谷粒菌种发明86周年:双孢蘑菇现代化商业栽培回顾
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摘要
蘑菇商业化生产的持续成功发展有赖于蘑菇菌种商提供可靠的、高品质、高产量及其纯度和质量一致的优良菌种,并配合适当的栽培基质和生产系统,从而生产优质蘑菇供给竞争激烈的消费市场。在过去的一百年中,双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)的产量和品质均获得了显著提升。这些提升除了菌种选育和改良外,主要是通过改进栽培技术,诸如菌种制作、堆肥处理、覆土材料、生长条件控制,以及机械播种和采收等的进步和创新得以实现。双孢蘑菇是西方国家栽培的主要菇种,也是美国和欧洲主要消费蘑菇,近年来它的栽培面积在中国迅速扩张。双孢蘑菇的全年商业化栽培始于1780年,当时法国人在地下采石场(矿坑)内栽培蘑菇。1865年,栽培拓展到英国,而后美国人利用温室架下的黑暗区域栽培。1914年美国双孢蘑菇已经实现工业化栽培,其产量超过85%集中于宾夕法尼亚州南部。美国人口普查局数据显示,1930年美国有516名栽培者,其中350名在宾州切斯特县(Chester County)。20世纪70年代,宾西法尼亚州在宾州州立大学与蘑菇产业界的长期合作下,最终获得谷粒菌种的革命性开发和推进,其研究成果大大提高了双孢蘑菇的产量,使美国的蘑菇产业在当时具备了国际竞争力。在此过程中,宾州州立大学的JAMES W. SINDEN教授是双孢蘑菇的菌种配制播种、栽培生产的早期研究先驱。谷粒菌种的制作技术系SINDEN教授发明,并在1932年和1936年获得了配制"Sinden Grain Spawn"的专利。他将专利权转移给宾州州立大学后,大学成立宾州研究公司(Pennsylvania Research Corporation)来处理大学专利事宜。"谷粒菌种"是当时全新的蘑菇栽培接种系统,为蘑菇产业带来了革命性的变化。SINDEN教授另于1948年开发出一种合成堆肥,取代了当时使用的马粪堆肥,他还发现播种时添加少量的营养素即能显著提高蘑菇产量。SINDEN教授于1952年加入瑞士苏黎世Hauser Champignon Laboratorium公司并将其发展成为一个典型的模范蘑菇农场和销售全球的蘑菇菌种供应商。本文回顾了双孢蘑菇现代化生产的历史,并由此阐明了谷粒菌种的开发需要配合基础和应用研究,以及持续的财政支持。正是高校和产业致力于长期合作,带来了上述粮食菌种发展的革命性发现。
Successful and sustainable commercial mushroom production requires high yielding and reliable spawn strains provided by the mushroom spawn industry, and relies on properly prepared substrate and production systems that produce quality mushrooms for a competitive market. The productivity and quality of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, has improved considerably during the last hundred years mainly by refining cultivation techniques, i. e., strain improvement through breeding and selections, spawn making,composting, casing,growing condition control,and mechanical spawning and harvesting. It is the predominant mushroom cultivated in Western countries and the cultivation area is expanding fast in China during the last few years. The button mushroom is also the most commonly and widely consumed mushroom in the US and Europe. The first record of year-round commercial production of A. bisporus was in 1780 when a French gardener began to cultivate mushrooms in the underground quarries. In 1865, the cultivation spread to England and eventually reached the United States, where mushrooms grew in dark areas underneath greenhouse benches. By 1914, cultivation had become industrialized, as Southern Pennsylvania recorded over85% of US A, bisporus production. In 1930, the US Census Bureau revealed that there were 516 growers in the US and that 350 were in Chester County, Pennsylvania. During the 1970 s, Penn State improved the yield of mushrooms, keeping the US competitive with the rest of world.In the history of the modernization of the cultivation of A. bisporus, Dr, JAMES W. SINDEN at Penn State University was an early mushroom research pioneer in spawn making, spawning and spawn growth of the production of A. bisporus. His research contributions formed the basis for mushroom growing as it is practiced today. The making of grain-based mushroom spawn was first taught by Dr. SINDEN; patents were obtained for the Sinden Grain Spawn method in 1932 and 1936. He assigned his patent rights to the university, and the Pennsylvania Research Corporation was formed to handle all university patents. This new method of growing mushrooms brought significant changes to the mushroom industry. Dr. SINDEN also developed a formula for synthetic compost in 1948 that synthetic compost could be used alternatively for horse manure-based mushroom substrate. He also showed that the addition of a small percent of nutrients at the time of spawning resulted in a significant increase in yield. Dr. SINDEN joined Hauser Champignon Laboratorium in Switzerland in 1952 and helped Hauser develop into a model mushroom farm and a producer of mushroom spawns with worldwide distribution. A brief historical perspective of the modernization of A. bisporus is outlined, and these findings illustrate the need for basic and applied research and sustained financial support. It was the long-term commitment of university-industry cooperative programs which resulted in the revolutionary discovery of the afore-mentioned development of the grain spawn.
