GRACE卫星重力在地震研究中的应用进展
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摘要
地球重力场恢复与气候实验卫星(GRACE)在运行期间提供了大量的地球时变重力场观测数据,在大地测量、地球环境变化等领域有非常广泛的应用.在固体地球科学研究中,GRACE重力场数据被广泛应用于天然地震研究,由于地震过程中存在大范围的质量迁移,大型地震引起的重力变化可以被GRACE卫星探测到.同时GRACE记录的地震同震及震后长期的重力场变化对反演地震震源参数也起到了帮助作用.本文从GRACE卫星重力场在地震研究中的应用出发,在回顾了GRACE卫星重力在地震应用的主要进展的基础上,总结了以地震研究为应用目标的数据处理方法与流程,为地震同震及震后卫星重力数据处理提供了技术思路.本文结合前人在2004年M_W9.3苏门答腊地震、2010年M_W8.8智利地震、2011年M_W9.0日本东北地震的研究成果,针对地震重力变化的同震观测、震后观测、间接观测等领域,总结了GRACE卫星重力的主要应用进展,提出了其中涉及的GRACE数据处理与地震综合解释的主要研究问题.在总结技术研究进展的基础上,本文以2004年M_W9.3苏门答腊地震为研究对象,对GRACE卫星重力数据序列进行处理,得到该地震的同震重力变化特性,并以此为基础进行了地震同震重力变化的特征分析.在回顾和总结的基础上,本文结合GRACE-Follow on计划的优势,提出未来GRACE卫星应用于地震研究的发展展望.
Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment( GRACE)satellite has provided the public with massive amount of Earth timevariable gravity field data during its operation and enjoys a wide application in the field of geodesy and global environmental change studies. In the research of solid Earth geophysics,GRACE gravity field data is widely applied to the research of natural earthquakes.Due to the gigantic range of mass transportation during an earthquake,GRACE is able to detect the earthquake-related gravity change. Meanwhile, the co-seismic and long-term post-seismic gravity change data recorded by GRACE improved the research on inversion of earthquake source parameters. This paper starts from topic of the application of GRACE satellite gravity in the field of earthquake research. After reviewing the major improvements in the field,we made a summarization of the data processing techniques involved in the application of GRACE in earthquake research. This summarization provides the technical details of processing satellite gravity data for the observation of co-seismic and post-seismic gravity change during an earthquake. The paper combined the major findings among the former research based on GRACE satellite gravity into 2004 M_W9. 3 Sumatra、2010 M_W8. 8 Chile、2011 M_W9. 0 Tohoku earthquakes, and made a summary of the major improvements in application of GRACE data into the research fields of co-seismic observation, post-seismic observation and indirect observation of earthquakes. We also presented the major problems faced in the research,especially in GRACE data processing and integrated interpretation of earthquake gravity change. Based on the summarization of technological development,we made a case study of the 2004 M_W9. 3 Sumatra earthquake. We processed the timevariable GRACE satellite gravity data, extracted the co-seismic gravity change of the Sumatra earthquake and made analyzation based on the co-seismic GRACE satellite gravity observation result.After reviewing and summarizing,we made a prospection of the future development of GRACE application on earthquakes based on the plan of GRACE-follow on project.
Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment( GRACE)satellite has provided the public with massive amount of Earth timevariable gravity field data during its operation and enjoys a wide application in the field of geodesy and global environmental change studies. In the research of solid Earth geophysics,GRACE gravity field data is widely applied to the research of natural earthquakes.Due to the gigantic range of mass transportation during an earthquake,GRACE is able to detect the earthquake-related gravity change. Meanwhile, the co-seismic and long-term post-seismic gravity change data recorded by GRACE improved the research on inversion of earthquake source parameters. This paper starts from topic of the application of GRACE satellite gravity in the field of earthquake research. After reviewing the major improvements in the field,we made a summarization of the data processing techniques involved in the application of GRACE in earthquake research. This summarization provides the technical details of processing satellite gravity data for the observation of co-seismic and post-seismic gravity change during an earthquake. The paper combined the major findings among the former research based on GRACE satellite gravity into 2004 M_W9. 3 Sumatra、2010 M_W8. 8 Chile、2011 M_W9. 0 Tohoku earthquakes, and made a summary of the major improvements in application of GRACE data into the research fields of co-seismic observation, post-seismic observation and indirect observation of earthquakes. We also presented the major problems faced in the research,especially in GRACE data processing and integrated interpretation of earthquake gravity change. Based on the summarization of technological development,we made a case study of the 2004 M_W9. 3 Sumatra earthquake. We processed the timevariable GRACE satellite gravity data, extracted the co-seismic gravity change of the Sumatra earthquake and made analyzation based on the co-seismic GRACE satellite gravity observation result.After reviewing and summarizing,we made a prospection of the future development of GRACE application on earthquakes based on the plan of GRACE-follow on project.
