Effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency in jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.) plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region, China
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摘要
Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.) is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, China. However, soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations. Pruning is recognized as a water-saving method that can reduces soil water consumption. In this study, we monitored the jujube plots with control(CK), light(C_1), medium(C_2) and high(C_3) pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015 to explore the effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency(WUE) of jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region. The results showed that pruning is an effective method for soil water conservation in jujube plantations. Soil moisture increased with increasing pruning intensity during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015. C_1, C_2 and C_3 pruning intensities increased soil water storage by 6.1–18.3, 14.4–40.0 and 24.3–63.3 mm, respectively, compared to CK pruning intensity. Pruning promoted soil moisture infiltration to deeper soil layer. Soil moisture infiltrated to soil depths of 240, 280 and >300 cm under C_3 pruning intensity, 220, 260 and 260 cm under C_2 pruning intensity, 200, 240 and 220 cm under C_1 pruning intensity, and 180, 200 and 160 cm under CK pruning intensity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil water deficit was alleviated by higher pruning intensity. In 2013–2015, soil water change was positive under C_2(6.4 mm) and C_3(26.8 mm) pruning intensities but negative under C_1(–20.5 mm) and CK(–40.6 mm) pruning intensities. Moreover, pruning significantly improved fresh fruit yield and WUE of jujube plants. Fresh fruit yields were highest under C_1 pruning intensity with the values of 6897.1–13,059.3 kg/hm2, which were 2758.4–4712.8, 385.7–1432.1 and 802.8–2331.5 kg/hm~2 higher than those under CK, C_2, and C_3 pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015, respectively. However, C_3 pruning intensity had the highest WUE values of 2.92–3.13 kg/m~3, which were 1.6–2.0, 1.1–1.2 and 1.0–1.1 times greater than those under CK, C_1 and C_2 pruning intensities, respectively. Therefore, C_3 pruning intensity is recommended to jujube plantations for its economic and ecological benefits. These results provide an alternative strategy to mitigate soil desiccation in jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region, which is critical for sustainable cultivation of economic forest trees in this region.
Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.) is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, China. However, soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations. Pruning is recognized as a water-saving method that can reduces soil water consumption. In this study, we monitored the jujube plots with control(CK), light(C_1), medium(C_2) and high(C_3) pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015 to explore the effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency(WUE) of jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region. The results showed that pruning is an effective method for soil water conservation in jujube plantations. Soil moisture increased with increasing pruning intensity during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015. C_1, C_2 and C_3 pruning intensities increased soil water storage by 6.1–18.3, 14.4–40.0 and 24.3–63.3 mm, respectively, compared to CK pruning intensity. Pruning promoted soil moisture infiltration to deeper soil layer. Soil moisture infiltrated to soil depths of 240, 280 and >300 cm under C_3 pruning intensity, 220, 260 and 260 cm under C_2 pruning intensity, 200, 240 and 220 cm under C_1 pruning intensity, and 180, 200 and 160 cm under CK pruning intensity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil water deficit was alleviated by higher pruning intensity. In 2013–2015, soil water change was positive under C_2(6.4 mm) and C_3(26.8 mm) pruning intensities but negative under C_1(–20.5 mm) and CK(–40.6 mm) pruning intensities. Moreover, pruning significantly improved fresh fruit yield and WUE of jujube plants. Fresh fruit yields were highest under C_1 pruning intensity with the values of 6897.1–13,059.3 kg/hm2, which were 2758.4–4712.8, 385.7–1432.1 and 802.8–2331.5 kg/hm~2 higher than those under CK, C_2, and C_3 pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015, respectively. However, C_3 pruning intensity had the highest WUE values of 2.92–3.13 kg/m~3, which were 1.6–2.0, 1.1–1.2 and 1.0–1.1 times greater than those under CK, C_1 and C_2 pruning intensities, respectively. Therefore, C_3 pruning intensity is recommended to jujube plantations for its economic and ecological benefits. These results provide an alternative strategy to mitigate soil desiccation in jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region, which is critical for sustainable cultivation of economic forest trees in this region.
Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.) is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, China. However, soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations. Pruning is recognized as a water-saving method that can reduces soil water consumption. In this study, we monitored the jujube plots with control(CK), light(C_1), medium(C_2) and high(C_3) pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015 to explore the effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency(WUE) of jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region. The results showed that pruning is an effective method for soil water conservation in jujube plantations. Soil moisture increased with increasing pruning intensity during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015. C_1, C_2 and C_3 pruning intensities increased soil water storage by 6.1–18.3, 14.4–40.0 and 24.3–63.3 mm, respectively, compared to CK pruning intensity. Pruning promoted soil moisture infiltration to deeper soil layer. Soil moisture infiltrated to soil depths of 240, 280 and >300 cm under C_3 pruning intensity, 220, 260 and 260 cm under C_2 pruning intensity, 200, 240 and 220 cm under C_1 pruning intensity, and 180, 200 and 160 cm under CK pruning intensity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil water deficit was alleviated by higher pruning intensity. In 2013–2015, soil water change was positive under C_2(6.4 mm) and C_3(26.8 mm) pruning intensities but negative under C_1(–20.5 mm) and CK(–40.6 mm) pruning intensities. Moreover, pruning significantly improved fresh fruit yield and WUE of jujube plants. Fresh fruit yields were highest under C_1 pruning intensity with the values of 6897.1–13,059.3 kg/hm2, which were 2758.4–4712.8, 385.7–1432.1 and 802.8–2331.5 kg/hm~2 higher than those under CK, C_2, and C_3 pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015, respectively. However, C_3 pruning intensity had the highest WUE values of 2.92–3.13 kg/m~3, which were 1.6–2.0, 1.1–1.2 and 1.0–1.1 times greater than those under CK, C_1 and C_2 pruning intensities, respectively. Therefore, C_3 pruning intensity is recommended to jujube plantations for its economic and ecological benefits. These results provide an alternative strategy to mitigate soil desiccation in jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region, which is critical for sustainable cultivation of economic forest trees in this region.
引文
Afonso S,Ribeiro C,Bacelar E,et al.2017.Influence of training system on physiological performance,biochemical composition and antioxidant parameters in apple tree(Malus domestica Borkh.).Scientia Horticulturae,225:394-398.
Alcorn P J,Forrester D I,Thomas D S,et al.2013.Changes in whole-tree water use following live-crown pruning in young plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana.Forests,4(1):106-121.
Ambroszczyk A M,Cebula S,Sekara A.2007.The effect of plant pruning on yield and fruit quality of eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)in greenhouse cultivation.Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology,48(5):277-285.
Bhagawati R,Bhagawati K,Choudhary V K,et al.2015.Effect of pruning intensities on the performance of fruit plants under mid-hill condition of eastern Himalayas:case study on guava.International Letters of Natural Sciences,46:46-51.
Chen D Y,Wang Y K,Wang X,et al.2016.Effects of branch removal on water use of rain-fed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)plantations in Chinese semiarid Loess Plateau region.Agricultural Water Management,178:258-270.
Chen H S,Wang K L,Shao M A.2005.A review on the effect of vegetation rehabilitation on the desiccation of deep soil layer on the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(4):155-161.(in Chinese)
Chen H S,Shao M A,Li Y Y.2008.Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,143(1-2):91-100.
Fan J,Yu G,Wang Q,et al.2014.Mulching effects on water storage in soil and its depletion by alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China.Agricultural Water Management,138:10-16.
Fang X Y,Li J,Wang X C,et al.2010.Soil desiccation of alfalfa fields and effects of alfalfa-grain crop rotation on soil water restoration of desiccated alfalfa fields in semi-humid areas of the Loess Plateau.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,43(16):3348-3356.(in Chinese)
Forrester D I,Collopy J J,Beadle C L,et al.2012.Effect of thinning,pruning and nitrogen fertiliser application on transpiration,photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in a young Eucalyptus nitens plantation.Forest Ecology and Management,266(288):286-300.
Fu W,Huang M B,Gallichand J,et al.2012.Optimization of plant coverage in relation to water balance in the Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,173:134-144.
Gao X D,Li H C,Zhao X N,et al.2018.Identifying a suitable revegetation technique for soil restoration on water-limited and degraded land:considering both deep soil moisture deficit and soil organic carbon sequestration.Geoderma,319:61-69.
