乳化液环境中WC/a-C:H薄膜摩擦行为的研究
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摘要
采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积复合磁控溅射法制备了WC/a-C:H薄膜.使用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱和透射电镜表征了薄膜结构和组成,并使用球盘往复摩擦试验机测试薄膜在不同体系乳化液环境中的摩擦学性能.结果表明:WC/a-C:H薄膜具有典型的类金刚石结构,WC以β-WC1-x相的形式存在. WC在碳基薄膜中的掺杂使WC/a-C:H薄膜的硬度和弹性模量分别变化至11和140 GPa.油膜、水膜与转移膜的协同润滑效应能够提升其耐磨能力.适宜的浓度配比和薄膜表面石墨化程度是影响摩擦的关键因素.
The WC/a-C:H film was prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition combined magnetron sputtering. The structure and composition of the film were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The tribological properties of the WC/a-C:H film in different emulsion systems were tested using a reciprocating friction tester.The results show that the WC/a-C: H film had a typical diamond-like structure and the WC was in the form of β-WC1-X phase. The WC/a-C:H film preferentially grew on the(200) plane. The doping of WC in the carbon-based film changed the hardness and elastic modulus of the WC/a-C:H film to 11 and 140 GPa, respectively. Collaborative lubrication can enhance its wear resistance. The appropriate ratio and graphitization were the key factor affecting the friction.
The WC/a-C:H film was prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition combined magnetron sputtering. The structure and composition of the film were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The tribological properties of the WC/a-C:H film in different emulsion systems were tested using a reciprocating friction tester.The results show that the WC/a-C: H film had a typical diamond-like structure and the WC was in the form of β-WC1-X phase. The WC/a-C:H film preferentially grew on the(200) plane. The doping of WC in the carbon-based film changed the hardness and elastic modulus of the WC/a-C:H film to 11 and 140 GPa, respectively. Collaborative lubrication can enhance its wear resistance. The appropriate ratio and graphitization were the key factor affecting the friction.
引文
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[2]Willing A.Lubricants based on renewable resources-an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products[J].Chemosphere,2001,43(1):89-98.doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00328-3.
[3]Gamal M E,Mohamed A M O,Zekri A Y.Effect of asphaltene,carbonate,and clay mineral contents on water cut determination in water-oil emulsions[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2005,46(3):209-224.
[4]Ma L,Song L,Li F,et al.Preparation and properties of poly(propylene carbonate)-based waterborne polyurethane-acrylate composite emulsion[J].Colloid&Polymer Science,2017(1):1-9.
[5]Wu Y,Zeng X,Ren T,et al.The emulsifying and tribological properties of modified graphene oxide in oil-in-water emulsion[J].Tribology International,2017,105:304-316.doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.10.024.
[6]Zhang Q,He Y,Wang W,et al.Corrosion behavior of WC-Co hardmetals in the oil-in-water emulsions containing sulfate reducing Citrobacter,sp[J].Corrosion Science,2015,94:48-60.doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2015.01.036.
[7]Becerra H Q,Retamoso C,Macdonald D D.The corrosion of carbon steel in oil-in-water emulsions under controlled hydrodynamic conditions[J].Corrosion Science,2000,42(3):561-575.doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00068-2.
[8]Zafar M N,Rihan R O,Hadhrami L M A.Corrosion behavior of X65 and SA-543 steels when exposed to oil-in-water emulsions in the presence of Na2S2O3,NaCl,and CO2[C].Middle East Corrosion Conference&Exhibition,2014.
[9]Fouts J A,Shiller P J,Mistry K K,et al.Additive effects on the tribological performance of WC/a-C:H and TiC/a-C:H coatings in boundary lubrication[J].Wear,2017,s372-373:104-115.
[10]Makowka M,Pawlak W,Konarski P,et al.Hydrogen content influence on tribological properties of nc-WC/a-C:H coatings[J].Diamond&Related Materials,2016,67:16-25.