引文
Bettadpur S,the CSR Level-2 Team.2012.Insights into the earth system mass variability from CSR-RL05 GRACE gravity fields[C]//Proceedings of EGU General Assembly 2012.Vienna,Austria:EGU,6409.
Cambiotti G,Bordoni A,Sabadini S,et al.2011.GRACE gravity data help constraining seismic models of the 2004 Sumatran earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,116(B10):B10403.
Cambiotti G,Sabadini R.2012.A source model for the great 2011Tohoku earthquake(MW=9.1)from inversion of GRACE gravity data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,335-336:72-79.
Cambiotti G,Sabadini R.2013.Gravitational seismology retrieving Centroid-Moment-Tensor solution of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,118(1):183-194.
Chao B F,Dehant V,Gross R S,et al.2000.Space geodesy monitors mass transports in global geophysical fluids[J].Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,81(22):247-250.
Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.2007.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(13):L13302.
Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.2017.Long-term and seasonal Caspian Sea level change from satellite gravity and altimeter measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,122(3):2274-2290.
Colombo O L.1981.Numerical methods for harmonic analysis on the sphere[R].Columbus,Ohio:The Ohio State University.
Dai C L,Shum C K,Guo J Y,et al.2016.Improved source parameter constraints for five undersea earthquakes from north component of GRACE gravity and gravity gradient change measurements[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,443:118-128.
Dai C L,Shum C K,Wang R J,et al.2014.Improved constraints on seismic source parameters of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake from GRACE gravity and gravity gradient changes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(6):1929-1936.
De Linage C,Rivera L,Hinderer J,et al.2009.Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from 4.6 yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal-modes summation[J].Geophysical Journal International,176:695-714.
De Viron O,Panet I,Mikhailov V,et al.2008.Retrieving earthquake signature in grace gravity solutions[J].Geophysical Journal International,174(1):14-20.
Feng W,Zhong M,Lemoine J M,et al.2013.Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)data and ground-based measurements[J].Water Resources Research,49(4):2110-2118.
Fuchs M J,Hooper A,Broerse T,et al.2016.Distributed fault slip model for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake from GNSS and GRACE/GOCE satellite gravimetry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,121(2):1114-1130.
Han S C,Shum C K,Bevis M,et al.2006.Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Science,313(5787):658-662.
Han S C,Simons F J.2008.Spatiospectral localization of global geopotential fields from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)reveals the coseismic gravity change owing to the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,113(B1):B01405.
Han S C,Sauber J,Luthcke S B,et al.2008.Implications of postseismic gravity change following the great 2004 SumatraAndaman earthquake from the regional harmonic analysis of GRACEintersatellite tracking data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,113(B11):B11413.
Han S C,Sauber J,Luthcke S.2010.Regional gravity decrease after the2010 Maule(Chile)earthquake indicates large-scale mass redistribution[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(23):L23307.
Han S C,Sauber J,Pollitz F.2014.Broadscale postseismic gravity change following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and implication for deformation by viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(16):5797-5805.
Han S C,Sauber J,Riva R.2011.Contribution of satellite gravimetry to understanding seismic source processes of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(24):L24312.
Heki K,Matsuo K.2010.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2010earthquake in central Chile from satellite gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(24):L24306.
Hoechner A,Sobolev S V,Einarsson I,et al.2011.Investigation on afterslip and steady state and transient rheology based on postseismic deformation and geoid change caused by the Sumatra 2004 earthquake[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,12(7):Q07010.
Kusche J.2007.Approximate decorrelation and non-isotropic smoothing of time-variable GRACE-type gravity field models[J].Journal of Geodesy,81(11):733-749.
Li J,Shen W B.2015.Monthly GRACE detection of coseismic gravity change associated with 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake using northern gradient approach[J].Earth,Planets and Space,67:29.
Matsuo K,Heki K.2011.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2011 TohokuOki earthquake from satellite gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(7):L00G12.
