Coronary artery disease detection-limitations of stress testing in left ventricular dysfunction
|
摘要
Incidental diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction(LVD) is common in clinical practice. The prevalence of asymptomatic LVD(Ejection Fraction,EF < 50%) is 6.0% in men and 0.8% in women and is twice as common as symptomatic LVD. The timely and definitive exclusion of an ischemic etiology is central to optimizing care and reducing mortality in LVD. Advances in cardiovascular imaging provide many options for imaging of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Clinician experience,patient endurance,imaging modality characteristics,cost and safety determine the choice of testing. In this review,we have compared the diagnostic utility of established tests-nuclear and echocardiographic stress testing with newer techniques like coronary computerized tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and highlight their inherent limitations in patients with underlying left ventricular dysfunction.
Incidental diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction(LVD) is common in clinical practice. The prevalence of asymptomatic LVD(Ejection Fraction,EF < 50%) is 6.0% in men and 0.8% in women and is twice as common as symptomatic LVD. The timely and definitive exclusion of an ischemic etiology is central to optimizing care and reducing mortality in LVD. Advances in cardiovascular imaging provide many options for imaging of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Clinician experience,patient endurance,imaging modality characteristics,cost and safety determine the choice of testing. In this review,we have compared the diagnostic utility of established tests-nuclear and echocardiographic stress testing with newer techniques like coronary computerized tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and highlight their inherent limitations in patients with underlying left ventricular dysfunction.
Incidental diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction(LVD) is common in clinical practice. The prevalence of asymptomatic LVD(Ejection Fraction,EF < 50%) is 6.0% in men and 0.8% in women and is twice as common as symptomatic LVD. The timely and definitive exclusion of an ischemic etiology is central to optimizing care and reducing mortality in LVD. Advances in cardiovascular imaging provide many options for imaging of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Clinician experience,patient endurance,imaging modality characteristics,cost and safety determine the choice of testing. In this review,we have compared the diagnostic utility of established tests-nuclear and echocardiographic stress testing with newer techniques like coronary computerized tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and highlight their inherent limitations in patients with underlying left ventricular dysfunction.
引文
1 Wang TJ,Evans JC,Benjamin EJ,Levy D,Le Roy EC,Vasan RSNatural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community.Circulation 2003;108:977-982[PMID:12912813DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000085166.44904.79]
2 Mc Donagh TA,Morrison CE,Lawrence A,Ford I,Tunstall-Pedoe H,Mc Murray JJ,Dargie HJ.Symptomatic and asymptomatic leftventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population.Lancet 1997;350:829-833[PMID:9310600 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03033-X]
3 Hunt SA,Abraham WT,Chin MH,Feldman AM,Francis GS,Ganiats TG,Jessup M,Konstam MA,Mancini DM,Michl K,Oates JA,Rahko PS,Silver MA,Stevenson LW,Yancy CW.2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.J Am Coll Cardiol2009;53:e1-e90[PMID:19358937 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.013]
4 Yancy CW,Jessup M,Bozkurt B,Butler J,Casey DE,Drazner MH,Fonarow GC,Geraci SA,Horwich T,Januzzi JL,Johnson MR,Kasper EK,Levy WC,Masoudi FA,Mc Bride PE,Mc Murray JJ,Mitchell JE,Peterson PN,Riegel B,Sam F,Stevenson LW,Tang WH,Tsai EJ,Wilkoff BL.2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-e239[PMID:23747642 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019]
5 Bortman G,Sellanes M,Odell DS,Ring WS,Olivari MT.Discrepancy between pre-and post-transplant diagnosis of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol 1994;74:921-924[PMID:7977122 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(94)90587-8]
6 Ananthasubramaniam K,Dhar R,Cavalcante JL.Role of multimodality imaging in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Heart Fail Rev 2011;16:351-367[PMID:21165696 DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9218-y]
7 Silva Marques J,Pinto FJ.Clinical use of multimodality imaging in the assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy.Heart 2015;101:565-572[PMID:24973082 DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304539]