Successful and sustainable commercial mushroom production requires high yielding and reliable spawn strains provided by the mushroom spawn industry, and relies on properly prepared substrate and production systems that produce quality mushrooms for a competitive market. The productivity and quality of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, has improved considerably during the last hundred years mainly by refining cultivation techniques, i. e., strain improvement through breeding and selections, spawn making,composting, casing,growing condition control,and mechanical spawning and harvesting. It is the predominant mushroom cultivated in Western countries and the cultivation area is expanding fast in China during the last few years. The button mushroom is also the most commonly and widely consumed mushroom in the US and Europe. The first record of year-round commercial production of A. bisporus was in 1780 when a French gardener began to cultivate mushrooms in the underground quarries. In 1865, the cultivation spread to England and eventually reached the United States, where mushrooms grew in dark areas underneath greenhouse benches. By 1914, cultivation had become industrialized, as Southern Pennsylvania recorded over85% of US A, bisporus production. In 1930, the US Census Bureau revealed that there were 516 growers in the US and that 350 were in Chester County, Pennsylvania. During the 1970 s, Penn State improved the yield of mushrooms, keeping the US competitive with the rest of world.In the history of the modernization of the cultivation of A. bisporus, Dr, JAMES W. SINDEN at Penn State University was an early mushroom research pioneer in spawn making, spawning and spawn growth of the production of A. bisporus. His research contributions formed the basis for mushroom growing as it is practiced today. The making of grain-based mushroom spawn was first taught by Dr. SINDEN; patents were obtained for the Sinden Grain Spawn method in 1932 and 1936. He assigned his patent rights to the university, and the Pennsylvania Research Corporation was formed to handle all university patents. This new method of growing mushrooms brought significant changes to the mushroom industry. Dr. SINDEN also developed a formula for synthetic compost in 1948 that synthetic compost could be used alternatively for horse manure-based mushroom substrate. He also showed that the addition of a small percent of nutrients at the time of spawning resulted in a significant increase in yield. Dr. SINDEN joined Hauser Champignon Laboratorium in Switzerland in 1952 and helped Hauser develop into a model mushroom farm and a producer of mushroom spawns with worldwide distribution. A brief historical perspective of the modernization of A. bisporus is outlined, and these findings illustrate the need for basic and applied research and sustained financial support. It was the long-term commitment of university-industry cooperative programs which resulted in the revolutionary discovery of the afore-mentioned development of the grain spawn.
引文
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[2] LI Y. Present development situation and technology of edible mushroom industry in China[J]. Mushroom Science,2012,18:3-9.
[3] ZHANG YW, GENG Y, SHEN Y, et al. Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural development in China:bio-innovation, technological dissemination and marketing[J]. Sustainability, 2014, 6(5):2961-2973.
[4] OWAID M, BARISH A, ALI SHARIATI M. Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus(button mushroom)and its usages in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Open Agriculture, 2017, 2(1):537-543.
[5] SOYLU MK, KANG M. Mushroom cultivation in South Korea[J]. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology,2018, 6(7):225-229.
[6] DUGGAR BM. Some principles in mushroom growing and mushroom spawn making. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculture[S]. 1905, 85:1-60.
[7] SINDEN J W, HAUSER E. Report on two new mushroom diseases[J]. Mushroom Science, 1950, 1:966-1000.
[8] ATKINS FC. Mushroom growing today[M]. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., 1966.
[9] ATKINS FC. Guide to mushroom growing[M]. London:Faber and Faber Ltd., 1974.
[10] ATKINS FC. Mushroom growing today[M]. New York:Read Books Ltd., 2013.
[11] VAN GRIENSVEN LJLD. The cultivation of mushrooms[M]. Rustington:Darlington Mushroom Laboratories Ltd, 1988.
[12] SNETSINGER R. Mushrooms and Penn State:Past, Present, Future[J]. Penn State Bulletin, 1970, 767:34.
[13] WUEST PJ, DUFFY MD, ROYSE DJ. Six steps to mushroom farming. The Pennsylvania State University,College of Agriculture, Extension Service. Special circular 1981, 268.
[14] GERRITS JPG, AMSING JGM, STRAATSMA G, et al. Phase I process in tunnels for the production of Agaricus bisporus compost with special reference to the importance of water[J]. Mushroom Science, 1995,14:203-211.