Mikhailov V,Tikhotsky S,Diament M,et al.2004.Can tectonic processes be recovered from new gravity satellite data?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,228(3-4):281-297.
Ogawa R,Heki K.2007.Slow postseismic recovery of geoid depression formed by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake by mantle water diffusion[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(6):L06313.
Panet I,Mikhailov V,Diament M,et al.2007.Coseismic and postseismic signatures of the Sumatra 2004 December and 2005 March earthquakes in GRACE satellite gravity[J].Geophysical Journal International,171(1):177-190.
Panet I,Pollitz F,Mikhailov V,et al.2010.Upper mantle rheology from GRACE and GPS postseismic deformation after the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,11(6):Q06008.
Reager J T,Thomas B F,Famiglietti J S.2014.River basin flood potential inferred using GRACE gravity observations at several months lead time[J].Nature Geoscience,7(8):588-592.
Sabadini R,Dalla V G,Hoogland M,et al.2005.A splash in Earth gravity from the 2004 Sumatra earthquake[J].Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,86(15):149-153.
Sun T H Z,Wang K L,Iinuma T,et al.2014.Prevalence of viscoelastic relaxation after the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake[J].Nature,514(7520):84-87.
Sun W K,Okubo S.2004.Coseismic deformations detectable by satellite gravity missions:A case study of Alaska(1964,2002)and Hokkaido(2003)earthquakes in the spectral domain[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B4):B04405.
Swenson S,Wahr J.2006.Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33(8):L08402.
Tanaka Y,Heki K.2014.Long-and short-term postseismic gravity changes of megathrust earthquakes from satellite gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(15):5451-5456.
Tanaka Y,Heki K,Matsuo K,et al.2015.Crustal subsidence observed by GRACE after the 2013 Okhotsk deep-focus earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,42(9):3204-3209.
Van Camp M,De Viron O,Watlet A,et al.2017.Geophysics from terrestrial time-variable gravity measurements[J].Reviews of Geophysics,55(4):938-992.
Velicogna I.2009.Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE[J].Geophysical Research Letters,36(19):L19503.
Vigny C,Simons W J F,Abu S,et al.2005.Insight into the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia[J].Nature,436(7048):201-206.
Wang K L,Hu Y,He J H.2012d.Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth[J].Nature,484(7394):327-332.
Wang L,Shum C K,Jekeli C.2012c.Gravitational gradient changes following the 2004 December 26 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake inferred from GRACE[J].Geophysical Journal International,191(3):1109-1118.
Wang L,Shum C K,Simons F J,et al.2012a.Coseismic and postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake constrained by GRACE gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,39(7):L07301.
Wang L,Shum C K,Simons F J,et al.2012b.Coseismic slip of the2010 MW8.8 Great Maule,Chile,earthquake quantified by the inversion of GRACE observations[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,335-336:167-179.
Wang R J,Lorenzo-Martín F,Roth F.2006.PSGRN/PSCMP-a new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory[J].Computers&Geosciences,32(4):527-541.
Wang W X,Shi Y L,Gu G H,et al.2010.Gravity changes associated with the MS8.0 wenchuan earthquake detected by GRACE[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(8):1767-1777,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.08.002.
Zhang Z Z,Chao B F,Lu Y,et al.2009.An effective filtering for GRACE time-variable gravity:Fan filter[J].Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17311.
Zheng W,Hsu H T,Zhong M,et al.2010.Efficient and rapid estimation of the accuracy of future grace follow-on earth's gravitational field using the analytic method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(4):796-806,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.004.
Zhou X,Sun W K,Fu G Y.2011.Gravity satellite GRACE detects coseismic gravity changes caused by 2010 Chile MW8.8 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
Zhou X,Sun W K,Fu G Y,et al.2012.Geodetic observations detecting coseismic displacements and gravity changes caused by the MW=9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,117(B5):B05408.
Zou Z B,Li H,Wu Y L,et al.2015.Characteristics of satellite timevariable gravity field before M8.1 nepal earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),35(4):547-551.
王武星,石耀霖,顾国华,等.2010.GRACE卫星观测到的与汶川MS8.0地震有关的重力变化[J].地球物理学报,53(8):1767-1777,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.08.002.
郑伟,许厚泽,钟敏,等.2010.利用解析法有效快速估计将来GRACE Follow-On地球重力场的精度[J].地球物理学报,53(4):796-806,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.004.
