青藏高原铜矿资源研究进展
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摘要
青藏高原铜矿开发和利用历史悠久。得益于复杂的地质结构及地质演化过程,青藏高原具备得天独厚的铜矿成矿地质条件,铜矿因此成为高原地区最重要的优势矿种之一,探明铜资源量位列全国之首,是中国最重要的铜矿产地和后备铜资源基地。青藏高原地区铜矿床主要分布在玉龙铜矿成矿带、冈底斯铜矿成矿带及班公湖-怒江铜矿成矿带等3条铜矿带内,形成时代集中于喜马拉雅期和燕山期,暗示其形成和演化与高原构造-岩浆事件密切相关,是响应重大地质事件的产物。矿床具有成因复杂、综合利用价值大的特点。本文以铁格隆南铜(金)矿床、雄村铜金矿床、甲玛铜多金属矿床和驱龙铜钼矿床为例,介绍了青藏高原地区几种主要的铜矿床成因类型。巨大的铜矿资源潜力将改变中国铜矿资源分布格局,但在资源开发的同时,需要注意资源与环境的协同发展。
The development and the utilization of copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau have a long history. The Tibetan Plateau is under a unique metallogenic geologic condition of copper deposits due to its complex geological structure and the geological evolution process, and the copper deposits become one of the most important types of mineral deposits in the Tibetan Plateau. The proven resource of copper in the Tibetan Plateau ranks the first in China, and the Tibetan Plateau becomes the most important producer of copper and the bake-up base of the copper resource. The copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau are mainly distributed in the Yulong copper metallogenic belt, the Gangdise copper metallogenic belt and the Bangong Co-Nujiang copper metallogenic belt, and are mainly formed in the Himalayan and Yanshanian period, which suggests that their formation and evolution are closely related to the plateau tectonic-magmatic events, and to the major geological events of the Tibetan Plateau. These deposits involve complex causes of deposit formation and have a very high comprehensive utilization value. In this paper, the genetic types of the main types of copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau are introduced,taking the Tiegelongnan copper(gold) deposit, the Xiongcun copper-gold deposit, the Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit and the Qulong copper-molybdenum deposit as examples. The huge potential of copper resources of the Tibetan Plateau will change the pattern of the copper resources in China, but while we develop copper resources, at the same time, we should pay attention to the coordinated development of resource development and environmental protection.
The development and the utilization of copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau have a long history. The Tibetan Plateau is under a unique metallogenic geologic condition of copper deposits due to its complex geological structure and the geological evolution process, and the copper deposits become one of the most important types of mineral deposits in the Tibetan Plateau. The proven resource of copper in the Tibetan Plateau ranks the first in China, and the Tibetan Plateau becomes the most important producer of copper and the bake-up base of the copper resource. The copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau are mainly distributed in the Yulong copper metallogenic belt, the Gangdise copper metallogenic belt and the Bangong Co-Nujiang copper metallogenic belt, and are mainly formed in the Himalayan and Yanshanian period, which suggests that their formation and evolution are closely related to the plateau tectonic-magmatic events, and to the major geological events of the Tibetan Plateau. These deposits involve complex causes of deposit formation and have a very high comprehensive utilization value. In this paper, the genetic types of the main types of copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau are introduced,taking the Tiegelongnan copper(gold) deposit, the Xiongcun copper-gold deposit, the Jiama copper-polymetallic deposit and the Qulong copper-molybdenum deposit as examples. The huge potential of copper resources of the Tibetan Plateau will change the pattern of the copper resources in China, but while we develop copper resources, at the same time, we should pay attention to the coordinated development of resource development and environmental protection.
引文
[1]李朝阳.中国铜矿主要类型特征及其成矿远景[M].北京:地质出版社,2000.Li Chaoyang.The feature of main types copper deposits in China andits metallogenic prospects[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2000.
[2]邓会娟,季根源,易锦俊,等.中国铜矿资源现状及国家级铜矿床实物地质资料筛选[J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):143-149.Deng Huijuan,Ji Genyuan,Yi Jinjun,et al.Current status of copper-ore resources in China and screening of national copper-ore geologicalmaterial data[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(2):143-149.
[3]赵元山,李健胜.从考古资料看青藏高原冶铜业的起源与发展[J].濮阳职业技术学院学报,2015,28(2):30-34.Zhao Yuanshan,Li Jiansheng.Origin and development of copper indus-try in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:In the perspective of archaeological data[J].Journal of Puyang Vocational and Technical College,2015,28(2):30-34.
[4]Ministry of Land and Resources People's Republic of China.2016 Chi-na Mineral Resources[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2016.