Hipps N A,Davies M J,Dunn J M,et al.2014.Effects of two contrasting canopy manipulations on growth and water use of London plane(Platanus×acerifolia)trees.Plant and Soil,382(1-2):61-74.
Hussain G,Al-Jaloud A A.1998.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on yield,yield components and water use efficiency of barley in Saudi Arabia.Agricultural Water Management,36(1):55-70.
Jackson N A,Wallace J S,Ong C K.2000.Tree pruning as a means of controlling water use in an agroforestry system in Kenya.Forest Ecology and Management,126(2):133-148.
Jarvis P G,McNaughton K.1986.Stomatal control of transpiration:scaling up from leaf to region.Advances in Ecological Research,15(15):1-49.
Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,et al.2017.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,546:113-122.
Jipp P H,Nepstad D C,Cassel D K,et al.1998.Deep soil moisture storage and transpiration in forests and pastures of seasonally-dry amazonia.Climatic Change,39(2-3):395-412.
Jorquerafontena E,Alberdi M,Franck N.2014.Pruning severity affects yield,fruit load and fruit and leaf traits of'Brigitta'blueberry.Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,14(4):855-868.
Li Y S.1983.The properties of water cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the Loess Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,3(2):91-101.(in Chinese)
Liu X L,Wang Y K,Ma L F,et al.2013.Relationship between deep soil water vertical variation and root distribution in dense jujube plantation.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,44(7):90-97,106.(in Chinese)
Liu X L,Ma L H,Yang R H,et al.2014.Deep soil water depletion characteristic of jujube plantation in Loess semiarid region.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,45(12):139-145.(in Chinese)
López G,Arbones A,del Campo J,et al.2008.Response of peach trees to regulated deficit irrigation during stage II of fruit development and summer pruning.Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,6(3):479-491.
Ma L H,Wu P T,Wang Y K.2012.Spatial pattern of root systems of dense jujube plantation with jujube age in the semiarid loess hilly region of China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,36(4):292-301.(in Chinese)
Martin L W,Nelson E,Chaplin M H.1980.Plant and fruit measurements of'Meeker'red raspberry related to pruning height and nitrogen application.Acta Horticulturae,112:157-162.
Max J F J,Schmidt L,Mutwiwa U N,et al.2016.Effects of shoot pruning and inflorescence thinning on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of greenhouse tomatoes in a tropical climate.Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics,117(1):45-56.
Namirembe S,Brook R M,Ong C K.2009.Manipulating phenology and water relations in senna spectabilis in a water limited environment in Kenya.Agroforestry Systems,75(3):197-210.
Nie Z Y,Wang X,Wang Y K,et al.2017.Effects of pruning intensity on jujube transpiration and soil moisture of plantation in the Loess Plateau.IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,52:012048.
Oliveira R S,Bezerra L,Davidson E A,et al.2005.Deep root function in soil water dynamics in cerrado savannas of central Brazil.Functional Ecology,19(4):574-581.
Pei J B,Chang X J,Li Y D,et al.2013.Effect of pruning perennial main canes on fruit yield and quality of blueberry cuttivar'Northland'.Shandong Agricultural Sciences,45(1):60-62,66.(in Chinese)
Reynolds A G.1989.Impact of pruning strategy,cluster thinning,and shoot removal on growth,yield,and fruit composition of low-vigor De Chaunac vines.Canadian Journal of Plant Science,69(1):269-275.
Robinson N,Harper R J,Smettem K R J.2006.Soil water depletion by Eucalyptus spp.integrated into dryland agricultural systems.Plant and Soil,286(1-2):141-151.
Seifi S,Nemati S H,Shoor M,et al.2011.Effect of plant density and shoot pruning on fruit quality characteristics of two cultivars of sweet pepper.Journal of Science&Technology of Greenhouse Culture,3(11):77-83.
Shangguan Z P.2007.Soil desiccation occurrence and its impact on forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,14(3):299-306.