周新,孙文科,付广裕.2011.重力卫星GRACE检测出2010年智利MW8.8地震的同震重力变化[J].地球物理学报,54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
邹正波,李辉,吴云龙,等.2015.尼泊尔M8.1地震震前卫星重力场时变特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,35(4):547-551.
Cambiotti G,Bordoni A,Sabadini S,et al.2011.GRACE gravity data help constraining seismic models of the 2004 Sumatran earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,116(B10):B10403.
Cambiotti G,Sabadini R.2012.A source model for the great 2011Tohoku earthquake(MW=9.1)from inversion of GRACE gravity data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,335-336:72-79.
Cambiotti G,Sabadini R.2013.Gravitational seismology retrieving Centroid-Moment-Tensor solution of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,118(1):183-194.
Chao B F,Dehant V,Gross R S,et al.2000.Space geodesy monitors mass transports in global geophysical fluids[J].Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,81(22):247-250.
Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.2007.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(13):L13302.
Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D,et al.2017.Long-term and seasonal Caspian Sea level change from satellite gravity and altimeter measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,122(3):2274-2290.
Colombo O L.1981.Numerical methods for harmonic analysis on the sphere[R].Columbus,Ohio:The Ohio State University.
Dai C L,Shum C K,Guo J Y,et al.2016.Improved source parameter constraints for five undersea earthquakes from north component of GRACE gravity and gravity gradient change measurements[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,443:118-128.
Dai C L,Shum C K,Wang R J,et al.2014.Improved constraints on seismic source parameters of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake from GRACE gravity and gravity gradient changes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(6):1929-1936.
De Linage C,Rivera L,Hinderer J,et al.2009.Separation of coseismic and postseismic gravity changes for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from 4.6 yr of GRACE observations and modelling of the coseismic change by normal-modes summation[J].Geophysical Journal International,176:695-714.
De Viron O,Panet I,Mikhailov V,et al.2008.Retrieving earthquake signature in grace gravity solutions[J].Geophysical Journal International,174(1):14-20.
Feng W,Zhong M,Lemoine J M,et al.2013.Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)data and ground-based measurements[J].Water Resources Research,49(4):2110-2118.
Fuchs M J,Hooper A,Broerse T,et al.2016.Distributed fault slip model for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake from GNSS and GRACE/GOCE satellite gravimetry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,121(2):1114-1130.
Han S C,Shum C K,Bevis M,et al.2006.Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Science,313(5787):658-662.
Han S C,Simons F J.2008.Spatiospectral localization of global geopotential fields from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)reveals the coseismic gravity change owing to the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,113(B1):B01405.
Han S C,Sauber J,Luthcke S B,et al.2008.Implications of postseismic gravity change following the great 2004 SumatraAndaman earthquake from the regional harmonic analysis of GRACEintersatellite tracking data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,113(B11):B11413.
Han S C,Sauber J,Luthcke S.2010.Regional gravity decrease after the2010 Maule(Chile)earthquake indicates large-scale mass redistribution[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(23):L23307.
Han S C,Sauber J,Pollitz F.2014.Broadscale postseismic gravity change following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and implication for deformation by viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(16):5797-5805.
Han S C,Sauber J,Riva R.2011.Contribution of satellite gravimetry to understanding seismic source processes of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(24):L24312.
Heki K,Matsuo K.2010.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2010earthquake in central Chile from satellite gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,37(24):L24306.
Hoechner A,Sobolev S V,Einarsson I,et al.2011.Investigation on afterslip and steady state and transient rheology based on postseismic deformation and geoid change caused by the Sumatra 2004 earthquake[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,12(7):Q07010.
Kusche J.2007.Approximate decorrelation and non-isotropic smoothing of time-variable GRACE-type gravity field models[J].Journal of Geodesy,81(11):733-749.
Li J,Shen W B.2015.Monthly GRACE detection of coseismic gravity change associated with 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake using northern gradient approach[J].Earth,Planets and Space,67:29.
Matsuo K,Heki K.2011.Coseismic gravity changes of the 2011 TohokuOki earthquake from satellite gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(7):L00G12.
Mikhailov V,Tikhotsky S,Diament M,et al.2004.Can tectonic processes be recovered from new gravity satellite data?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,228(3-4):281-297.
Ogawa R,Heki K.2007.Slow postseismic recovery of geoid depression formed by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake by mantle water diffusion[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(6):L06313.