8 Bulkley BH,Hutchins GM,Bailey I,Strauss HW,Pitt B.Thallium 201 imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scans in patients with ischemic and idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy.A clinical and pathologic study.Circulation 1977;55:753-760[PMID:557377 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.55.5.753]
9 Tauberg SG,Orie JE,Bartlett BE,Cottington EM,Flores AR.Usefulness of thallium-201 for distinction of ischemic from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol 1993;71:674-680[PMID:8447264 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(93)91009-7]
10 Dunn RF,Uren RF,Sadick N,Bautovich G,Mc Laughlin A,Hiroe M,Kelly DT.Comparison of thallium-201 scanning in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and severe coronary artery disease.Circulation 1982;66:804-810[PMID:6889474 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.66.4.804]
11 Wu YW,Yen RF,Chieng PU,Huang PJ.Tl-201 myocardial SPECT in differentiation of ischemic from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:369-374[PMID:12900741 DOI:10.1016/S1071-3581(03)00456-2]
12 Bureau JF,Gaillard JF,Granier R,Ollivier JP.Diagnostic and prognostic criteria of chronic left ventricular failure obtained during exercise-201Tl imaging.Eur J Nucl Med 1987;12:613-616[PMID:3582397 DOI:10.1007/BF00284537]
13 Saltissi S,Hockings B,Croft DN,Webb-Peploe MM.Thallium-201myocardial imaging in patients with dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathy.Br Heart J 1981;46:290-295[PMID:7295422 DOI:10.1136/hrt.46.3.290]
14 Danias PG,Ahlberg AW,Clark BA,Messineo F,Levine MG,Mc Gill CC,Mann A,Clive J,Dougherty JE,Waters DD,Heller GV.Combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function with exercise technetium-99m sestamibi gated single-photon emission computed tomography can differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1253-1258[PMID:9832104 DOI:10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00609-2]
15 Glamann DB,Lange RA,Corbett JR,Hillis LD.Utility of various radionuclide techniques for distinguishing ischemic from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Arch Intern Med 1992;152:769-772[PMID:1558434 DOI:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400160075014]
16 Wallis DE,O’Connell JB,Henkin RE,Costanzo-Nordin MR,Scanlon PJ.Segmental wall motion abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy:a common finding and good prognostic sign.J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;4:674-679[PMID:6481009 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80392-7]
17 Juillière Y,Marie PY,Danchin N,Gillet C,Paille F,Karcher G,Bertrand A,Cherrier F.Radionuclide assessment of regional differences in left ventricular wall motion and myocardial perfusion in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Eur Heart J 1993;14:1163-1169[PMID:8223729 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/14.9.1163]
18 Greenberg JM,Murphy JH,Okada RD,Pohost GM,Strauss HW,Boucher CA.Value and limitations of radionuclide angiography in determining the cause of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction:comparison of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol 1985;55:541-544[PMID:4038571 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(85)90243-7]
19 Oakley C.Diagnosis and natural history of congested(dilated)cardiomyopathies.Postgrad Med J 1978;54:440-450[PMID:704514DOI:10.1136/pgmj.54.633.440]
20 Gewirtz H,Gr?tte GJ,Strauss HW,O’Keefe DD,Akins CW,Daggett WM,Pohost GM.The influence of left ventricular volume and wall motion in myocardial images.Circulation 1979;59:1172-1177[PMID:436210 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.59.6.1172]
21 Freedman B,Dunn RF,Richmond DR,Kelly DT.Coronary artery spasm during exercise:treatment with verapamil.Circulation 1981;64:68-75[PMID:7237728 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.64.1.68]
22 Klein GJ,Kostuk WJ,Boughner DR,Chamberlain MJ.Stress myocardial imaging in mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome.Am J Cardiol1978;42:746-750[PMID:707287 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(78)90093-0]
23 Bailey IK,Come PC,Kelly DT,Burow RD,Griffith LS,Strauss HW,Pitt B.Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging in aortic valve stenosis.Am J Cardiol 1977;40:889-899[PMID:930836 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(77)90039-x]
24 Loong CY,Anagnostopoulos C.Diagnosis of coronary artery disease by radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging.Heart 2004;90 Suppl 5:v2-v9[PMID:15254003 DOI:10.1136/hrt.2003.013581]
25 Lesser JR,Bae R,Flygenring B,Sharkey SS,Lindberg J,Schwartz RS.Balanced myocardial ischaemia:a case of“normal”stress Tc99sestamibi scan and diagnosis.Heart 2005;91:e53[PMID:15958337DOI:10.1136/hrt.2004.049916]