Shao M A,Jia X X,Wang Y Q,et al.2016.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science,31(1):14-22.(in Chinese)
She T,Wang Y K,Gao Z Y,et al.2015.Biomass models for jujube in loess hilly mountain of northern Shanxi Province.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,35(3):311-316.(in Chinese)
Shelden M,Sinclair R.2000.Water relations of feral olive trees(Olea europaea)resprouting after severe pruning.Australian Journal of Botany,48(5):639-644.
Wang C L,Peng L Z,Cao L,et al.2012.Effect of pruning methods on yield and quality of citrus and its economic benefits analysis.Journal of Fruit Science,29(6):1017-1021.(in Chinese)
Wang L,Shao M A.2004.Soil desiccation under the returning farms to forests on the Loess Plateau.World Forestry Research,17(4):57-60.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Zhou Y H,Wang Y K,et al.2015.Soil water characteristic of a dense jujube plantation in the semi-arid hilly regions of the Loess Plateau in China.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,46(3):263-270.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Gao Z Y,Gao J E,et al.2017.The relationships between tree crown size and water consumption of rain-fed jujube plantation in Loess Hilly region.Transactions of the Chines Society for Agricultural Machinery,48(5):227-236.(in Chinese)
Wang X L,Sun G J,Jia Y,et al.2008.Crop yield and soil water restoration on 9-year-old alfalfa pasture in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China.Agricultural Water Management,95(3):190-198.
Wang Y K,Hui Q,Wang X,et al.2017.Growth and water use efficiency of water-saving type pruning jujube tree in dry soil.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,48(2):247-254.(in Chinese)
Wei X G,Chen D Y,Liu S Y,et al.2014.Effect of trim on jujube transpiration in Loess Hilly region.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,45(12):194-202.(in Chinese)
Wullschleger S D,Wilson K B,Hanson P J.2000.Environmental control of whole-plant transpiration,canopy conductance and estimates of the decoupling coefficient for large red maple trees.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,104(2):157-168.
Xin X G,Wu P T,Wang Y K,et al.2012.Study on soil water condition of mountain jujube yards of different growth years.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,30(3):85-89.(in Chinese)
Yang W Z,Han S F.1985.Soil water ecological environment on the man-made woodland and grassland in loess hilly region.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Research,2:18-28.(in Chinese)
Yang Z,Zhou Y,Fu Y,et al.1998.Relationship between microclimatic character of different crown types and fruit quality of Fuji apple.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,9:533-537.(in Chinese)
Yi L,Li K R,Zhang G H,et al.2009.Soil moisture deficit in artificial forest land in Loess Plateau.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,24(5):5-9.(in Chinese)
Zhang B Y,Xu X X,Liu W Z,et al.2008.Dynamic changes of soil moisture in loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,19(6):1234-1240.(in Chinese)
Zhang C C,Shao M A,Wang Y Q,et al.2016.Effects of gullies on the spatiotemporal variability of soil-water under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Advances in Water Science,27(5):679-686.(in Chinese)
Zhang W F,Wang X,Wang Y K,et al.2017.Growth and water consumption of jujube with water-saving pruning in deep dried soil of Loess Hilly Area.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultual Engineering,33(7):140-148.(in Chinese)
Zhao X,Wang Y K,Liu S Y,et al.2012.Effects of two new dryland farming technologies on growth and fruit bearing of pear jujube trees in hilly regions.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,30(4):157-160,171.(in Chinese)
Zhao X.2013.Pruning effects on sap flow and transporation assignment of photosynthates in grapevine.MSc Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University:13-24.(in Chinese)
Alcorn P J,Forrester D I,Thomas D S,et al.2013.Changes in whole-tree water use following live-crown pruning in young plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana.Forests,4(1):106-121.
Ambroszczyk A M,Cebula S,Sekara A.2007.The effect of plant pruning on yield and fruit quality of eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)in greenhouse cultivation.Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology,48(5):277-285.
Bhagawati R,Bhagawati K,Choudhary V K,et al.2015.Effect of pruning intensities on the performance of fruit plants under mid-hill condition of eastern Himalayas:case study on guava.International Letters of Natural Sciences,46:46-51.
Chen D Y,Wang Y K,Wang X,et al.2016.Effects of branch removal on water use of rain-fed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)plantations in Chinese semiarid Loess Plateau region.Agricultural Water Management,178:258-270.
