE.
Crampin,S.,and Zatsepin,S.V.(1997).Modelling the compliance of crustal rock-Ⅱ.Response to temporal changes before earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,129(3),495-506.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb04489.x
Crampin,S.(1999).Calculable fluid-rock interactions.J.Geol.Soc.,156(3),501-514.https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.3.0501
Crampin,S.,Volti,T.,and Stefánsson,R.(1999).A successfully stress-forecast earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,138,F1-F5.
Crampin,S.,Volti,T.,Chastin,S.,Gudmundsson,A.,and Stefánsson,R.(2002).Indication of high pore-fluid pressures in a seismically-active fault zone.Geophys.J.Int.,151(2),F1-F5.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01830.x
Crampin,S.(2003).Aligned cracks not LPO as the cause of mantle anisotropy.In EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly,Nice.Nice,France:AGU.
Crampin,S.,Chastin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2003).Shear-wave splitting in a critical crust:ⅡI.Preliminary report of multi-variable measurements in active tectonics.J.Appl.Geophys.,54(3-4),265-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.01.001
Crampin,S.(2004).The New Geophysics:implications for hydrocarbon recovery and possible contamination of time-lapse seismics.First Break,22(6),73-82.https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.2004010
Crampin,S.,Peacock,S.,Gao,Y.,and Chastin.S.(2004a).The scatter of timedelays in shear-wave splitting above small earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,156(1),39-44.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02040.x
Crampin,S.,Volti,T.,and Stefánsson,R.(2004b).Response to‘A statistical evaluation of a‘stress-forecast’earthquake’by T.Seher&I.G.Main.Geophys.J.Int.,157(1),194-199.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02187.x
Crampin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2005).Comment on"Systematic analysis of shearwave splitting in the aftershock zone of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake:shallow crustal anisotropy and lack of precursory changes,by Yungfeng Liu,Ta-Liang Teng,and Yehuda Ben-Zion”.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,95(1),354-360.https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040092
Crampin,S.,and Peacock,S.(2005).A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth.Wave Motion,41(1),59-77.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2004.05.006
Crampin,S.(2006).The New Geophysics:a new understanding of fluid-rock deformation.In Van Cotthem,A.,et al.(Eds.),Eurock 2006:Multiphysics Coupling and Long Term Behaviour in Rock Mechanics(pp.539-544).London:Taylor and Francis.
Crampin,S.,and Peacock,S.(2008).A review of the current understanding of seismic shear-wave splitting in the Earth’s crust and common fallacies in interpretation.Wave Motion,45(6),675-722.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2008.01.003
Crampin,S.,Gao,Y.,and Peacock,S.(2008).Stress-forecasting(not predicting)earthquakes:A paradigm shift?.Geology,36(5),427-430.https://doi.org/10.1130/G24643A.1
Crampin,S.(2011).A second opinion on“Operational earthquake forecasting:some thoughts on why and how,”by Thomas H.Jordan and Lucile M.Jones.Seismol..Res.Lett.,82(2),227-230.https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.2.227
Crampin,S.(2012).Misunderstandings in comments and replies about the ICEFReport.
Crampin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2012).Plate-wide deformation before the SumatraAndaman Earthquake.J.Asian Earth Sci.,46,61-69.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.10.015
Crampin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2013).The new geophysics.Terra Nova,25(3),173-180.https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12030
Crampin,S.,Gao,Y.,and De Santis,A.(2013).A few earthquake conundrums resolved.J.Asian Earth Sci.,62,501-509.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.10.036
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Allmann,B.P.,and Shearer,P.M.(2009).Global variations of stress drop for moderate to large earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,114(B1),B01310.https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005821
Angerer,E.,Crampin,S.,Li,X.Y.,and Davis,T.L.(2002).Processing,modelling and predicting time-lapse effects of overpressured fluid-injection in a fractured reservoir.Geophys.J.Int.,149(2),267-280.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01607.x
Bak,P.(1996).How Nature Works:the Science of Self-Organized Criticality.New York:Springer-Verlag.
Baltay,A.,Ide,S.,Prieto,G.,and Beroza,G.(2011).Variability in earthquake stress drop and apparent stress.Geophys.Res.Lett.,38(6),L06303.https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046698
Booth,D.C.,and Crampin,S.(1985).Shear-wave polarizations on a curved wavefront at an isotropic free-surface.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,83,31-45.