26 Pellikka PA,Nagueh SF,Elhendy AA,Kuehl CA,Sawada SG.American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for performance,interpretation,and application of stress echocardiography.J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:1021-1041[PMID:17765820 DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2007.07.003]
27 Geleijnse ML,Fioretti PM,Roelandt JR.Methodology,feasibility,safety and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography.J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:595-606[PMID:9283514 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00206-4]
28 Marcovitz PA,Armstrong WF.Accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in detecting coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol1992;69:1269-1273[PMID:1585858 DOI:10.1016/1053-0770(92)90077-k]
29 Hennessy TG,Codd MB,Kane G,Mc Carthy C,Mc Cann HA,Sugrue DD.Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the detection of coronary artery disease:importance of the pretest likelihood of disease.Am Heart J 1997;134:685-692[PMID:9351736 DOI:10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70052-8]
30 Mahajan N,Polavaram L,Vankayala H,Ference B,Wang Y,Ager J,Kovach J,Afonso L.Diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging and stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of left main and triple vessel coronary artery disease:a comparative metaanalysis.Heart 2010;96:956-966[PMID:20538671 DOI:10.1136/hrt.2009.182295]
31 de Jong RM,Cornel JH,Crijns HJ,van Veldhuisen DJ.Abnormal contractile responses during dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Eur J Heart Fail 2001;3:429-436[PMID:11511428 DOI:10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00143-x]
32 Cohen A,Chauvel C,Benhalima B,Guyon P,Desert I,Valty J.Is dobutamine stress echocardiography useful for noninvasive differentiation of ischemic from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?Angiology 1997;48:783-793[PMID:9313628 DOI:10.1177/000331979704800905]
33 Sharp SM,Sawada SG,Segar DS,Ryan T,Kovacs R,Fineberg NS,Feigenbaum H.Dobutamine stress echocardiography:detection of coronary artery disease in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:934-939[PMID:7930227 DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(94)90852-4]
34 Yuda S,Khoury V,Marwick TH.Influence of wall stress and left ventricular geometry on the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography.J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1311-1319[PMID:12383580 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02105-8]
35 Vigna C,Russo A,De Rito V,Perna GP,Testa M,Lombardo A,Lanna P,Langialonga T,Salvatori MP,Fanelli R,Loperfido F.Regional wall motion analysis by dobutamine stess echocardiography to distinguish between ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am Heart J 1996;131:537-543[PMID:8604635 DOI:10.1016/s0002-8703(96)90534-7]
36 Senior R,Lahiri A.Enhanced detection of myocardial ischemia by stress dobutamine echocardiography utilizing the“biphasic”response of wall thickening during low and high dose dobutamine infusion.JAm Coll Cardiol 1995;26:26-32[PMID:7797760 DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00139-Q]
37 Schinkel AF,Bax JJ,Geleijnse ML,Boersma E,Elhendy A,Roelandt JR,Poldermans D.Noninvasive evaluation of ischaemic heart disease:myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography?Eur Heart J 2003;24:789-800[PMID:12727146 DOI:10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00634-6]
38 Ghostine S,Caussin C,Habis M,Habib Y,Clément C,SigalCinqualbre A,Angel CY,Lancelin B,Capderou A,Paul JF.Noninvasive diagnosis of ischaemic heart failure using 64-slice computed tomography.Eur Heart J 2008;29:2133-2140[PMID:18385120DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn072]
39 Andreini D,Pontone G,Bartorelli AL,Agostoni P,Mushtaq S,Bertella E,Trabattoni D,Cattadori G,Cortinovis S,Annoni A,Castelli A,Ballerini G,Pepi M.Sixty-four-slice multidetector computed tomography:an accurate imaging modality for the evaluation of coronary arteries in dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology.Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:199-205[PMID:19808593 DOI:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.822809]
40 Senthilkumar A,Majmudar MD,Shenoy C,Kim HW,Kim RJ.Identifying the etiology:a systematic approach using delayedenhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance.Heart Fail Clin2009;5:349-367,vi[PMID:19564013 DOI:10.1016/j.hfc.2009.02.009]
41 Wu E,Judd RM,Vargas JD,Klocke FJ,Bonow RO,Kim RJ.Visualisation of presence,location,and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.Lancet 2001;357:21-28[PMID:11197356 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03567-4]
42 Wagner A,Mahrholdt H,Thomson L,Hager S,Meinhardt G,Rehwald W,Parker M,Shah D,Sechtem U,Kim RJ,Judd RM.Effects of time,dose,and inversion time for acute myocardial infarct size measurements based on magnetic resonance imaging-delayed contrast enhancement.J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2027-2033[PMID:16697321 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.059]