Panet I,Mikhailov V,Diament M,et al.2007.Coseismic and postseismic signatures of the Sumatra 2004 December and 2005 March earthquakes in GRACE satellite gravity[J].Geophysical Journal International,171(1):177-190.
Panet I,Pollitz F,Mikhailov V,et al.2010.Upper mantle rheology from GRACE and GPS postseismic deformation after the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,11(6):Q06008.
Reager J T,Thomas B F,Famiglietti J S.2014.River basin flood potential inferred using GRACE gravity observations at several months lead time[J].Nature Geoscience,7(8):588-592.
Sabadini R,Dalla V G,Hoogland M,et al.2005.A splash in Earth gravity from the 2004 Sumatra earthquake[J].Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,86(15):149-153.
Sun T H Z,Wang K L,Iinuma T,et al.2014.Prevalence of viscoelastic relaxation after the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake[J].Nature,514(7520):84-87.
Sun W K,Okubo S.2004.Coseismic deformations detectable by satellite gravity missions:A case study of Alaska(1964,2002)and Hokkaido(2003)earthquakes in the spectral domain[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,109(B4):B04405.
Swenson S,Wahr J.2006.Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33(8):L08402.
Tanaka Y,Heki K.2014.Long-and short-term postseismic gravity changes of megathrust earthquakes from satellite gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,41(15):5451-5456.
Tanaka Y,Heki K,Matsuo K,et al.2015.Crustal subsidence observed by GRACE after the 2013 Okhotsk deep-focus earthquake[J].Geophysical Research Letters,42(9):3204-3209.
Van Camp M,De Viron O,Watlet A,et al.2017.Geophysics from terrestrial time-variable gravity measurements[J].Reviews of Geophysics,55(4):938-992.
Velicogna I.2009.Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE[J].Geophysical Research Letters,36(19):L19503.
Vigny C,Simons W J F,Abu S,et al.2005.Insight into the 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia[J].Nature,436(7048):201-206.
Wang K L,Hu Y,He J H.2012d.Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth[J].Nature,484(7394):327-332.
Wang L,Shum C K,Jekeli C.2012c.Gravitational gradient changes following the 2004 December 26 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake inferred from GRACE[J].Geophysical Journal International,191(3):1109-1118.
Wang L,Shum C K,Simons F J,et al.2012a.Coseismic and postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake constrained by GRACE gravimetry[J].Geophysical Research Letters,39(7):L07301.
Wang L,Shum C K,Simons F J,et al.2012b.Coseismic slip of the2010 MW8.8 Great Maule,Chile,earthquake quantified by the inversion of GRACE observations[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,335-336:167-179.
Wang R J,Lorenzo-Martín F,Roth F.2006.PSGRN/PSCMP-a new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory[J].Computers&Geosciences,32(4):527-541.
Wang W X,Shi Y L,Gu G H,et al.2010.Gravity changes associated with the MS8.0 wenchuan earthquake detected by GRACE[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(8):1767-1777,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.08.002.
Zhang Z Z,Chao B F,Lu Y,et al.2009.An effective filtering for GRACE time-variable gravity:Fan filter[J].Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17311.
Zheng W,Hsu H T,Zhong M,et al.2010.Efficient and rapid estimation of the accuracy of future grace follow-on earth's gravitational field using the analytic method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(4):796-806,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.004.
Zhou X,Sun W K,Fu G Y.2011.Gravity satellite GRACE detects coseismic gravity changes caused by 2010 Chile MW8.8 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
Zhou X,Sun W K,Fu G Y,et al.2012.Geodetic observations detecting coseismic displacements and gravity changes caused by the MW=9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,117(B5):B05408.
Zou Z B,Li H,Wu Y L,et al.2015.Characteristics of satellite timevariable gravity field before M8.1 nepal earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),35(4):547-551.
王武星,石耀霖,顾国华,等.2010.GRACE卫星观测到的与汶川MS8.0地震有关的重力变化[J].地球物理学报,53(8):1767-1777,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.08.002.
郑伟,许厚泽,钟敏,等.2010.利用解析法有效快速估计将来GRACE Follow-On地球重力场的精度[J].地球物理学报,53(4):796-806,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.004.
周新,孙文科,付广裕.2011.重力卫星GRACE检测出2010年智利MW8.8地震的同震重力变化[J].地球物理学报,54(7):1745-1749,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.007.
邹正波,李辉,吴云龙,等.2015.尼泊尔M8.1地震震前卫星重力场时变特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,35(4):547-551.