[5]Mihalasky M J,Ludington S,Hammarstrom J M,et al.Porphyry copperassessment of the central Asian orogenic belt and eastern Tethysides:China,Mongolia,Russia,Pakistan,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,and India[R/OL].[2017-03-13].https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/x/pdf/sir2010-5090-X.pdf.
[6]陈有顺,房后国,刘娉慧,等.青藏高原矿产资源的分布、形成及开发[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(6):45-59.Chen Youshun,Fang Houguo,Liu Pinhui,et al.Distribution,formationand exploitation of mineral resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Geog-raphy and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(6):45-59.
[7]西藏自治区地质调查院.西藏自治区区域成矿规律成果报告[R].拉萨:西藏自治区地质调查院,2013:1-784.Tibet Institute of Geological Survey.The report of Tibet regional metal-logenic regularity[R].Lhasa:Tibet Institute of Geological Survey,2013:1-784.
[8]梅燕雄,朱裕生,叶锦华.中国超大型矿床的若干统计特征[J].地球学报,1997,18(4):358-366.Mei Yanxiong,Zhu Yusheng,Ye Jinhua.Statistical characteristics of su-per-large ore deposits in China[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1997,18(4):358-366.
[9]应立娟,陈毓川,王登红,等.中国铜矿成矿规律概要[J].地质学报,2014(12):2216-2226.Ying Lijuan,Chen Yuchuan,Wang Denghong,et al.Metallogenic regu-larity of copper ore in China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(12):2216-2226.
[10]芮宗瑶,李光明,王龙生.青藏高原的金属矿产资源[J].地质通报,2004,23(1):20-23.Rui Zongyao,Li Guangming,Wang Longsheng.Mineral resources ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Geological Bulletion of China,2004,23(1):20-23.
[11]芮宗瑶,李光明,张立生,等.西藏斑岩铜矿对重大地质事件的响应[J].地学前缘,2004,11(1):145-152.Rui Zongyao,Li Guangming,Zhang Lisheng,et al.The response ofporphyry copper deposits to important geological events in Xizang[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(1):145-152.
[12]芮宗瑶,黄崇轲,齐国明,等.中国斑岩铜(钼)矿床[M].北京:地质出版社,1984.Rui Zongyao,Huang Chongke,Qi Guoming,et al.Porphyry copper(molybdenum)deposits in China[M].Beijing,Geological PublishingHouse.
[13]侯增谦,曲晓明,黄卫,等.冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿带有望成为西藏第二条“玉龙”铜矿带[J].中国地质,2001,28(10):27-29.Hou Zengqian,Qu Xiaoming,Huang Wei,et al.The Gangdise porphy-ry copper metallogenic belt with the hope to become the second“YuLong”copper metallogenic belt of Tibet[J].Chinese Geology,2001,28(10):27-29.
[14]曲晓明,辛洪波.藏西班公湖斑岩铜矿带的形成时代与成矿构造环境[J].地质通报,2006(7):792-799.Qu Xiaoming,Xin Hongbo.Ages and tectonic environment of the Ban-gong Co porphyry copper belt in western Tibet,China[J].GeologicalBulletion of China,2006,25(7):792-799.
[15]宋扬,唐菊兴,曲晓明,等.西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带研究进展及一些新认识[J].地球科学进展,2014(7):795-809.Song Yang,Tang Juxing,Qu Xiaoming,et al.Progress in the study ofmineralization in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt and somenew recognition[J].Advances in Earth Science,2014,29(7):795-809.
[16]唐仁鲤,罗怀松.西藏玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿带地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.Tang Renli,Luo Huaisong.The geology of Yulong porphyry copper(molybdenum)ore belt,Xizang(Tibet)[M].Beijing:Geological Publish-ing House,1995.
[17]唐菊兴,孙兴国,丁帅,等.西藏多龙矿集区发现浅成低温热液型铜(金银)矿床[J].地球学报,2014,35(1):6-10.Tang Juxing,Sun Xingguo,Ding Shuai,et al.Discovery of the epither-mal deposit of Cu(Au-Ag)in the Duolong ore concentrating area,Ti-bet[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2014,35(1):6-10.
[18]西藏自治区地质调查院.西藏自治区铜矿资源潜力评价成果报告[R].拉萨:西藏自治区地质调查院,2011.Tibet Institute of Geological Survey.The report of Tibet resource po-tential assessment[R].Lhasa:Tibet Institute of Geological Survey,2011.