Chen H S,Wang K L,Shao M A.2005.A review on the effect of vegetation rehabilitation on the desiccation of deep soil layer on the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(4):155-161.(in Chinese)
Chen H S,Shao M A,Li Y Y.2008.Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,143(1-2):91-100.
Fan J,Yu G,Wang Q,et al.2014.Mulching effects on water storage in soil and its depletion by alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China.Agricultural Water Management,138:10-16.
Fang X Y,Li J,Wang X C,et al.2010.Soil desiccation of alfalfa fields and effects of alfalfa-grain crop rotation on soil water restoration of desiccated alfalfa fields in semi-humid areas of the Loess Plateau.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,43(16):3348-3356.(in Chinese)
Forrester D I,Collopy J J,Beadle C L,et al.2012.Effect of thinning,pruning and nitrogen fertiliser application on transpiration,photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in a young Eucalyptus nitens plantation.Forest Ecology and Management,266(288):286-300.
Fu W,Huang M B,Gallichand J,et al.2012.Optimization of plant coverage in relation to water balance in the Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,173:134-144.
Gao X D,Li H C,Zhao X N,et al.2018.Identifying a suitable revegetation technique for soil restoration on water-limited and degraded land:considering both deep soil moisture deficit and soil organic carbon sequestration.Geoderma,319:61-69.
Hipps N A,Davies M J,Dunn J M,et al.2014.Effects of two contrasting canopy manipulations on growth and water use of London plane(Platanus×acerifolia)trees.Plant and Soil,382(1-2):61-74.
Hussain G,Al-Jaloud A A.1998.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on yield,yield components and water use efficiency of barley in Saudi Arabia.Agricultural Water Management,36(1):55-70.
Jackson N A,Wallace J S,Ong C K.2000.Tree pruning as a means of controlling water use in an agroforestry system in Kenya.Forest Ecology and Management,126(2):133-148.
Jarvis P G,McNaughton K.1986.Stomatal control of transpiration:scaling up from leaf to region.Advances in Ecological Research,15(15):1-49.
Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,et al.2017.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,546:113-122.
Jipp P H,Nepstad D C,Cassel D K,et al.1998.Deep soil moisture storage and transpiration in forests and pastures of seasonally-dry amazonia.Climatic Change,39(2-3):395-412.
Jorquerafontena E,Alberdi M,Franck N.2014.Pruning severity affects yield,fruit load and fruit and leaf traits of'Brigitta'blueberry.Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,14(4):855-868.
Li Y S.1983.The properties of water cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the Loess Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,3(2):91-101.(in Chinese)
Liu X L,Wang Y K,Ma L F,et al.2013.Relationship between deep soil water vertical variation and root distribution in dense jujube plantation.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,44(7):90-97,106.(in Chinese)
Liu X L,Ma L H,Yang R H,et al.2014.Deep soil water depletion characteristic of jujube plantation in Loess semiarid region.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,45(12):139-145.(in Chinese)
López G,Arbones A,del Campo J,et al.2008.Response of peach trees to regulated deficit irrigation during stage II of fruit development and summer pruning.Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,6(3):479-491.
Ma L H,Wu P T,Wang Y K.2012.Spatial pattern of root systems of dense jujube plantation with jujube age in the semiarid loess hilly region of China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,36(4):292-301.(in Chinese)
Martin L W,Nelson E,Chaplin M H.1980.Plant and fruit measurements of'Meeker'red raspberry related to pruning height and nitrogen application.Acta Horticulturae,112:157-162.
Max J F J,Schmidt L,Mutwiwa U N,et al.2016.Effects of shoot pruning and inflorescence thinning on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of greenhouse tomatoes in a tropical climate.Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics,117(1):45-56.
Namirembe S,Brook R M,Ong C K.2009.Manipulating phenology and water relations in senna spectabilis in a water limited environment in Kenya.Agroforestry Systems,75(3):197-210.
Nie Z Y,Wang X,Wang Y K,et al.2017.Effects of pruning intensity on jujube transpiration and soil moisture of plantation in the Loess Plateau.IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,52:012048.