43 Mc Crohon JA,Moon JC,Prasad SK,Mc Kenna WJ,Lorenz CH,Coats AJ,Pennell DJ.Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadoliniumenhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.Circulation 2003;108:54-59[PMID:12821550 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000078641.19365.4C]
44 Assomull RG,Shakespeare C,Kalra PR,Lloyd G,Gulati A,Strange J,Bradlow WM,Lyne J,Keegan J,Poole-Wilson P,Cowie MR,Pennell DJ,Prasad SK.Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance as a gatekeeper to invasive coronary angiography in patients presenting with heart failure of unknown etiology.Circulation 2011;124:1351-1360[PMID:21900085 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.011346]
45 Karamitsos TD,Francis JM,Myerson S,Selvanayagam JB,Neubauer S.The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1407-1424[PMID:19796734 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.094]
46 Soriano CJ,Ridocci F,Estornell J,Jimenez J,Martinez V,De Velasco JA.Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology,using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:743-748[PMID:15734620 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.037]
47 Valle-Mu?oz A,Estornell-Erill J,Soriano-Navarro CJ,Nadal-Barange M,Martinez-Alzamora N,Pomar-Domingo F,Corbí-Pascual M,Payá-Serrano R,Ridocci-Soriano F.Late gadolinium enhancementcardiovascular magnetic resonance identifies coronary artery disease as the aetiology of left ventricular dysfunction in acute new-onset congestive heart failure.Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:968-974[PMID:19755468 DOI:10.1093/ejechocard/jep115]
48 Mody FV,Brunken RC,Stevenson LW,Nienaber CA,Phelps ME,Schelbert HR.Differentiating cardiomyopathy of coronary artery disease from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy utilizing positron emission tomography.J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:373-383[PMID:1991893 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(10)80102-0]
49 Boff GM,Zanco P,Della Valentina P,Cardaioli P,Thiene G,Chioin R,Dalla Volta S.Positron emission tomography is a useful tool in differentiating idiopathic from ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Int J Cardiol 2000;74:67-74;discussion 75-76[PMID:10854681 DOI:10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00245-X]
50 Sampson UK,Dorbala S,Limaye A,Kwong R,Di Carli MF.Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease.J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1052-1058[PMID:17349884 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.015]
51 Lishmanov A,Chockalingam P,Senthilkumar A,Chockalingam A.Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy:evaluation and therapeutic options.Congest Heart Fail;16:122-126[PMID:20557332 DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00147.x]
52 Chockalingam A,Xie GY,Dellsperger KC.Echocardiography in stress cardiomyopathy and acute LVOT obstruction.Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;26:527-535[PMID:20119847 DOI:10.1007/s10554-010-9590-7]
53 Taylor AJ,Cerqueira M,Hodgson JM,Mark D,Min J,O’Gara P,Rubin GD,Kramer CM,Berman D,Brown A,Chaudhry FA,Cury RC,Desai MY,Einstein AJ,Gomes AS,Harrington R,Hoffmann U,Khare R,Lesser J,Mc Gann C,Rosenberg A,Schwartz R,Shelton M,Smetana GW,Smith SC.ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography.A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force,the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography,the American College of Radiology,the American Heart Association,the American Society of Echocardiography,the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology,the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging,the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions,and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1864-1894[PMID:21087721 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.005]
2 Mc Donagh TA,Morrison CE,Lawrence A,Ford I,Tunstall-Pedoe H,Mc Murray JJ,Dargie HJ.Symptomatic and asymptomatic leftventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population.Lancet 1997;350:829-833[PMID:9310600 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03033-X]
3 Hunt SA,Abraham WT,Chin MH,Feldman AM,Francis GS,Ganiats TG,Jessup M,Konstam MA,Mancini DM,Michl K,Oates JA,Rahko PS,Silver MA,Stevenson LW,Yancy CW.2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.J Am Coll Cardiol2009;53:e1-e90[PMID:19358937 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.013]
4 Yancy CW,Jessup M,Bozkurt B,Butler J,Casey DE,Drazner MH,Fonarow GC,Geraci SA,Horwich T,Januzzi JL,Johnson MR,Kasper EK,Levy WC,Masoudi FA,Mc Bride PE,Mc Murray JJ,Mitchell JE,Peterson PN,Riegel B,Sam F,Stevenson LW,Tang WH,Tsai EJ,Wilkoff BL.2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-e239[PMID:23747642 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019]
