Interaction effect of nitrogen form and planting density on plant growth and nutrient uptake in maize seedlings
|
摘要
High planting density is essential to increasing maize grain yield.However,single plants suffer from insufficient light under high planting density.Ammonium(NH_4~+)assimilation consumes less energy converted from radiation than nitrateIt is hypothesized that a mixed NO_3~–/NH_4~+supply is more important to improving plant growth and population productivity under high vs.low planting density.Maize plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at two planting densities(low density:only).A significant interaction effect was found between planting density and N form on plant biomass.Compared to nitrate only,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased per-plant biomass by 44%under low density,but by 81%under high density.Treatment with 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased plant ATP,photosynthetic rate,and carbon amount per plant by 31,7,and 44%under low density,respectively,but by 51,23,and 95%under high density.Accordingly,carbon level per plant under 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+was improved,which increased leaf area,specific leaf weight and total root length,especially for high planting density,increased by 57,17 and 63%,respectively.Furthermore,under low density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen uptake rate,while under high density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen,phosphorus,copper and iron uptake rates.By increasing energy use efficiency,an optimum NO_3~–/NH_4~+ratio can improve plant growth and nutrient uptake efficiency,especially under high planting density.In summary,an appropriate supply of NH_4~+in addition to nitrate can greatly improve plant growth and promote population productivity of maize under high planting density,and therefore a mixed N form is recommended for high-yielding maize management in the field.
High planting density is essential to increasing maize grain yield.However,single plants suffer from insufficient light under high planting density.Ammonium(NH_4~+)assimilation consumes less energy converted from radiation than nitrateIt is hypothesized that a mixed NO_3~–/NH_4~+supply is more important to improving plant growth and population productivity under high vs.low planting density.Maize plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at two planting densities(low density:only).A significant interaction effect was found between planting density and N form on plant biomass.Compared to nitrate only,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased per-plant biomass by 44%under low density,but by 81%under high density.Treatment with 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased plant ATP,photosynthetic rate,and carbon amount per plant by 31,7,and 44%under low density,respectively,but by 51,23,and 95%under high density.Accordingly,carbon level per plant under 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+was improved,which increased leaf area,specific leaf weight and total root length,especially for high planting density,increased by 57,17 and 63%,respectively.Furthermore,under low density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen uptake rate,while under high density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen,phosphorus,copper and iron uptake rates.By increasing energy use efficiency,an optimum NO_3~–/NH_4~+ratio can improve plant growth and nutrient uptake efficiency,especially under high planting density.In summary,an appropriate supply of NH_4~+in addition to nitrate can greatly improve plant growth and promote population productivity of maize under high planting density,and therefore a mixed N form is recommended for high-yielding maize management in the field.
High planting density is essential to increasing maize grain yield.However,single plants suffer from insufficient light under high planting density.Ammonium(NH_4~+)assimilation consumes less energy converted from radiation than nitrateIt is hypothesized that a mixed NO_3~–/NH_4~+supply is more important to improving plant growth and population productivity under high vs.low planting density.Maize plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at two planting densities(low density:only).A significant interaction effect was found between planting density and N form on plant biomass.Compared to nitrate only,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased per-plant biomass by 44%under low density,but by 81%under high density.Treatment with 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased plant ATP,photosynthetic rate,and carbon amount per plant by 31,7,and 44%under low density,respectively,but by 51,23,and 95%under high density.Accordingly,carbon level per plant under 75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+was improved,which increased leaf area,specific leaf weight and total root length,especially for high planting density,increased by 57,17 and 63%,respectively.Furthermore,under low density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen uptake rate,while under high density,75/25NO_3~–/NH_4~+increased nitrogen,phosphorus,copper and iron uptake rates.By increasing energy use efficiency,an optimum NO_3~–/NH_4~+ratio can improve plant growth and nutrient uptake efficiency,especially under high planting density.In summary,an appropriate supply of NH_4~+in addition to nitrate can greatly improve plant growth and promote population productivity of maize under high planting density,and therefore a mixed N form is recommended for high-yielding maize management in the field.
引文
Baird A S,Anderegg L D,Lacey M E,HilleRisLambers J,Volkenburgh E V.2017.Comparative leaf growth strategies in response to low-water and low-light availability:Variation in leaf physiology underlies variation in leaf mass per area in Populus tremuloides.Tree Physiology,37,1140-1150.
