生育力保护方法研究进展
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摘要
随着抗肿瘤治疗的发展,尤其是随着肿瘤生育力亚学科的提出,癌症患者的生存率大大提高,生育力保护越来越受到医生以及患者的关注。随着现代生活水平的提高,女性的生育年龄在推迟,对生育力保护也有很大需求。卵母细胞冻存、胚胎冻存是生育力保护的常用方法,卵巢组织冻存移植在发达国家已不再是试验性技术。主要综述生育力保护的指征以及常用的生育力保护方法研究进展。
With the development of antineoplastic treatments,the survival rate of cancer patients has been greatly improved,and fertility preservation has been put on more and more attention from doctors and patients,especially with the sub-discipline of oncofertility. With the improvement of modern living standards,women's reproductive age is postponed and there is a great demand for fertility preservation. Oocytes cryopreservation and embryos cryopreservation are common methods of fertility preservation. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is no longer a pilot technique in developed countries. This article mainly describes the indications of fertility preservation and the progress of commonly used fertility preservation methods.
With the development of antineoplastic treatments,the survival rate of cancer patients has been greatly improved,and fertility preservation has been put on more and more attention from doctors and patients,especially with the sub-discipline of oncofertility. With the improvement of modern living standards,women's reproductive age is postponed and there is a great demand for fertility preservation. Oocytes cryopreservation and embryos cryopreservation are common methods of fertility preservation. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is no longer a pilot technique in developed countries. This article mainly describes the indications of fertility preservation and the progress of commonly used fertility preservation methods.
引文
[1] Donnez J,Dolmans MM. Fertility preservation in women[J]. N Engl J Med,2018,378(4):400-401.
[2]Dolmans MM. Recent advances in fertility preservation andcounseling for female cancer patients[J]. Expert Rev Anti-cancer Ther,2018,18(2):115-120.
[3]De Vos M,Smitz J,Woodruff TK. Fertility preservation inwomen with cancer[J]. Lancet,2014,384(9950):1302-1310.
[4] Yasmin E,Balachandren N,Davies MC,et al. Fertilitypreservation for medical reasons in girls and women:British fertility society policy and practice guideline.[J].Human fertility(Cambridge,England),2018,21(1):3-26.
[5]Chen W,Zheng R,Baade PD,et al. Cancer statistics inChina,2015[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2016,66(2):115-132.
[6]Letourneau JM,Melisko ME,Cedars MI,et al. A chan-ging perspective:improving access to fertility preservation[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2011,8(1):56-60.
[7]Algarroba GN,Sanfilippo JS,Valli-Pulaski H. Female fer-tility preservation in the pediatric and adolescent cancer pa-tient population[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,2018,48:147-157. doi:10. 1016/j. bpobgyn. 2017. 10.009.
[8] Anderson RA,Mitchell RT,Kelsey TW,et al. Cancertreatment and gonadal function:experimental and estab-lished strategies for fertility preservation in children andyoung adults[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2015,3(7):556-567.
[9]Sanger N,Jarisch A,Ochsendorf F,et al. Fertilitatserhaltbei prapubertaren und pubertaren Kindern und Jugendli-chen[J]. Klin Padiatr,2018,230(3):122-129.
[10]程姣姣,阮祥燕,李扬璐,等.北京及周边地区早发性卵巢功能不全的病因学研究[J].首都医科大学学报,2018,39(4):494-498.CHENG Jiaojiao,RUAN Xiangyan,LI Yanglu,et al. E-tiology of premature ovarian insufficiency in Beijing andsurrounding areas[J]. Journal of Capital MedicalUniversity,2018,39(4):494-498.
[11]陈子江,田秦杰,乔杰,等.早发性卵巢功能不全的临床诊疗中国专家共识[J].中华妇产科杂志,2017,52(9):577-581.
[12]Wallace WH,Thomson AB,Kelsey TW. The radiosensi-tivity of the human oocyte[J]. Hum Reprod,2003,18(1):117-121.
[13]Meirow D,Biederman H,Anderson RA,et al. Toxicity ofchemotherapy and radiation on female reproduction[J].Clin Obstet Gynecol,2010,53(4):727-739.
[14]Logan S,Perz J,Ussher J,et al. Clinician provision ofoncofertility support in cancer patients of a reproductiveage:a systematic review[J]. Psychooncology,2018,27(3):748-756.