5 Bortman G,Sellanes M,Odell DS,Ring WS,Olivari MT.Discrepancy between pre-and post-transplant diagnosis of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol 1994;74:921-924[PMID:7977122 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(94)90587-8]
6 Ananthasubramaniam K,Dhar R,Cavalcante JL.Role of multimodality imaging in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Heart Fail Rev 2011;16:351-367[PMID:21165696 DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9218-y]
7 Silva Marques J,Pinto FJ.Clinical use of multimodality imaging in the assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy.Heart 2015;101:565-572[PMID:24973082 DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304539]
8 Bulkley BH,Hutchins GM,Bailey I,Strauss HW,Pitt B.Thallium 201 imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scans in patients with ischemic and idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy.A clinical and pathologic study.Circulation 1977;55:753-760[PMID:557377 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.55.5.753]
9 Tauberg SG,Orie JE,Bartlett BE,Cottington EM,Flores AR.Usefulness of thallium-201 for distinction of ischemic from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol 1993;71:674-680[PMID:8447264 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(93)91009-7]
10 Dunn RF,Uren RF,Sadick N,Bautovich G,Mc Laughlin A,Hiroe M,Kelly DT.Comparison of thallium-201 scanning in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and severe coronary artery disease.Circulation 1982;66:804-810[PMID:6889474 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.66.4.804]
11 Wu YW,Yen RF,Chieng PU,Huang PJ.Tl-201 myocardial SPECT in differentiation of ischemic from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:369-374[PMID:12900741 DOI:10.1016/S1071-3581(03)00456-2]
12 Bureau JF,Gaillard JF,Granier R,Ollivier JP.Diagnostic and prognostic criteria of chronic left ventricular failure obtained during exercise-201Tl imaging.Eur J Nucl Med 1987;12:613-616[PMID:3582397 DOI:10.1007/BF00284537]
13 Saltissi S,Hockings B,Croft DN,Webb-Peploe MM.Thallium-201myocardial imaging in patients with dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathy.Br Heart J 1981;46:290-295[PMID:7295422 DOI:10.1136/hrt.46.3.290]
14 Danias PG,Ahlberg AW,Clark BA,Messineo F,Levine MG,Mc Gill CC,Mann A,Clive J,Dougherty JE,Waters DD,Heller GV.Combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function with exercise technetium-99m sestamibi gated single-photon emission computed tomography can differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1253-1258[PMID:9832104 DOI:10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00609-2]
15 Glamann DB,Lange RA,Corbett JR,Hillis LD.Utility of various radionuclide techniques for distinguishing ischemic from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Arch Intern Med 1992;152:769-772[PMID:1558434 DOI:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400160075014]
16 Wallis DE,O’Connell JB,Henkin RE,Costanzo-Nordin MR,Scanlon PJ.Segmental wall motion abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy:a common finding and good prognostic sign.J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;4:674-679[PMID:6481009 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80392-7]
17 Juillière Y,Marie PY,Danchin N,Gillet C,Paille F,Karcher G,Bertrand A,Cherrier F.Radionuclide assessment of regional differences in left ventricular wall motion and myocardial perfusion in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Eur Heart J 1993;14:1163-1169[PMID:8223729 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/14.9.1163]
18 Greenberg JM,Murphy JH,Okada RD,Pohost GM,Strauss HW,Boucher CA.Value and limitations of radionuclide angiography in determining the cause of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction:comparison of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol 1985;55:541-544[PMID:4038571 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(85)90243-7]
19 Oakley C.Diagnosis and natural history of congested(dilated)cardiomyopathies.Postgrad Med J 1978;54:440-450[PMID:704514DOI:10.1136/pgmj.54.633.440]
20 Gewirtz H,Gr?tte GJ,Strauss HW,O’Keefe DD,Akins CW,Daggett WM,Pohost GM.The influence of left ventricular volume and wall motion in myocardial images.Circulation 1979;59:1172-1177[PMID:436210 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.59.6.1172]
21 Freedman B,Dunn RF,Richmond DR,Kelly DT.Coronary artery spasm during exercise:treatment with verapamil.Circulation 1981;64:68-75[PMID:7237728 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.64.1.68]
22 Klein GJ,Kostuk WJ,Boughner DR,Chamberlain MJ.Stress myocardial imaging in mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome.Am J Cardiol1978;42:746-750[PMID:707287 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(78)90093-0]