[15] MILLER FC, MACAULEY BJ, HARPER ER. Investigation of various gases, pH and redox potential in mushroom composting Phase I stacks[J]. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1991, 31(3):415-425.
[16] COLMENARES-CRUZ S, SANCHEZ JE, VALLE-MORA J. Agaricus bisporus production on substrates pasteurized by self-heating[J]. AMB Express,2017,7:135
[17] BEYER DM. Basic procedures for Agaricus mushroom growing[M]. University Park:Pennsylvania State University, 2003.
[18] VIEIRA F,PECCHIA J. An exploration into bacterial community under different pasteurization conditions during substrate preparation(composting-Phase II)for Agaricus bisporus cultivation[J]. Microbial Ecology,2018, 75(2):318-330.
[19] BEYER DM. Impact of the mushroom industry on the environment.(2017)http://extension.psu.edu/plants/vegetable-fruit/mushrooms/mushroom-substrate/impact-of-the-mushroom-industry-on-the-environment.
[20] PECCHIA J, BEYER D. Pest management on US commercial mushroom farms[J]. Outlooks on Pest Management,2013,24(1):28-29.
[21] SCHISLER LC. James W. Sinden, 1902 to 1994[J]. Phytopathology, 1995, 85(5):517-518.
[22] STOLLER BB. Some practical aspects of making mushroom spawn[J]. Mushroom Science, 1962, 5:170-184.
[23] LAMBERT LF. Practical and scientific mushroom culture. Coatesville:LF Lambert Inc.,1958.
[24] SINDEN JW. Mushroom spawn and a method of making same:US, US/1869517[P]. 1932-08-02.
[25] VEDDER PJC. Cultivo moderno del champinón[M]. Madrid, ES:Mundi-Prensa, 1991.
[26] RAPER JR, RAPER CA. Life cycle and prospects for interstrain breeding in Agaricus bisporus[J]. Mushroom Science, 1972, 8:1-9.
[27] RAPER CA, RAPER JR, MILLER RE. Genetic analysis of the life cycle of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Mycologia,1972, 64(5):1088-1117.
[28] CALLAC P, IMBERNON M, KERRIGAN RW, et al. The two life cycles of Agaricus bisporus. In:Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products[M]. University Park:Pennsylvania State University, 1996.
[29] MILLER RE. Evidence of sexuality in cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus[J]. Mycologia, 1971, 63(3):630-634.
[30] MAIA, TM, LOPES ST, ALMEIDA JM, et al. Evolution of mating systems in basidiomycetes and the genetic architecture underlying mating-type determination in the yeast Leucosporidium scottii[J]. Genetics, 2015, 201(1):75-89.
[31] ELLIOTT TJ, CHALLEN MP. Genetic ratios in secondarily homothallic Basidiomycetes[J]. Experimental Mycology, 1983, 7(2):170-174.
[32] CALLAC P, BILLERRE C, IMBERNON M, et al. Morphological, genetic, and interfertility analyses reveal a novel, tetrasporic variety of Agaricus bisporus from the Sonoran desert of California[J]. Mycologia, 1993,85(5):835-851.
[33] CALLAC P. Breeding of edible fungi with emphasis on the variability among French genetic resources of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1995, 73(supplement 1 Sect. E-H):S980-S986.
[34] CALLAC P, HOCQUART S, IMBERNON M, et al. Bsn-t alleles from French field strains of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998, 64(6):2105-2110.
[35] CALLAC P, DESMERGER C, KERRIGAN RW, et al. Conservation of genetic linkage with map expansion in distantly related crosses of Agaricus bisporus[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letter, 1997, 146(2):235-240.
[36] FOULONGNE-ORIOL M, SPATARO C, CATHALOT V, et al. An expanded genetic linkage map of an intervarietal Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus x A. bisporus var. burnettii hybrid based on AFLP, SSR and CAPS markers sheds light on the recombination behaviour of the species[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2010, 47(3):226-236.
[37] LAMBERT LF. Practical and scientific mushroom culture[M]. 3rd ed. Coatesville:LF Lambert Inc.,1946.
[38] KLIGMAN AM. Handbook of mushroom culture[M]. Lancaster:Business Press, 1942.
[39] PARDO A, PARDO JE, ZIED DC. Modeling the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of thematerials used as casing layers on the production parameters of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Archives of Microbiology,2010, 192(12):1023-1030.
[40] JACOB ED. Method for the propagation and protection of mushroom spawn:US, US/1434822[P]. 1922-12-07.
[41] LAMBERT LF. Mushroom:US,US/PP27[P]. 1932-09-20.
[42] JONG SC. The legal protection of new mushroom strains with US patents for commercial protection and marketing strategies[J]. Mushroom Science, 2012, 18:921-933.