[15]Oktay K,Harvey BE,Loren AW. Fertility preservation inpatients with cancer:ASCO clinical practice guideline up-date summary[J]. J Oncol Pract,2018,14(6):381-385.
[16]Gorman JR,Malcarne VL,Roesch SC,et al. Depressivesymptoms among young breast cancer survivors:the im-portance of reproductive concerns[J]. Breast Cancer ResTreat,2010,123(2):477-485.
[17]Hariton E,Bortoletto P,Cardozo ER,et al. The role ofoncofertility clinics in Facilitating access to reproductivespecialists[J]. J Patient Exp,2016,3(4):131-136.
[18]Grynberg M,Bidet M,Benard J,et al. Fertility preserva-tion in Turner syndrome[J]. Fertil Steril,2016,105(1):13-19.
[19] Kitajima M,Dolmans MM,Donnez O,et al. Enhancedfollicular recruitment and atresia in cortex derived from o-varies with endometriomas[J]. Fertil Steril,2014,101(4):1031-1037.
[20]Raffi F,Metwally M,Amer S. The impact of excision ofovarian endometrioma on ovarian reserve:a systematic re-view and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2012,97(9):3146-3154.
[21]Stoop D,Cobo A,Silber S. Fertility preservation for age-related fertility decline[J]. Lancet,2014,384(9950):1311-1319.
[22]Ter Keurst A,Boivin J,Gameiro S. Women's intentions touse fertility preservation to prevent age-related fertility de-cline[J]. Reprod Biomed Online,2016,32(1):121-131.
[23]国际妇科内分泌学会中国妇科内分泌学分会及共识专家.卵巢组织冻存与移植中国专家共识[J].中国临床医生杂志,2018,46(4):496-500.Writing Group of Chinese Society of Gynecological Endo-crinology affiliated to International Society of Gynecologi-cal Endocrinology(CSGE-ISGE)and Expert Consensusgroup. Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplanta-tion:the First Chinese Expert Consensus[J]. ChineseJournal for Clinicians,2018,46(4):496-500.
[24]Wallace WH,Kelsey TW,Anderson RA. Fertility preser-vation in pre-pubertal girls with cancer:the role of ovariantissue cryopreservation[J]. Fertil Steril,2016,105(1):6-12.
[25]Demeestere I,Simon P,Dedeken L,et al. Live birth af-ter autograft of ovarian tissue cryopreserved during child-hood[J]. Hum Reprod,2015,30(9):2107-2109.
[26] Wallace WH,Smith AG,Kelsey TW,et al. Fertilitypreservation for girls and young women with cancer:popu-lation-based validation of criteria for ovarian tissue cryopr-eservation[J]. Lancet Oncol,2014,15(10):1129-1136.
[27]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM,van der Kooi ALF,WallaceWHB. Fertility preservation in women[J]. N Engl JMed,2018,378(4):399-400.
[28]Ruan XY. Chinese society of gynecological endocrinologyaffiliated to the international society of gynecological endo-crinology guideline for ovarian tissue cryopreservation andtransplantation[J]. Gynecological Endocrinology,2018:1-6. doi:10. 1080/09513590. 2018. 1488957.
[29]阮祥燕,杜娟,李扬璐,等.冻存卵巢组织移植成功———首次报道[J].中华生殖与避孕杂志,2018,38(9):724-729.RUAN Xiangyan,DU Juan,LI Yanglu,et al. Successfulauto-transplantation of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue repor-ted for the first time[J]. Chin J Reprod Contracep,2018,38(9):724-729.
[30]李扬璐,阮祥燕,Alfred O. Mueck.人卵巢组织冻存与移植研究进展[J].首都医科大学学报,2017,38(4):485-491.LI Yanglu,RUAN Xiangyan,ALFRED O. mueck. Pro-gress in human ovarian tissue cryopreservation and trans-plantation[J]. Journal of Capital Medical University,2017,38(4):485-491.
[31]Donnez J,Dolmans MM,Demylle D,et al. Livebirth af-ter orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tis-sue[J]. Lancet,2004,364(9443):1405-1410.
[32]Meirow D,Levron J,Eldar-Geva T,et al. Pregnancy af-ter transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a pa-tient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy[J]. N Engl JMed,2005,353(3):318-321.
[33] von Wolff M,Dittrich R,Liebenthron J,et al. Fertility-preservation counselling and treatment for medical reasons:data from a multinational network of over 5000 women[J].Reprod Biomed Online,2015,31(5):605-612.