[19]唐菊兴,王勤,杨超,等.青藏高原两个斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床成矿亚系列及其“缺位找矿”之实践[J].矿床地质,2014,33(6):1151-1170.Tang Juxing,Wang Qin,Yang Chao,et al.Two porphyry-epithermaldeposit metallogenic subseries in Tibetan Plateau:Practice of'ab-sence prospecting'deposit metallogenic series[J].Mineral Deposits,2014,33(6):1151-1170.
[20]Sillitoe R H.Porphyry copper systems[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(1):3-41.
[21]多吉,张金树,刘鸿飞,等.冈底斯东段典型金属矿床地质特征及找矿潜力[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:1-168.Duoji,Zhang Jinshu,Liu Hongfei,et al.The geological characteristicsand prospecting potential of east part of Gangdise,Tibet[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
[22]西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队.西藏自治区墨竹工卡县驱龙矿区铜多金属矿勘探报告[R].拉萨:西藏自治区地质调查院,2007.No.2 Geological Party,Exploration and Development Bureau of Geolo-gy and Mineral of Tibet Autonomous Region.The exploration report ofQu Long copper polymetallic deposi,Tibet[R].Tibet:Lhasa,Lhasa:Tibet Institute of Geological Survey,2007.
[23]王京,石香江,牛丽贤,等.基于情景分析法的我国铜资源需求预测[J].中国国土资源经济,2015,28(5):53-57.Wang Jing,Shi Xiangjiang,Niu Lixian,et al.Cooper resources de-mand forecasting by scenario analysis in China[J].Natural ResourceEconomics Of China,2015,28(5):53-57.
[24]牛亚菲.青藏高原生态环境问题研究[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(2):163-171.Niu Yafei.The study of environment in the Plateau of Qin-Tibet[J].Progress in Geography,1999,18(2):163-171.
[25]李超.青藏高原矿产开发与地质环境保护协调发展的对策[J].城市地理,2016(14):119-120.Li Chao.The strategy of resource development and geological environ-mental protection on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Global City Geogra-phy,2016(14):119-120.
[2]邓会娟,季根源,易锦俊,等.中国铜矿资源现状及国家级铜矿床实物地质资料筛选[J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):143-149.Deng Huijuan,Ji Genyuan,Yi Jinjun,et al.Current status of copper-ore resources in China and screening of national copper-ore geologicalmaterial data[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(2):143-149.
[3]赵元山,李健胜.从考古资料看青藏高原冶铜业的起源与发展[J].濮阳职业技术学院学报,2015,28(2):30-34.Zhao Yuanshan,Li Jiansheng.Origin and development of copper indus-try in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:In the perspective of archaeological data[J].Journal of Puyang Vocational and Technical College,2015,28(2):30-34.
[4]Ministry of Land and Resources People's Republic of China.2016 Chi-na Mineral Resources[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2016.
[5]Mihalasky M J,Ludington S,Hammarstrom J M,et al.Porphyry copperassessment of the central Asian orogenic belt and eastern Tethysides:China,Mongolia,Russia,Pakistan,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,and India[R/OL].[2017-03-13].https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/x/pdf/sir2010-5090-X.pdf.
[6]陈有顺,房后国,刘娉慧,等.青藏高原矿产资源的分布、形成及开发[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(6):45-59.Chen Youshun,Fang Houguo,Liu Pinhui,et al.Distribution,formationand exploitation of mineral resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Geog-raphy and Geo-Information Science,2009,25(6):45-59.
[7]西藏自治区地质调查院.西藏自治区区域成矿规律成果报告[R].拉萨:西藏自治区地质调查院,2013:1-784.Tibet Institute of Geological Survey.The report of Tibet regional metal-logenic regularity[R].Lhasa:Tibet Institute of Geological Survey,2013:1-784.
[8]梅燕雄,朱裕生,叶锦华.中国超大型矿床的若干统计特征[J].地球学报,1997,18(4):358-366.Mei Yanxiong,Zhu Yusheng,Ye Jinhua.Statistical characteristics of su-per-large ore deposits in China[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1997,18(4):358-366.
[9]应立娟,陈毓川,王登红,等.中国铜矿成矿规律概要[J].地质学报,2014(12):2216-2226.Ying Lijuan,Chen Yuchuan,Wang Denghong,et al.Metallogenic regu-larity of copper ore in China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(12):2216-2226.
[10]芮宗瑶,李光明,王龙生.青藏高原的金属矿产资源[J].地质通报,2004,23(1):20-23.Rui Zongyao,Li Guangming,Wang Longsheng.Mineral resources ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Geological Bulletion of China,2004,23(1):20-23.