Booth,D.C.,Crampin,S.,Lovell,J.H.,and Chiu,J.M.(1990).Temporal changes in shear wave splitting during an earthquake swarm in Arkansas.J.Geophys.Res.,95(B7),11151-11164.https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095i B07p11151
Crampin,S.(1970).The dispersion of surface waves in multilayered anisotropic media.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,21(3),387-402.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1970.tb01799.x
Crampin,S.,and King,D.W.(1977).Evidence for anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Eurasia from the polarization of higher mode seismic surface waves.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.,49(1),59-85.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb03701.x
Crampin,S.(1981).A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elasticmedia.Wave Motion,3(4),343-391.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2125(81)90026-3
Crampin,S.,and Kirkwood,S.C.(1981).Velocity variations in systems of anisotropic symmetry.J.Geophys.,49,35-42.
Crampin,S.,Booth,D.C.,Evans,R.,Peacock,S.,and Fletcher,J.B.(1990).Changes in shear wave splitting at Anza near the time of the North Palm Springs Earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,95(B7),11197-11212.https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095i B07p11197
Crampin,S.,Booth,D.C.,Evans,R.,Peacock,S.,and Fletcher,J.B.(1991).Comment on"Quantitative measurements of shear wave polarizations at the anza seismic network,Southern California:implications for shear wave splitting and earthquake prediction"by Richard C.Aster,Peter M.Shearer,and Jon Berger.J.Geophys.Res.,96(B4),6403-6414.https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02453
Crampin,S.(1994).The fracture criticality of crustal rocks.Geophys.J.Int.,118(2),428-438.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb03974.x
Crampin,S.,Zatsepin,S.V.,Slater,C.,and Brodov,L.Y.(1996).Abnormal shear wave polarizations as indicators of high pressures and over pressures.In Proceedings of the 58th Conference European Association of Geophysicists and Engineers.Amsterdam:EAGE.
Crampin,S.,and Zatsepin,S.V.(1997).Modelling the compliance of crustal rock-Ⅱ.Response to temporal changes before earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,129(3),495-506.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb04489.x
Crampin,S.(1999).Calculable fluid-rock interactions.J.Geol.Soc.,156(3),501-514.https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.3.0501
Crampin,S.,Volti,T.,and Stefánsson,R.(1999).A successfully stress-forecast earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,138,F1-F5.
Crampin,S.,Volti,T.,Chastin,S.,Gudmundsson,A.,and Stefánsson,R.(2002).Indication of high pore-fluid pressures in a seismically-active fault zone.Geophys.J.Int.,151(2),F1-F5.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01830.x
Crampin,S.(2003).Aligned cracks not LPO as the cause of mantle anisotropy.In EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly,Nice.Nice,France:AGU.
Crampin,S.,Chastin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2003).Shear-wave splitting in a critical crust:ⅡI.Preliminary report of multi-variable measurements in active tectonics.J.Appl.Geophys.,54(3-4),265-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.01.001
Crampin,S.(2004).The New Geophysics:implications for hydrocarbon recovery and possible contamination of time-lapse seismics.First Break,22(6),73-82.https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.2004010
Crampin,S.,Peacock,S.,Gao,Y.,and Chastin.S.(2004a).The scatter of timedelays in shear-wave splitting above small earthquakes.Geophys.J.Int.,156(1),39-44.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02040.x
Crampin,S.,Volti,T.,and Stefánsson,R.(2004b).Response to‘A statistical evaluation of a‘stress-forecast’earthquake’by T.Seher&I.G.Main.Geophys.J.Int.,157(1),194-199.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02187.x
Crampin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2005).Comment on"Systematic analysis of shearwave splitting in the aftershock zone of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake:shallow crustal anisotropy and lack of precursory changes,by Yungfeng Liu,Ta-Liang Teng,and Yehuda Ben-Zion”.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,95(1),354-360.https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040092
Crampin,S.,and Peacock,S.(2005).A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth.Wave Motion,41(1),59-77.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2004.05.006
Crampin,S.(2006).The New Geophysics:a new understanding of fluid-rock deformation.In Van Cotthem,A.,et al.(Eds.),Eurock 2006:Multiphysics Coupling and Long Term Behaviour in Rock Mechanics(pp.539-544).London:Taylor and Francis.
Crampin,S.,and Peacock,S.(2008).A review of the current understanding of seismic shear-wave splitting in the Earth’s crust and common fallacies in interpretation.Wave Motion,45(6),675-722.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2008.01.003
Crampin,S.,Gao,Y.,and Peacock,S.(2008).Stress-forecasting(not predicting)earthquakes:A paradigm shift?.Geology,36(5),427-430.https://doi.org/10.1130/G24643A.1
Crampin,S.(2011).A second opinion on“Operational earthquake forecasting:some thoughts on why and how,”by Thomas H.Jordan and Lucile M.Jones.Seismol..Res.Lett.,82(2),227-230.https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.2.227
Crampin,S.(2012).Misunderstandings in comments and replies about the ICEFReport.
Crampin,S.,and Gao,Y.(2012).Plate-wide deformation before the SumatraAndaman Earthquake.J.Asian Earth Sci.,46,61-69.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.10.015
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