23 Bailey IK,Come PC,Kelly DT,Burow RD,Griffith LS,Strauss HW,Pitt B.Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging in aortic valve stenosis.Am J Cardiol 1977;40:889-899[PMID:930836 DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(77)90039-x]
24 Loong CY,Anagnostopoulos C.Diagnosis of coronary artery disease by radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging.Heart 2004;90 Suppl 5:v2-v9[PMID:15254003 DOI:10.1136/hrt.2003.013581]
25 Lesser JR,Bae R,Flygenring B,Sharkey SS,Lindberg J,Schwartz RS.Balanced myocardial ischaemia:a case of“normal”stress Tc99sestamibi scan and diagnosis.Heart 2005;91:e53[PMID:15958337DOI:10.1136/hrt.2004.049916]
26 Pellikka PA,Nagueh SF,Elhendy AA,Kuehl CA,Sawada SG.American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for performance,interpretation,and application of stress echocardiography.J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:1021-1041[PMID:17765820 DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2007.07.003]
27 Geleijnse ML,Fioretti PM,Roelandt JR.Methodology,feasibility,safety and diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography.J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:595-606[PMID:9283514 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00206-4]
28 Marcovitz PA,Armstrong WF.Accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in detecting coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol1992;69:1269-1273[PMID:1585858 DOI:10.1016/1053-0770(92)90077-k]
29 Hennessy TG,Codd MB,Kane G,Mc Carthy C,Mc Cann HA,Sugrue DD.Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the detection of coronary artery disease:importance of the pretest likelihood of disease.Am Heart J 1997;134:685-692[PMID:9351736 DOI:10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70052-8]
30 Mahajan N,Polavaram L,Vankayala H,Ference B,Wang Y,Ager J,Kovach J,Afonso L.Diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging and stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of left main and triple vessel coronary artery disease:a comparative metaanalysis.Heart 2010;96:956-966[PMID:20538671 DOI:10.1136/hrt.2009.182295]
31 de Jong RM,Cornel JH,Crijns HJ,van Veldhuisen DJ.Abnormal contractile responses during dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Eur J Heart Fail 2001;3:429-436[PMID:11511428 DOI:10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00143-x]
32 Cohen A,Chauvel C,Benhalima B,Guyon P,Desert I,Valty J.Is dobutamine stress echocardiography useful for noninvasive differentiation of ischemic from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?Angiology 1997;48:783-793[PMID:9313628 DOI:10.1177/000331979704800905]
33 Sharp SM,Sawada SG,Segar DS,Ryan T,Kovacs R,Fineberg NS,Feigenbaum H.Dobutamine stress echocardiography:detection of coronary artery disease in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:934-939[PMID:7930227 DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(94)90852-4]
34 Yuda S,Khoury V,Marwick TH.Influence of wall stress and left ventricular geometry on the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography.J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1311-1319[PMID:12383580 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02105-8]
35 Vigna C,Russo A,De Rito V,Perna GP,Testa M,Lombardo A,Lanna P,Langialonga T,Salvatori MP,Fanelli R,Loperfido F.Regional wall motion analysis by dobutamine stess echocardiography to distinguish between ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am Heart J 1996;131:537-543[PMID:8604635 DOI:10.1016/s0002-8703(96)90534-7]
36 Senior R,Lahiri A.Enhanced detection of myocardial ischemia by stress dobutamine echocardiography utilizing the“biphasic”response of wall thickening during low and high dose dobutamine infusion.JAm Coll Cardiol 1995;26:26-32[PMID:7797760 DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00139-Q]
37 Schinkel AF,Bax JJ,Geleijnse ML,Boersma E,Elhendy A,Roelandt JR,Poldermans D.Noninvasive evaluation of ischaemic heart disease:myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography?Eur Heart J 2003;24:789-800[PMID:12727146 DOI:10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00634-6]
38 Ghostine S,Caussin C,Habis M,Habib Y,Clément C,SigalCinqualbre A,Angel CY,Lancelin B,Capderou A,Paul JF.Noninvasive diagnosis of ischaemic heart failure using 64-slice computed tomography.Eur Heart J 2008;29:2133-2140[PMID:18385120DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn072]
39 Andreini D,Pontone G,Bartorelli AL,Agostoni P,Mushtaq S,Bertella E,Trabattoni D,Cattadori G,Cortinovis S,Annoni A,Castelli A,Ballerini G,Pepi M.Sixty-four-slice multidetector computed tomography:an accurate imaging modality for the evaluation of coronary arteries in dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology.Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:199-205[PMID:19808593 DOI:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.822809]