Bloom A J,Caldwell R M,Finazzo J,Warner R L,Weissbart J.1989.Oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes from barley shoots depend on nitrate assimilation.Plant Physiology,91,352-356.
Bloom A J,Sukrapanna S S,Warner R L.1992.Root respiration associated with ammonium and nitrate absorption and assimilation by barley.Plant Physiology,99,1294-1301.
Ciampitti I A,Vyn T J.2012.Physiological perspectives of changes over time in maize yield dependency on nitrogen uptake and associated nitrogen efficiencies:A review.Field Crops Research,133,48-67.
Crowther J R.1995.ELISA Theory and Practice.Springer Science and Business Media,USA.
Fuhrer J,Erismann K H.1984.Steady-state carbon flow in photosynthesis and photorespiration in Lemna minor L.:The effect of temperature and ammonium nitrogen.Photosynthetica,18,74-83.
Gallais A,Coque M,QuilléréI,Prioul J L,Hirel B.2006.Modelling postsilking nitrogen fluxes in maize(Zea mays)using 15N-labelling field experiments.New Phytologist,172,696-707.
Gu R L,Duan F Y,An X,Zhang F S,Nicolaus,V W,Yuan LX.2013.Characterization of AMT-mediated high-affinity ammonium uptake in roots of maize(Zea mays L.).Plant and Cell Physiology,54,1515-1524.
Guo S,Zhou Y,Shen Q,Zhang F.2007.Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on some physiological processes in higher plants-growth,photosynthesis,photorespiration,and water relations.Plant Biology,9,21-29.
Van Hees A.1997.Growth and morphology of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)and beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)seedlings in relation to shading and drought.Annals of Forest Science,54,9-18.
Hernández F,Amelong A,Borrás L.2014.Genotypic differences among argentinean maize hybrids in yield response to stand density.Agronomy Journal,106,2316-2324.
Hucklesby D P,Blanke M M.1992.Limitation of nitrogen assimilation in plants.IV.Effect of defruiting on nitrate assimilation,transpiration,and photosynthesis in tomato leaf.Gartenbauwissenschaft,57,53-56.
Kurimoto K,Day D A,Lambers H,Noguchi K.2004.Effect of respiratory homeostasis on plant growth in cultivars of wheat and rice.Plant Cell and Environment,27,853-862.
Lee E J,Paek K Y.2012.Effect of nitrogen source on biomass and bioactive compound production in submerged cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum nakai adventitious roots.Biotechnology Progress,28,508-514.
Lu Y L,Xu Y C,Shen Q R,Dong C X.2009.Effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth and cytokinin content in xylem sap of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)seedlings.Plant and Soil,315,67-77.
Marschner H.2011.Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants.Academic Press,Germany.
Murphy J,Riley J P.1962.A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters.Analytica Chimica Acta,27,31-36.
Nelson D W,Sommers L E.1973.Determination of total nitrogen in plant material.Agronomy Journal,65,109-112.
Ostonen I,Püttseppü,Biel C,Alberton O,Bakker M R,L?hmus K,Majdi H,Metcalfe D,Olsthoorn A F M,Pronk A.2007.Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change.Plant Biosystems,141,426-442.
Pantin F,Simonneau T,Muller B.2012.Coming of leaf age:Control of growth by hydraulics and metabolics during leaf ontogeny.New Physiologist,196,349-366.
Pantin F,Simonneau T,Rolland G,Dauzat M,Muller B.2011.Control of leaf expansion:A developmental switch from metabolics to hydraulics.Plant Physiology,156,803-815.
Pearce R B,Carlson G E,Barnes D K,Hart R H,Hanson CH.1969.Specific leaf weight and photosynthesis in alfalfa.Crop Science,9,423-426.
Rossini M A,Maddonni G A,Otegui M E.2011.Inter-plant competition for resources in maize crops grown under contrasting nitrogen supply and density:Variability in plant and ear growth.Field Crops Research,121,373-380.
Sage R F.1994.Photosynthetic response mechanisms to environmental change in C3 plants.Photosynthesis Research,39,351-368.
Salsac L,Chaillou S,Morot-Gaudry J,Lesaint C.1987.Nitrate and ammonium nutrition in plants.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,25,805-812.