[11]芮宗瑶,李光明,张立生,等.西藏斑岩铜矿对重大地质事件的响应[J].地学前缘,2004,11(1):145-152.Rui Zongyao,Li Guangming,Zhang Lisheng,et al.The response ofporphyry copper deposits to important geological events in Xizang[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(1):145-152.
[12]芮宗瑶,黄崇轲,齐国明,等.中国斑岩铜(钼)矿床[M].北京:地质出版社,1984.Rui Zongyao,Huang Chongke,Qi Guoming,et al.Porphyry copper(molybdenum)deposits in China[M].Beijing,Geological PublishingHouse.
[13]侯增谦,曲晓明,黄卫,等.冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿带有望成为西藏第二条“玉龙”铜矿带[J].中国地质,2001,28(10):27-29.Hou Zengqian,Qu Xiaoming,Huang Wei,et al.The Gangdise porphy-ry copper metallogenic belt with the hope to become the second“YuLong”copper metallogenic belt of Tibet[J].Chinese Geology,2001,28(10):27-29.
[14]曲晓明,辛洪波.藏西班公湖斑岩铜矿带的形成时代与成矿构造环境[J].地质通报,2006(7):792-799.Qu Xiaoming,Xin Hongbo.Ages and tectonic environment of the Ban-gong Co porphyry copper belt in western Tibet,China[J].GeologicalBulletion of China,2006,25(7):792-799.
[15]宋扬,唐菊兴,曲晓明,等.西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带研究进展及一些新认识[J].地球科学进展,2014(7):795-809.Song Yang,Tang Juxing,Qu Xiaoming,et al.Progress in the study ofmineralization in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt and somenew recognition[J].Advances in Earth Science,2014,29(7):795-809.
[16]唐仁鲤,罗怀松.西藏玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿带地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.Tang Renli,Luo Huaisong.The geology of Yulong porphyry copper(molybdenum)ore belt,Xizang(Tibet)[M].Beijing:Geological Publish-ing House,1995.
[17]唐菊兴,孙兴国,丁帅,等.西藏多龙矿集区发现浅成低温热液型铜(金银)矿床[J].地球学报,2014,35(1):6-10.Tang Juxing,Sun Xingguo,Ding Shuai,et al.Discovery of the epither-mal deposit of Cu(Au-Ag)in the Duolong ore concentrating area,Ti-bet[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2014,35(1):6-10.
[18]西藏自治区地质调查院.西藏自治区铜矿资源潜力评价成果报告[R].拉萨:西藏自治区地质调查院,2011.Tibet Institute of Geological Survey.The report of Tibet resource po-tential assessment[R].Lhasa:Tibet Institute of Geological Survey,2011.
[19]唐菊兴,王勤,杨超,等.青藏高原两个斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床成矿亚系列及其“缺位找矿”之实践[J].矿床地质,2014,33(6):1151-1170.Tang Juxing,Wang Qin,Yang Chao,et al.Two porphyry-epithermaldeposit metallogenic subseries in Tibetan Plateau:Practice of'ab-sence prospecting'deposit metallogenic series[J].Mineral Deposits,2014,33(6):1151-1170.
[20]Sillitoe R H.Porphyry copper systems[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(1):3-41.
[21]多吉,张金树,刘鸿飞,等.冈底斯东段典型金属矿床地质特征及找矿潜力[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:1-168.Duoji,Zhang Jinshu,Liu Hongfei,et al.The geological characteristicsand prospecting potential of east part of Gangdise,Tibet[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
[22]西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队.西藏自治区墨竹工卡县驱龙矿区铜多金属矿勘探报告[R].拉萨:西藏自治区地质调查院,2007.No.2 Geological Party,Exploration and Development Bureau of Geolo-gy and Mineral of Tibet Autonomous Region.The exploration report ofQu Long copper polymetallic deposi,Tibet[R].Tibet:Lhasa,Lhasa:Tibet Institute of Geological Survey,2007.
[23]王京,石香江,牛丽贤,等.基于情景分析法的我国铜资源需求预测[J].中国国土资源经济,2015,28(5):53-57.Wang Jing,Shi Xiangjiang,Niu Lixian,et al.Cooper resources de-mand forecasting by scenario analysis in China[J].Natural ResourceEconomics Of China,2015,28(5):53-57.
[24]牛亚菲.青藏高原生态环境问题研究[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(2):163-171.Niu Yafei.The study of environment in the Plateau of Qin-Tibet[J].Progress in Geography,1999,18(2):163-171.
[25]李超.青藏高原矿产开发与地质环境保护协调发展的对策[J].城市地理,2016(14):119-120.Li Chao.The strategy of resource development and geological environ-mental protection on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Global City Geogra-phy,2016(14):119-120.