电力变压器的GIC-Q损耗算法的研究综述
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摘要
地磁感应电流(GIC)引起的电力变压器直流偏磁在全球的电网中几乎同时发生,GIC直流偏磁次生的全网变压器无功损耗同时增大可能导致电网电压不稳定,研究电网中各种变压器GIC无功(GIC-Q)损耗的算法是认识GIC-Q危害以及防治地磁暴电网灾害的基本手段之一。根据我国特高压大电网地磁暴灾害防御研究的需要,从变压器GIC-Q损耗工程算法和理论算法2方面,综述了国内外高压及超高压变压器GIC-Q损耗的算法及其研究进展,分析了我国单相四柱式和五柱式特高压变压器GIC-Q损耗工程算法和理论算法的研究需求,提出了特高压变压器GIC-Q损耗计算以及大规模电网GIC-Q计算上需要研究解决的问题。
DC bias of transformers in power grid due to GIC broadly happens in the whole world. Under the effects of GIC,the simultaneous increase in the reactive power loss of transformers in the whole grid may cause grid voltage instability. Studying the methods for calculating the GIC-related reactive power loss(GIC-Q) of kinds of transformers is one of basic means of knowing and preventing harmfulness to power grid due to geomagnetic storm. To prevent the geomagnetic storm hazard in UHV power grids, we review methods of calculation and their research progress of GIC-Q of high voltage and extra-high voltage transformers including engineering and theoretical algorithms, both at home and abroad. Besides, the requirements of engineering and theoretical algorithms of single-phase four-limb and single-phase five-limb UHV transformers' GIC-Q are analyzed. Finally, the problems of methods of calculation for the GIC-Q of UHV transformers and large-scale power grid are put forward, which need to be solved urgently.
DC bias of transformers in power grid due to GIC broadly happens in the whole world. Under the effects of GIC,the simultaneous increase in the reactive power loss of transformers in the whole grid may cause grid voltage instability. Studying the methods for calculating the GIC-related reactive power loss(GIC-Q) of kinds of transformers is one of basic means of knowing and preventing harmfulness to power grid due to geomagnetic storm. To prevent the geomagnetic storm hazard in UHV power grids, we review methods of calculation and their research progress of GIC-Q of high voltage and extra-high voltage transformers including engineering and theoretical algorithms, both at home and abroad. Besides, the requirements of engineering and theoretical algorithms of single-phase four-limb and single-phase five-limb UHV transformers' GIC-Q are analyzed. Finally, the problems of methods of calculation for the GIC-Q of UHV transformers and large-scale power grid are put forward, which need to be solved urgently.
引文
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[7]杨培宏,刘连光,刘春明,等.地磁暴引起电网电压波动抑制策略[J].高电压技术,2017,43(5):1707-1714.YANG Peihong,LIU Lianguang,LIU Chunming,et al.Strategy for restraining voltage fluctuation in power network caused by geomagnetic storm[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(5):1707-1714.
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[10]REZAEI-ZARE A.Behavior of single-phase transformers under geomagnetically induced current conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2014,29(2):916-925.
[11]DONG X,LIU Y,KAPPENMAN J.Comparative analysis of exciting current harmonics and reactive power consumption from GIC saturated transformers[C]∥Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting.Columbus,USA:IEEE,2001:318-322.
[12]ALBERTSON V D,KAPPENMAN J G,MOHAN N,et al.Load-flow studies in the presence of geomagnetically-induced currents[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,100(2):594-607.
[13]TAKASU N,OSHI T,MIYAWAKI F,et al.An experimental analysis of DC excitation of transformers by geomagnetically induced currents[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,9(2):1173-1182.
[14]REZAEI-ZARE A.Enhanced transformer model for low-and mid-frequency transients—partⅠ:model development[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(1):307-315.
[15]MARTI L,REZAEI-ZARE A,YAN A.Modelling considerations for the Hydro One real-time GMD management system[C]∥IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.Vancouver,Canada:IEEE,2013:1-6.
[16]REZAEI-ZARE A.Enhanced transformer model for low-and mid-frequency transients—partⅡ:validation and simulation results[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(1):316-325.
[17]WALLING R A,KHAN A H.Characteristics of transformer exciting-current during geomagnetic disturbances[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(4):1707-1714.
[18]YOU Y,FUCHS E F,BARNES P R.Reactive power demand of transformers with DC bias[J].IEEE Industry Applications Magazine,1996,2(4):45-52.
[19]OVERBYE T J,HUTCHINS T R,SHETYE K,et al.Integration of geomagnetic disturbance modeling into the power flow:a methodology for large-scale system studies[C]∥North American Power Symposium(NAPS).Champaign,USA:IEEE,2012:1-7.
[20]MARTI L,BERGE J,VARMA R K.Determination of geomagnetically induced current flow in a transformer from reactive power absorption[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(3):1280-1288.