Smit A L,Bengough A G,Engels C,Noordwijk M V,Pellerin S,van de Geijn S C.2013.Root Methods:A Handbook.Springer Science Business Media,The Netherlands.
Tabatabei S J,Yusefi M,Hajiloo J.2007.Effect of shading and NO3-:NH4+ratio on the yield,quality and N metabolism in strawberry.Scientia Horticulturae,116,264-272.
Timlin D J,Fleisher D H,Kemanian A R,Reddy V R.2014.Planting density and leaf area index effects on the distribution of light transmittance to the soil surface in maize.Agronomy Journal,106,1828-1837.
Walch L,Neumann P G,Bangerth F,Engels C.2000.Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco.Journal of Experimental Botany,51,227-237.
Werf A,Kooijman A,Welschen R,Lambers H.1988.Respiratory energy costs for the maintenance of biomass,for growth and for ion uptake in roots of Carex diandra and Carex acutiformis.Physiologia Plantarum,72,483-491.
Williams R F.1948.The effects of phosphorus supply on the rates of intake of phosphorus and nitrogen and upon certain aspects of phosphorus metabolism in gramineous plants.Australian Journal Biology Science,1,333-361.
Xie Y H,Luo W B,Ren B,Li F.2007.Morphological and physiological responses to sediment type and light availability in roots of the submerged plant.Myriophyllum spicatum.Annals of Botany,100,1517-1523.
Xu,Z,Qin L,Shui Y,Han P,Liao X,Hu X,Xie L,Yu C,Zhang X,Liao X.2017.Effects of different nitrogen form and ratio on growth and nutrient uptake of different sesame cultivars.Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,39,204-212.(in Chinese)
Zaghdoud C,Carvajal M,Ferchichi A,Martínez-Ballesta MD C.2016.Water balance and N-metabolism in broccoli(Brassica oleracea L.var.Italica)plants depending on nitrogen source under salt stress and elevated CO2.Science of the Total Environment,571,763-771
Zou C Q,Wang X F,Wang Z Y,Zhang F S.2005.Potassium and nitrogen distribution pattern and growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings influenced by nitrogen form and calcium carbonate in hydroponic culture.Journal of Plant Nutrition,28,2145-2157.
Bloom A J,Caldwell R M,Finazzo J,Warner R L,Weissbart J.1989.Oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes from barley shoots depend on nitrate assimilation.Plant Physiology,91,352-356.
Bloom A J,Sukrapanna S S,Warner R L.1992.Root respiration associated with ammonium and nitrate absorption and assimilation by barley.Plant Physiology,99,1294-1301.
Ciampitti I A,Vyn T J.2012.Physiological perspectives of changes over time in maize yield dependency on nitrogen uptake and associated nitrogen efficiencies:A review.Field Crops Research,133,48-67.
Crowther J R.1995.ELISA Theory and Practice.Springer Science and Business Media,USA.
Fuhrer J,Erismann K H.1984.Steady-state carbon flow in photosynthesis and photorespiration in Lemna minor L.:The effect of temperature and ammonium nitrogen.Photosynthetica,18,74-83.
Gallais A,Coque M,QuilléréI,Prioul J L,Hirel B.2006.Modelling postsilking nitrogen fluxes in maize(Zea mays)using 15N-labelling field experiments.New Phytologist,172,696-707.
Gu R L,Duan F Y,An X,Zhang F S,Nicolaus,V W,Yuan LX.2013.Characterization of AMT-mediated high-affinity ammonium uptake in roots of maize(Zea mays L.).Plant and Cell Physiology,54,1515-1524.
Guo S,Zhou Y,Shen Q,Zhang F.2007.Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on some physiological processes in higher plants-growth,photosynthesis,photorespiration,and water relations.Plant Biology,9,21-29.
Van Hees A.1997.Growth and morphology of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)and beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)seedlings in relation to shading and drought.Annals of Forest Science,54,9-18.
Hernández F,Amelong A,Borrás L.2014.Genotypic differences among argentinean maize hybrids in yield response to stand density.Agronomy Journal,106,2316-2324.
Hucklesby D P,Blanke M M.1992.Limitation of nitrogen assimilation in plants.IV.Effect of defruiting on nitrate assimilation,transpiration,and photosynthesis in tomato leaf.Gartenbauwissenschaft,57,53-56.