40 Senthilkumar A,Majmudar MD,Shenoy C,Kim HW,Kim RJ.Identifying the etiology:a systematic approach using delayedenhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance.Heart Fail Clin2009;5:349-367,vi[PMID:19564013 DOI:10.1016/j.hfc.2009.02.009]
41 Wu E,Judd RM,Vargas JD,Klocke FJ,Bonow RO,Kim RJ.Visualisation of presence,location,and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.Lancet 2001;357:21-28[PMID:11197356 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03567-4]
42 Wagner A,Mahrholdt H,Thomson L,Hager S,Meinhardt G,Rehwald W,Parker M,Shah D,Sechtem U,Kim RJ,Judd RM.Effects of time,dose,and inversion time for acute myocardial infarct size measurements based on magnetic resonance imaging-delayed contrast enhancement.J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2027-2033[PMID:16697321 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.059]
43 Mc Crohon JA,Moon JC,Prasad SK,Mc Kenna WJ,Lorenz CH,Coats AJ,Pennell DJ.Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadoliniumenhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.Circulation 2003;108:54-59[PMID:12821550 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000078641.19365.4C]
44 Assomull RG,Shakespeare C,Kalra PR,Lloyd G,Gulati A,Strange J,Bradlow WM,Lyne J,Keegan J,Poole-Wilson P,Cowie MR,Pennell DJ,Prasad SK.Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance as a gatekeeper to invasive coronary angiography in patients presenting with heart failure of unknown etiology.Circulation 2011;124:1351-1360[PMID:21900085 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.011346]
45 Karamitsos TD,Francis JM,Myerson S,Selvanayagam JB,Neubauer S.The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1407-1424[PMID:19796734 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.094]
46 Soriano CJ,Ridocci F,Estornell J,Jimenez J,Martinez V,De Velasco JA.Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology,using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:743-748[PMID:15734620 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.037]
47 Valle-Mu?oz A,Estornell-Erill J,Soriano-Navarro CJ,Nadal-Barange M,Martinez-Alzamora N,Pomar-Domingo F,Corbí-Pascual M,Payá-Serrano R,Ridocci-Soriano F.Late gadolinium enhancementcardiovascular magnetic resonance identifies coronary artery disease as the aetiology of left ventricular dysfunction in acute new-onset congestive heart failure.Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:968-974[PMID:19755468 DOI:10.1093/ejechocard/jep115]
48 Mody FV,Brunken RC,Stevenson LW,Nienaber CA,Phelps ME,Schelbert HR.Differentiating cardiomyopathy of coronary artery disease from nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy utilizing positron emission tomography.J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:373-383[PMID:1991893 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(10)80102-0]
49 Boff GM,Zanco P,Della Valentina P,Cardaioli P,Thiene G,Chioin R,Dalla Volta S.Positron emission tomography is a useful tool in differentiating idiopathic from ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.Int J Cardiol 2000;74:67-74;discussion 75-76[PMID:10854681 DOI:10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00245-X]
50 Sampson UK,Dorbala S,Limaye A,Kwong R,Di Carli MF.Diagnostic accuracy of rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease.J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1052-1058[PMID:17349884 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.015]
51 Lishmanov A,Chockalingam P,Senthilkumar A,Chockalingam A.Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy:evaluation and therapeutic options.Congest Heart Fail;16:122-126[PMID:20557332 DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00147.x]
52 Chockalingam A,Xie GY,Dellsperger KC.Echocardiography in stress cardiomyopathy and acute LVOT obstruction.Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;26:527-535[PMID:20119847 DOI:10.1007/s10554-010-9590-7]
53 Taylor AJ,Cerqueira M,Hodgson JM,Mark D,Min J,O’Gara P,Rubin GD,Kramer CM,Berman D,Brown A,Chaudhry FA,Cury RC,Desai MY,Einstein AJ,Gomes AS,Harrington R,Hoffmann U,Khare R,Lesser J,Mc Gann C,Rosenberg A,Schwartz R,Shelton M,Smetana GW,Smith SC.ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography.A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force,the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography,the American College of Radiology,the American Heart Association,the American Society of Echocardiography,the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology,the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging,the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions,and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1864-1894[PMID:21087721 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.005]