[34] Jadoul P,Guilmain A,Squifflet J,et al. Efficacy ofovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation:lessons learned from 545 cases[J]. Hum Reprod,2017,32(5):1046-1054.
[35]Meirow D,Ra’anani H,Shapira M,et al. Transplanta-tions of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue demonstrate high re-productive performance and the need to revise restrictivecriteria[J]. Fertil Steril,2016,106(2):467-474.
[36]阮祥燕,杜娟,卢丹,等.中国首例冻存卵巢组织移植报告[J].首都医科大学学报,2016,37(6):840-842
[37]Ruan X,Du J,Korell M,et al. Case report of the firstsuccessful cryopreserved ovarian tissue retransplantation inChina[J]. Climacteric,2018,21(6):1-4.
[38]von Wolff M,Germeyer A,Liebenthron J,et al. Practicalrecommendations for fertility preservation in women by theFerti PROTEKT network. Part II:fertility preservationtechniques[J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2018,297(1):257-267.
[39]Suzuki N. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation using vitrifica-tion and/or in vitro activated technology[J]. Hum Re-prod,2015,30(11):2461-2462.
[40]Broer SL,Broekmans FJ,Laven JS,et al. Anti-Müllerianhormone:ovarian reserve testing and its potential clinicalimplications[J]. Hum Reprod Update,2014,20(5):688-701.
[41] Van der Ven H,Liebenthron J,Beckmann M,et al.Ninety-five orthotopic transplantations in 74 women ofovarian tissue after cytotoxic treatment in a fertility preser-vation network:tissue activity,pregnancy and deliveryrates[J]. Hum Reprod,2016,31(9):2031-2041.
[42]Poirot C,Abirached F,Prades M,et al. Induction of pu-berty by autograft of cryopreserved ovarian tissue[J].Lancet,2012,379(9815):588.
[43]Ernst E,Kj?rsgaard M,Birkeb?k NH,et al. Case re-port:stimulation of puberty in a girl with chemo-and radi-ation therapy induced ovarian failure by transplantation ofa small part of her frozen/thawed ovarian tissue[J]. Eur JCancer,2013,49(4):911-914.
[44] Rosendahl M,Greve T,Andersen CY. The safety oftransplanting cryopreserved ovarian tissue in cancer pa-tients:a review of the literature[J]. J Assist ReprodGenet,2013,30(1):11-24.
[45]Donnez J,Dolmans MM,Diaz C,et al. Ovarian cortextransplantation:time to move on from experimental studiesto open clinical application[J]. Fertil Steril,2015,104(5):1097-1098.
[46]Stern CJ,Gook D,Hale LG,et al. First reported clinicalpregnancy following heterotopic grafting of cryopreservedovarian tissue in a woman after a bilateral oophorectomy[J]. Hum Reprod,2013,28(11):2996-2999.
[47]von Wolff M,Capp E,Jauckus J,et al. Timing of ovari-an stimulation in patients prior to gonadotoxic therapy:ananalysis of 684 stimulations[J]. Eur J Obstet GynecolReprod Biol, 2016, 199:146-149. doi:10. 1016/j.ejogrb. 2016. 02. 006.
[48]Cakmak H,Katz A,Cedars MI,et al. Effective methodfor emergency fertility preservation:random-start con-trolled ovarian stimulation[J]. Fertil Steril,2013,100(6):1673-1680.
[49]Donnez J,Dolmans MM. Fertility preservation in women[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol,2013,9(12):735-749.
[50]Rienzi L,Gracia C,Maggiulli R,et al. Oocyte,embryoand blastocyst cryopreservation in ART:systematic reviewand meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrifica-tion to produce evidence for the development of globalguidance[J]. Hum Reprod Update,2017,23(2):139-155.
[51]Kim J,Turan V,Oktay K. Long-term safety of letrozoleand gonadotropin stimulation for fertility preservation inwomen with breast cancer[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2016,101(4):1364-1371.
[52]Hwang JH,Yoo HJ,Park SH,et al. Association betweenthe location of transposed ovary and ovarian function inpatients with uterine cervical cancer treated with(postop-erative or primary)pelvic radiotherapy[J]. Fertil Steril,2012,97(6):1387-1393.
[53]Xu M,Pavone ME,Woodruff T. Fruitful progress to fer-tility:preserving oocytes from chemodestruction[J]. NatMed,2011,17(12):1562-1563.