Kurimoto K,Day D A,Lambers H,Noguchi K.2004.Effect of respiratory homeostasis on plant growth in cultivars of wheat and rice.Plant Cell and Environment,27,853-862.
Lee E J,Paek K Y.2012.Effect of nitrogen source on biomass and bioactive compound production in submerged cultures of Eleutherococcus koreanum nakai adventitious roots.Biotechnology Progress,28,508-514.
Lu Y L,Xu Y C,Shen Q R,Dong C X.2009.Effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth and cytokinin content in xylem sap of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)seedlings.Plant and Soil,315,67-77.
Marschner H.2011.Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants.Academic Press,Germany.
Murphy J,Riley J P.1962.A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters.Analytica Chimica Acta,27,31-36.
Nelson D W,Sommers L E.1973.Determination of total nitrogen in plant material.Agronomy Journal,65,109-112.
Ostonen I,Püttseppü,Biel C,Alberton O,Bakker M R,L?hmus K,Majdi H,Metcalfe D,Olsthoorn A F M,Pronk A.2007.Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change.Plant Biosystems,141,426-442.
Pantin F,Simonneau T,Muller B.2012.Coming of leaf age:Control of growth by hydraulics and metabolics during leaf ontogeny.New Physiologist,196,349-366.
Pantin F,Simonneau T,Rolland G,Dauzat M,Muller B.2011.Control of leaf expansion:A developmental switch from metabolics to hydraulics.Plant Physiology,156,803-815.
Pearce R B,Carlson G E,Barnes D K,Hart R H,Hanson CH.1969.Specific leaf weight and photosynthesis in alfalfa.Crop Science,9,423-426.
Rossini M A,Maddonni G A,Otegui M E.2011.Inter-plant competition for resources in maize crops grown under contrasting nitrogen supply and density:Variability in plant and ear growth.Field Crops Research,121,373-380.
Sage R F.1994.Photosynthetic response mechanisms to environmental change in C3 plants.Photosynthesis Research,39,351-368.
Salsac L,Chaillou S,Morot-Gaudry J,Lesaint C.1987.Nitrate and ammonium nutrition in plants.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,25,805-812.
Smit A L,Bengough A G,Engels C,Noordwijk M V,Pellerin S,van de Geijn S C.2013.Root Methods:A Handbook.Springer Science Business Media,The Netherlands.
Tabatabei S J,Yusefi M,Hajiloo J.2007.Effect of shading and NO3-:NH4+ratio on the yield,quality and N metabolism in strawberry.Scientia Horticulturae,116,264-272.
Timlin D J,Fleisher D H,Kemanian A R,Reddy V R.2014.Planting density and leaf area index effects on the distribution of light transmittance to the soil surface in maize.Agronomy Journal,106,1828-1837.
Walch L,Neumann P G,Bangerth F,Engels C.2000.Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco.Journal of Experimental Botany,51,227-237.
Werf A,Kooijman A,Welschen R,Lambers H.1988.Respiratory energy costs for the maintenance of biomass,for growth and for ion uptake in roots of Carex diandra and Carex acutiformis.Physiologia Plantarum,72,483-491.
Williams R F.1948.The effects of phosphorus supply on the rates of intake of phosphorus and nitrogen and upon certain aspects of phosphorus metabolism in gramineous plants.Australian Journal Biology Science,1,333-361.
Xie Y H,Luo W B,Ren B,Li F.2007.Morphological and physiological responses to sediment type and light availability in roots of the submerged plant.Myriophyllum spicatum.Annals of Botany,100,1517-1523.
Xu,Z,Qin L,Shui Y,Han P,Liao X,Hu X,Xie L,Yu C,Zhang X,Liao X.2017.Effects of different nitrogen form and ratio on growth and nutrient uptake of different sesame cultivars.Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,39,204-212.(in Chinese)
Zaghdoud C,Carvajal M,Ferchichi A,Martínez-Ballesta MD C.2016.Water balance and N-metabolism in broccoli(Brassica oleracea L.var.Italica)plants depending on nitrogen source under salt stress and elevated CO2.Science of the Total Environment,571,763-771
Zou C Q,Wang X F,Wang Z Y,Zhang F S.2005.Potassium and nitrogen distribution pattern and growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings influenced by nitrogen form and calcium carbonate in hydroponic culture.Journal of Plant Nutrition,28,2145-2157.