[11]Benjamin D Leonard,Farshid Sadeghi,Ryan D Evans,et al.Fretting of WC/a-C:H and Cr2N Coatings Under Grease-Lubricated and Unlubricated Conditions[J].Tribology Transactions,2009,53(1):145-153.doi:10.1080/10402000903312323.
[12]Lofaj F,Ferdinandy M,Cempura G,et al.Transfer film in a friction contact in the nanocomposite WC-C coatings[J].Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society,2013,49(1):34-43.
[13]Gerke L,Schauer J C,Pohl M,et al.Adhesion and elasticity of plasma deposited wear resistant a-C:H coatings on nickel-titanium[J].Surface&Coatings Technology,2009,203(20):3214-3218.
[14]Xu Wei,Dai Mingjiang,Lin Songsheng,et al.High temperature tribological behavior of W-Doped diamond-like carbon films[J].Tribology,2017,37(3):379-386(in Chinese)[许伟,代明江,林松盛,等.掺W类金刚石薄膜的高温摩擦学行为[J].摩擦学学报,2017,37(3):379-386].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2017.03.014.
[15]Wang Y,Li J,Dang C,et al.Influence of bias voltage on structure and tribocorrosion properties of TiSiCN coating in artificial seawater[J].Materials Characterization,2017,127:198-208.doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2017.03.012.
[16]He D,Pu J,Wang L,et al.Investigation of post-deposition annealing effects on microstructure,mechanical and tribological properties of WC/a-C nanocomposite coatings[J].Tribology Letters,2016,63(2):14-20.doi:10.1007/s11249-016-0699-2.
[17]Wang C,Ye Y,Guan X,et al.An analysis of tribological performance on Cr/GLC film coupling with Si3N4,SiC,WC,Al2O3,and ZrO2,in seawater[J].Tribology International,2016,96(4):77-86.
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[20]Wu Jinlong,Zhou Hui,Zhen Jun,et al.Effects of flow of H2 and structure and properties profiles of hydrogen diamond-like carbonfilms[J].China Surface Engineering,2015,28(1):42-48(in Chinese)[吴金龙,周晖,郑军,等.H2/CH4流量比对含氢DLC薄膜结构及摩擦学性能的影响[J].中国表面工程,2015,28(1):42-48].
[21]Mahmoudi B,Doll G L,Jr C H H,et al.Influence of a WC/a-C:Htribological coating on micropitting wear of bearing steel[J].Wear,2016,350-351(4):107-115.
[22]Zhuo Guohai,Ke Peiling,Li Xiaowei,et al.Influences of different interlayers on mechanical and tribological properties of DLCfilms[J].China Surface Engineering,2015,28(6):39-47(in Chinese)[卓国海,柯培玲,李晓伟,等.不同过渡层对DLC薄膜力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响[J].中国表面工程,2015,28(6):39-47].
[23]Sui X,Liu J,Zhang S,et al.Microstructure,mechanical and tribological characterization of CrN/DLC/Cr-DLC multilayer coating with improved adhesive wear resistance[J].Applied Surface Science,2018,439:24-32.doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.266.
[24]Sun S,Wang Y,Ye Y,et al.Tribological responses of the WC/a-Cfilm to sliding against different counterparts in air,water and oil[J].Materials Research Express,2017,4(10):106402.doi:10.1088/2053-1591/aa8dc5.
[25]Shan L,Zhang Y R,Wang Y X,et al.Corrosion and wear behaviors of PVD CrN and CrSiN coatings in seawater[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26(1):175-184.doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64104-3.
[26]Sugimoto I,Honda F,Inoue K.Analysis of wear behavior and graphitization of hydrogenated DLC under boundary lubricant with MoD TC[J].Wear,2013,305(1-2):124-128.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2013.04.030.
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[28]Ye Y,Wang C,Chen H,et al.Micro/nanotexture design for improving tribological properties of Cr/GLC films in seawater[J].Tribology Transactions,2016,60(1):95-105.