[54]Loren AW,Mangu PB,Beck LN,et al. Fertility preser-vation for patients with cancer:American Society of Clini-cal Oncology clinical practice guideline update[J]. J ClinOncol,2013,31(19):2500-2510.
[55] Ethics Committee of American Society for ReproductiveMedicine. Fertility preservation and reproduction in pa-tients facing gonadotoxic therapies:a committee opinion[J]. Fertil Steril,2013,100(5):1224-1231.
[56]Demeestere I,Brice P,Peccatori F A,et al. No evidencefor the benefit of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonistin preserving ovarian function and fertility in lymphomasurvivors treated with chemotherapy:final long-term reportof a prospective randomized trial[J]. J Clin Oncol,2016,34(22):2568-2574.
[2]Dolmans MM. Recent advances in fertility preservation andcounseling for female cancer patients[J]. Expert Rev Anti-cancer Ther,2018,18(2):115-120.
[3]De Vos M,Smitz J,Woodruff TK. Fertility preservation inwomen with cancer[J]. Lancet,2014,384(9950):1302-1310.
[4] Yasmin E,Balachandren N,Davies MC,et al. Fertilitypreservation for medical reasons in girls and women:British fertility society policy and practice guideline.[J].Human fertility(Cambridge,England),2018,21(1):3-26.
[5]Chen W,Zheng R,Baade PD,et al. Cancer statistics inChina,2015[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2016,66(2):115-132.
[6]Letourneau JM,Melisko ME,Cedars MI,et al. A chan-ging perspective:improving access to fertility preservation[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2011,8(1):56-60.
[7]Algarroba GN,Sanfilippo JS,Valli-Pulaski H. Female fer-tility preservation in the pediatric and adolescent cancer pa-tient population[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,2018,48:147-157. doi:10. 1016/j. bpobgyn. 2017. 10.009.
[8] Anderson RA,Mitchell RT,Kelsey TW,et al. Cancertreatment and gonadal function:experimental and estab-lished strategies for fertility preservation in children andyoung adults[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2015,3(7):556-567.
[9]Sanger N,Jarisch A,Ochsendorf F,et al. Fertilitatserhaltbei prapubertaren und pubertaren Kindern und Jugendli-chen[J]. Klin Padiatr,2018,230(3):122-129.
[10]程姣姣,阮祥燕,李扬璐,等.北京及周边地区早发性卵巢功能不全的病因学研究[J].首都医科大学学报,2018,39(4):494-498.CHENG Jiaojiao,RUAN Xiangyan,LI Yanglu,et al. E-tiology of premature ovarian insufficiency in Beijing andsurrounding areas[J]. Journal of Capital MedicalUniversity,2018,39(4):494-498.
[11]陈子江,田秦杰,乔杰,等.早发性卵巢功能不全的临床诊疗中国专家共识[J].中华妇产科杂志,2017,52(9):577-581.
[12]Wallace WH,Thomson AB,Kelsey TW. The radiosensi-tivity of the human oocyte[J]. Hum Reprod,2003,18(1):117-121.
[13]Meirow D,Biederman H,Anderson RA,et al. Toxicity ofchemotherapy and radiation on female reproduction[J].Clin Obstet Gynecol,2010,53(4):727-739.
[14]Logan S,Perz J,Ussher J,et al. Clinician provision ofoncofertility support in cancer patients of a reproductiveage:a systematic review[J]. Psychooncology,2018,27(3):748-756.
[15]Oktay K,Harvey BE,Loren AW. Fertility preservation inpatients with cancer:ASCO clinical practice guideline up-date summary[J]. J Oncol Pract,2018,14(6):381-385.
[16]Gorman JR,Malcarne VL,Roesch SC,et al. Depressivesymptoms among young breast cancer survivors:the im-portance of reproductive concerns[J]. Breast Cancer ResTreat,2010,123(2):477-485.
[17]Hariton E,Bortoletto P,Cardozo ER,et al. The role ofoncofertility clinics in Facilitating access to reproductivespecialists[J]. J Patient Exp,2016,3(4):131-136.
[18]Grynberg M,Bidet M,Benard J,et al. Fertility preserva-tion in Turner syndrome[J]. Fertil Steril,2016,105(1):13-19.