[21]ALBERTSON V D,VAN BAELEN J A.Electric and magnetic fields at the earth's surface due to auroral currents[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1970,89(4):578-584.
[22]ALBERTSON V D,THORSON J M,CLAYTON R E,et al.Solar-induced-currents in power systems:cause and effects[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1973,92(2):471-477.
[23]BOTELER D H,SHIER R M,WATANABE T,et al.Effects of geomagnetically induced currents in the B.C.Hydro 500 k V system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(1):818-823.
[24]CHANDRASENA W,MCLAREN P G,ANNAKKAGE U D,et al.Modeling GIC effects on power systems:the need to model magnetic status of transformers[C]∥Power Technology Conference Proceedings.Bologna,Italy:IEEE,2003:6.
[25]CHANDRASENA W,MCLAREN P G,ANNAKKAGE U D,et al.An improved low-frequency transformer model for use in GIC studies[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2004,19(2):643-651.
[26]XU W,MARTINICH T G,SAWADA J H,et al.Harmonics from SVC transformer saturation with direct current offset[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,9(3):1502-1509.
[27]REZAEI-ZARE A.Reactive power loss versus GIC characteristic of single-phase transformers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(3):1639-1640.
[28]KAPPENMAN J G,ALBERTSON V D.Cycle 22:geomagnetic storm threats to power systems continue[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,1991,11(9):3-5.
[29]LU S,LIU Y L.Harmonics generated from a DC biased transformer[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1993,8(2):725-731.
[30]PRICE P R.Geomagnetically induced current effects on transformers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2002,17(4):1002-1008.
[31]李泓志,崔翔,卢铁兵,等.变压器直流偏磁的电路-磁路模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(27):119-125.LI Hongzhi,CUI Xiang,LU Tiebing,et al.Electric circuit and magnetic circuit combined model of DC biased power transformer[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(27):119-125.
[32]潘超,王泽忠,李海龙,等.基于瞬态场路耦合模型的变压器直流偏磁计算[J].电工技术学报,2013,28(5):174-181.PAN Chao,WANG Zezhong,LI Hailong,et al.DC-bias calculation for single phase transformers based on transient field-circuit coupled model[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2013,28(5):174-181.
[33]王泽忠,潘超,周盛,等.基于棱边有限元的变压器场路耦合瞬态模型[J].电工技术学报,2012,27(9):146-152.WANG Zezhong,PAN Chao,ZHOU Sheng,et al.Transient magnetic-circuit coupled model of transformer based on edge finite element method[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2012,27(9):146-152.
[34]刘连光,朱溪,王泽忠,等.基于K值法的单相四柱式特高压主体变的GIC-Q损耗计算[J],高电压技术,2017,43(7):2340-2348.LIU Lianguang,ZHU Xi,WANG Zezhong,et al.Calculation for reactive power loss of single-phase four limbs UHV main transformer due to geomagnetically induced currents with parameter K[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(7):2340-2348.
[2]钟连宏,陆培均,仇志成,等.直流接地极电流对中性点直接接地变压器影响[J].高电压技术,2003,29(8):12-13.ZHONG Lianhong,LU Peijun,QIU Zhicheng,et al.The influence of current of DC earth electrode on directly grounded transformer[J].High Voltage Engineering,2003,29(8):12-13.
[3]BOLDUC L,LANGLOIS P,BOTELER D H,et al.A study of geoelectromagnetic disturbances in QuebecⅡ:detailed analysis of a large event[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2000,15(1):272-278.
[4]刘连光,刘春明,张冰.磁暴对我国特高压电网的影响研究[J].电网技术,2009,33(11):1-5.LIU Lianguang,LIU Chunming,ZHANG Bing.Effects of geomagnetic storm to UHV power grids in China[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(11):1-5.
[5]刘连光,王开让,郭世晓,等.双电压等级电网GIC的相互作用特征[J].中国科学:技术科学,2015,45(12):1311-1320.LIU Lianguang,WANG Kairang,GUO Shixiao,et al.Characteristics of GIC interaction in a dual-voltage-level power network[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2015,45(12):1311-1320.
[6]刘春明,黄彩臣,潘明明,等.抑制变压器直流偏磁的电容隔直装置优化配置[J].高电压技术,2016,42(7):2308-2314.LIU Chunming,HUANG Caichen,PAN Mingming,et al.Optimal configuration of capacitor blocking devices for suppressing DC bias in transformers[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(7):2308-2314.
[7]杨培宏,刘连光,刘春明,等.地磁暴引起电网电压波动抑制策略[J].高电压技术,2017,43(5):1707-1714.YANG Peihong,LIU Lianguang,LIU Chunming,et al.Strategy for restraining voltage fluctuation in power network caused by geomagnetic storm[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(5):1707-1714.
[8]KAPPERNMAN J G,ALBERTSON V D.Bracing for the geomagnetic storms[J].IEEE Spectrum,1990,27(3):27-33.