Oliveira R S,Bezerra L,Davidson E A,et al.2005.Deep root function in soil water dynamics in cerrado savannas of central Brazil.Functional Ecology,19(4):574-581.
Pei J B,Chang X J,Li Y D,et al.2013.Effect of pruning perennial main canes on fruit yield and quality of blueberry cuttivar'Northland'.Shandong Agricultural Sciences,45(1):60-62,66.(in Chinese)
Reynolds A G.1989.Impact of pruning strategy,cluster thinning,and shoot removal on growth,yield,and fruit composition of low-vigor De Chaunac vines.Canadian Journal of Plant Science,69(1):269-275.
Robinson N,Harper R J,Smettem K R J.2006.Soil water depletion by Eucalyptus spp.integrated into dryland agricultural systems.Plant and Soil,286(1-2):141-151.
Seifi S,Nemati S H,Shoor M,et al.2011.Effect of plant density and shoot pruning on fruit quality characteristics of two cultivars of sweet pepper.Journal of Science&Technology of Greenhouse Culture,3(11):77-83.
Shangguan Z P.2007.Soil desiccation occurrence and its impact on forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau of China.International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,14(3):299-306.
Shao M A,Jia X X,Wang Y Q,et al.2016.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science,31(1):14-22.(in Chinese)
She T,Wang Y K,Gao Z Y,et al.2015.Biomass models for jujube in loess hilly mountain of northern Shanxi Province.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,35(3):311-316.(in Chinese)
Shelden M,Sinclair R.2000.Water relations of feral olive trees(Olea europaea)resprouting after severe pruning.Australian Journal of Botany,48(5):639-644.
Wang C L,Peng L Z,Cao L,et al.2012.Effect of pruning methods on yield and quality of citrus and its economic benefits analysis.Journal of Fruit Science,29(6):1017-1021.(in Chinese)
Wang L,Shao M A.2004.Soil desiccation under the returning farms to forests on the Loess Plateau.World Forestry Research,17(4):57-60.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Zhou Y H,Wang Y K,et al.2015.Soil water characteristic of a dense jujube plantation in the semi-arid hilly regions of the Loess Plateau in China.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,46(3):263-270.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Gao Z Y,Gao J E,et al.2017.The relationships between tree crown size and water consumption of rain-fed jujube plantation in Loess Hilly region.Transactions of the Chines Society for Agricultural Machinery,48(5):227-236.(in Chinese)
Wang X L,Sun G J,Jia Y,et al.2008.Crop yield and soil water restoration on 9-year-old alfalfa pasture in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China.Agricultural Water Management,95(3):190-198.
Wang Y K,Hui Q,Wang X,et al.2017.Growth and water use efficiency of water-saving type pruning jujube tree in dry soil.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,48(2):247-254.(in Chinese)
Wei X G,Chen D Y,Liu S Y,et al.2014.Effect of trim on jujube transpiration in Loess Hilly region.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,45(12):194-202.(in Chinese)
Wullschleger S D,Wilson K B,Hanson P J.2000.Environmental control of whole-plant transpiration,canopy conductance and estimates of the decoupling coefficient for large red maple trees.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,104(2):157-168.
Xin X G,Wu P T,Wang Y K,et al.2012.Study on soil water condition of mountain jujube yards of different growth years.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,30(3):85-89.(in Chinese)
Yang W Z,Han S F.1985.Soil water ecological environment on the man-made woodland and grassland in loess hilly region.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Research,2:18-28.(in Chinese)
Yang Z,Zhou Y,Fu Y,et al.1998.Relationship between microclimatic character of different crown types and fruit quality of Fuji apple.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,9:533-537.(in Chinese)
Yi L,Li K R,Zhang G H,et al.2009.Soil moisture deficit in artificial forest land in Loess Plateau.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,24(5):5-9.(in Chinese)
Zhang B Y,Xu X X,Liu W Z,et al.2008.Dynamic changes of soil moisture in loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,19(6):1234-1240.(in Chinese)
Zhang C C,Shao M A,Wang Y Q,et al.2016.Effects of gullies on the spatiotemporal variability of soil-water under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Advances in Water Science,27(5):679-686.(in Chinese)
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