[19] Kitajima M,Dolmans MM,Donnez O,et al. Enhancedfollicular recruitment and atresia in cortex derived from o-varies with endometriomas[J]. Fertil Steril,2014,101(4):1031-1037.
[20]Raffi F,Metwally M,Amer S. The impact of excision ofovarian endometrioma on ovarian reserve:a systematic re-view and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2012,97(9):3146-3154.
[21]Stoop D,Cobo A,Silber S. Fertility preservation for age-related fertility decline[J]. Lancet,2014,384(9950):1311-1319.
[22]Ter Keurst A,Boivin J,Gameiro S. Women's intentions touse fertility preservation to prevent age-related fertility de-cline[J]. Reprod Biomed Online,2016,32(1):121-131.
[23]国际妇科内分泌学会中国妇科内分泌学分会及共识专家.卵巢组织冻存与移植中国专家共识[J].中国临床医生杂志,2018,46(4):496-500.Writing Group of Chinese Society of Gynecological Endo-crinology affiliated to International Society of Gynecologi-cal Endocrinology(CSGE-ISGE)and Expert Consensusgroup. Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplanta-tion:the First Chinese Expert Consensus[J]. ChineseJournal for Clinicians,2018,46(4):496-500.
[24]Wallace WH,Kelsey TW,Anderson RA. Fertility preser-vation in pre-pubertal girls with cancer:the role of ovariantissue cryopreservation[J]. Fertil Steril,2016,105(1):6-12.
[25]Demeestere I,Simon P,Dedeken L,et al. Live birth af-ter autograft of ovarian tissue cryopreserved during child-hood[J]. Hum Reprod,2015,30(9):2107-2109.
[26] Wallace WH,Smith AG,Kelsey TW,et al. Fertilitypreservation for girls and young women with cancer:popu-lation-based validation of criteria for ovarian tissue cryopr-eservation[J]. Lancet Oncol,2014,15(10):1129-1136.
[27]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM,van der Kooi ALF,WallaceWHB. Fertility preservation in women[J]. N Engl JMed,2018,378(4):399-400.
[28]Ruan XY. Chinese society of gynecological endocrinologyaffiliated to the international society of gynecological endo-crinology guideline for ovarian tissue cryopreservation andtransplantation[J]. Gynecological Endocrinology,2018:1-6. doi:10. 1080/09513590. 2018. 1488957.
[29]阮祥燕,杜娟,李扬璐,等.冻存卵巢组织移植成功———首次报道[J].中华生殖与避孕杂志,2018,38(9):724-729.RUAN Xiangyan,DU Juan,LI Yanglu,et al. Successfulauto-transplantation of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue repor-ted for the first time[J]. Chin J Reprod Contracep,2018,38(9):724-729.
[30]李扬璐,阮祥燕,Alfred O. Mueck.人卵巢组织冻存与移植研究进展[J].首都医科大学学报,2017,38(4):485-491.LI Yanglu,RUAN Xiangyan,ALFRED O. mueck. Pro-gress in human ovarian tissue cryopreservation and trans-plantation[J]. Journal of Capital Medical University,2017,38(4):485-491.
[31]Donnez J,Dolmans MM,Demylle D,et al. Livebirth af-ter orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tis-sue[J]. Lancet,2004,364(9443):1405-1410.
[32]Meirow D,Levron J,Eldar-Geva T,et al. Pregnancy af-ter transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a pa-tient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy[J]. N Engl JMed,2005,353(3):318-321.
[33] von Wolff M,Dittrich R,Liebenthron J,et al. Fertility-preservation counselling and treatment for medical reasons:data from a multinational network of over 5000 women[J].Reprod Biomed Online,2015,31(5):605-612.
[34] Jadoul P,Guilmain A,Squifflet J,et al. Efficacy ofovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation:lessons learned from 545 cases[J]. Hum Reprod,2017,32(5):1046-1054.
[35]Meirow D,Ra’anani H,Shapira M,et al. Transplanta-tions of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue demonstrate high re-productive performance and the need to revise restrictivecriteria[J]. Fertil Steril,2016,106(2):467-474.
[36]阮祥燕,杜娟,卢丹,等.中国首例冻存卵巢组织移植报告[J].首都医科大学学报,2016,37(6):840-842
[37]Ruan X,Du J,Korell M,et al. Case report of the firstsuccessful cryopreserved ovarian tissue retransplantation inChina[J]. Climacteric,2018,21(6):1-4.