[9]LIU C M,LIU L G,PIRJOLA R J.Geomagnetically induced currents in the high voltage power grid in China[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2009,24(4):2368-2374.
[10]REZAEI-ZARE A.Behavior of single-phase transformers under geomagnetically induced current conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2014,29(2):916-925.
[11]DONG X,LIU Y,KAPPENMAN J.Comparative analysis of exciting current harmonics and reactive power consumption from GIC saturated transformers[C]∥Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting.Columbus,USA:IEEE,2001:318-322.
[12]ALBERTSON V D,KAPPENMAN J G,MOHAN N,et al.Load-flow studies in the presence of geomagnetically-induced currents[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,100(2):594-607.
[13]TAKASU N,OSHI T,MIYAWAKI F,et al.An experimental analysis of DC excitation of transformers by geomagnetically induced currents[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,9(2):1173-1182.
[14]REZAEI-ZARE A.Enhanced transformer model for low-and mid-frequency transients—partⅠ:model development[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(1):307-315.
[15]MARTI L,REZAEI-ZARE A,YAN A.Modelling considerations for the Hydro One real-time GMD management system[C]∥IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.Vancouver,Canada:IEEE,2013:1-6.
[16]REZAEI-ZARE A.Enhanced transformer model for low-and mid-frequency transients—partⅡ:validation and simulation results[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(1):316-325.
[17]WALLING R A,KHAN A H.Characteristics of transformer exciting-current during geomagnetic disturbances[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(4):1707-1714.
[18]YOU Y,FUCHS E F,BARNES P R.Reactive power demand of transformers with DC bias[J].IEEE Industry Applications Magazine,1996,2(4):45-52.
[19]OVERBYE T J,HUTCHINS T R,SHETYE K,et al.Integration of geomagnetic disturbance modeling into the power flow:a methodology for large-scale system studies[C]∥North American Power Symposium(NAPS).Champaign,USA:IEEE,2012:1-7.
[20]MARTI L,BERGE J,VARMA R K.Determination of geomagnetically induced current flow in a transformer from reactive power absorption[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(3):1280-1288.
[21]ALBERTSON V D,VAN BAELEN J A.Electric and magnetic fields at the earth's surface due to auroral currents[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1970,89(4):578-584.
[22]ALBERTSON V D,THORSON J M,CLAYTON R E,et al.Solar-induced-currents in power systems:cause and effects[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1973,92(2):471-477.
[23]BOTELER D H,SHIER R M,WATANABE T,et al.Effects of geomagnetically induced currents in the B.C.Hydro 500 k V system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(1):818-823.
[24]CHANDRASENA W,MCLAREN P G,ANNAKKAGE U D,et al.Modeling GIC effects on power systems:the need to model magnetic status of transformers[C]∥Power Technology Conference Proceedings.Bologna,Italy:IEEE,2003:6.
[25]CHANDRASENA W,MCLAREN P G,ANNAKKAGE U D,et al.An improved low-frequency transformer model for use in GIC studies[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2004,19(2):643-651.
[26]XU W,MARTINICH T G,SAWADA J H,et al.Harmonics from SVC transformer saturation with direct current offset[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,9(3):1502-1509.
[27]REZAEI-ZARE A.Reactive power loss versus GIC characteristic of single-phase transformers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(3):1639-1640.
[28]KAPPENMAN J G,ALBERTSON V D.Cycle 22:geomagnetic storm threats to power systems continue[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,1991,11(9):3-5.
[29]LU S,LIU Y L.Harmonics generated from a DC biased transformer[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1993,8(2):725-731.
[30]PRICE P R.Geomagnetically induced current effects on transformers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2002,17(4):1002-1008.
[31]李泓志,崔翔,卢铁兵,等.变压器直流偏磁的电路-磁路模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(27):119-125.LI Hongzhi,CUI Xiang,LU Tiebing,et al.Electric circuit and magnetic circuit combined model of DC biased power transformer[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(27):119-125.
[32]潘超,王泽忠,李海龙,等.基于瞬态场路耦合模型的变压器直流偏磁计算[J].电工技术学报,2013,28(5):174-181.PAN Chao,WANG Zezhong,LI Hailong,et al.DC-bias calculation for single phase transformers based on transient field-circuit coupled model[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2013,28(5):174-181.
[33]王泽忠,潘超,周盛,等.基于棱边有限元的变压器场路耦合瞬态模型[J].电工技术学报,2012,27(9):146-152.WANG Zezhong,PAN Chao,ZHOU Sheng,et al.Transient magnetic-circuit coupled model of transformer based on edge finite element method[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2012,27(9):146-152.
[34]刘连光,朱溪,王泽忠,等.基于K值法的单相四柱式特高压主体变的GIC-Q损耗计算[J],高电压技术,2017,43(7):2340-2348.LIU Lianguang,ZHU Xi,WANG Zezhong,et al.Calculation for reactive power loss of single-phase four limbs UHV main transformer due to geomagnetically induced currents with parameter K[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(7):2340-2348.