[38]von Wolff M,Germeyer A,Liebenthron J,et al. Practicalrecommendations for fertility preservation in women by theFerti PROTEKT network. Part II:fertility preservationtechniques[J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2018,297(1):257-267.
[39]Suzuki N. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation using vitrifica-tion and/or in vitro activated technology[J]. Hum Re-prod,2015,30(11):2461-2462.
[40]Broer SL,Broekmans FJ,Laven JS,et al. Anti-Müllerianhormone:ovarian reserve testing and its potential clinicalimplications[J]. Hum Reprod Update,2014,20(5):688-701.
[41] Van der Ven H,Liebenthron J,Beckmann M,et al.Ninety-five orthotopic transplantations in 74 women ofovarian tissue after cytotoxic treatment in a fertility preser-vation network:tissue activity,pregnancy and deliveryrates[J]. Hum Reprod,2016,31(9):2031-2041.
[42]Poirot C,Abirached F,Prades M,et al. Induction of pu-berty by autograft of cryopreserved ovarian tissue[J].Lancet,2012,379(9815):588.
[43]Ernst E,Kj?rsgaard M,Birkeb?k NH,et al. Case re-port:stimulation of puberty in a girl with chemo-and radi-ation therapy induced ovarian failure by transplantation ofa small part of her frozen/thawed ovarian tissue[J]. Eur JCancer,2013,49(4):911-914.
[44] Rosendahl M,Greve T,Andersen CY. The safety oftransplanting cryopreserved ovarian tissue in cancer pa-tients:a review of the literature[J]. J Assist ReprodGenet,2013,30(1):11-24.
[45]Donnez J,Dolmans MM,Diaz C,et al. Ovarian cortextransplantation:time to move on from experimental studiesto open clinical application[J]. Fertil Steril,2015,104(5):1097-1098.
[46]Stern CJ,Gook D,Hale LG,et al. First reported clinicalpregnancy following heterotopic grafting of cryopreservedovarian tissue in a woman after a bilateral oophorectomy[J]. Hum Reprod,2013,28(11):2996-2999.
[47]von Wolff M,Capp E,Jauckus J,et al. Timing of ovari-an stimulation in patients prior to gonadotoxic therapy:ananalysis of 684 stimulations[J]. Eur J Obstet GynecolReprod Biol, 2016, 199:146-149. doi:10. 1016/j.ejogrb. 2016. 02. 006.
[48]Cakmak H,Katz A,Cedars MI,et al. Effective methodfor emergency fertility preservation:random-start con-trolled ovarian stimulation[J]. Fertil Steril,2013,100(6):1673-1680.
[49]Donnez J,Dolmans MM. Fertility preservation in women[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol,2013,9(12):735-749.
[50]Rienzi L,Gracia C,Maggiulli R,et al. Oocyte,embryoand blastocyst cryopreservation in ART:systematic reviewand meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrifica-tion to produce evidence for the development of globalguidance[J]. Hum Reprod Update,2017,23(2):139-155.
[51]Kim J,Turan V,Oktay K. Long-term safety of letrozoleand gonadotropin stimulation for fertility preservation inwomen with breast cancer[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2016,101(4):1364-1371.
[52]Hwang JH,Yoo HJ,Park SH,et al. Association betweenthe location of transposed ovary and ovarian function inpatients with uterine cervical cancer treated with(postop-erative or primary)pelvic radiotherapy[J]. Fertil Steril,2012,97(6):1387-1393.
[53]Xu M,Pavone ME,Woodruff T. Fruitful progress to fer-tility:preserving oocytes from chemodestruction[J]. NatMed,2011,17(12):1562-1563.
[54]Loren AW,Mangu PB,Beck LN,et al. Fertility preser-vation for patients with cancer:American Society of Clini-cal Oncology clinical practice guideline update[J]. J ClinOncol,2013,31(19):2500-2510.
[55] Ethics Committee of American Society for ReproductiveMedicine. Fertility preservation and reproduction in pa-tients facing gonadotoxic therapies:a committee opinion[J]. Fertil Steril,2013,100(5):1224-1231.
[56]Demeestere I,Brice P,Peccatori F A,et al. No evidencefor the benefit of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonistin preserving ovarian function and fertility in lymphomasurvivors treated with chemotherapy:final long-term reportof a prospective randomized trial[J]. J Clin Oncol,2016,34(22):2568-2574.