[43] LAMBERT LF. Mushroom spawn culture:US,US/1938341[P]. 1933-12-05.
[44] RETTEW GR. Receptacle for the mushroom culture and the like:US, US/1914353[P]. 1933-06-13.
[45] RETTEW G. Mushroom spawn and substrate thereof:US, US/1939600[P].1933-12-12.
[46] GIACINTO RD. Mushroom spawn:US, US/2005365[P]. 1935-06-18.
[47] SINDEN JW. Mushroom spawn and method of making it:US, US/2044861[P]. 1936-06-23.
[48] SINDEN JW. Synthetic compost for mushroom growing[J]. Pennsylvania State College Agriculture Experimental Statistics Bulletin, 1938,365:1-27.
[49] LESCARBOURA L. Mushroom spawn:US, US/2262851[P]. 1941-11-18.
[50] RETTEW GR. Mushroom spawn and substrate thereof:US, US/2338259[P]. 1944-01-04.
[51] SINDEN JW. Synthetic compost for mushroom growing(further studies)[J]. Pennsylvania State College Agriculture Experimental Statistics Bulletin, 1946, 482:1-26.
[52] LESCARBOURA L. Method of making mushroom spawn:US, US/2520318[P]. 1950-08-29.
[53] SPEAKMAN EB. Mushroom spawn and method of preparing the same:US, US/2677917[P]. 1954-05-11.
[54] STOLLER BB. Mushroom spawn and method of making same:US, US/3828470[P]. 1974-08-13.
[55] LINCOLN RG. Method of producing mushroom spawn:US, US/4152868[P]. 1979-05-08.
[56] ROYSE DJ. Mushroom plant:US, US/PP5772[P]. 1986-07-22.
[57] ELLIOTT TJ, CHALLEN MP. Mushroom mutant strains:US, US/4608775[P]. 1986-09-02.
[58] SPEAR MC, MILLER R. Mushroom plant named Brown Hybrid X618 US, US/PP7636[P]. 1991-08-27.
[59] DAHLBERG KR. Novel interspecific mushroom strains:US, US/4996390[P]. 1991-02-26.
[60] KERRIGAN RW, SPEAR MC. Method for the production of high proportions of homokaryons in breeding stock of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus:US, US/5304721[P]. 1994-04-19.
[61] KERRIGAN RW, SPEAR MC. Method for the production of high proportions of homokaryons in breeding stock of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus:US, US/5563317[P]. 1996-10-08.
[62] HORGEN PA, CARVALIN D, SONNERBERG A, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities associated with strain degeneration in the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 1996, 20(3):229-241.
[63] KERRIGAN RW, SPEAR MC. Method for the production of high proportions of homokaryons in breeding stock of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus:US, US/5684228[P]. 1997-11-04.
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[68] ROBLES CW, LODDER SC. Brown mushrooms for commercial production:US, US/7608760[P]. 2009-10-27.
[69] KERRIGAN RW, SMATHERS JW, WACH MP. Hybrid mushroom strain J9277 and its descendants:US, US/8084244[P]. 2011-12-27.
[70] KERRIGAN RW, WACH MP. Hybrid mushroom strain J9277, its descendants, and related methods:US, US/8663969[P].2014-03-04.
[2] LI Y. Present development situation and technology of edible mushroom industry in China[J]. Mushroom Science,2012,18:3-9.
[3] ZHANG YW, GENG Y, SHEN Y, et al. Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural development in China:bio-innovation, technological dissemination and marketing[J]. Sustainability, 2014, 6(5):2961-2973.
[4] OWAID M, BARISH A, ALI SHARIATI M. Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus(button mushroom)and its usages in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Open Agriculture, 2017, 2(1):537-543.
[5] SOYLU MK, KANG M. Mushroom cultivation in South Korea[J]. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology,2018, 6(7):225-229.
[6] DUGGAR BM. Some principles in mushroom growing and mushroom spawn making. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculture[S]. 1905, 85:1-60.
[7] SINDEN J W, HAUSER E. Report on two new mushroom diseases[J]. Mushroom Science, 1950, 1:966-1000.
[8] ATKINS FC. Mushroom growing today[M]. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., 1966.
[9] ATKINS FC. Guide to mushroom growing[M]. London:Faber and Faber Ltd., 1974.
[10] ATKINS FC. Mushroom growing today[M]. New York:Read Books Ltd., 2013.
[11] VAN GRIENSVEN LJLD. The cultivation of mushrooms[M]. Rustington:Darlington Mushroom Laboratories Ltd, 1988.
[12] SNETSINGER R. Mushrooms and Penn State:Past, Present, Future[J]. Penn State Bulletin, 1970, 767:34.
[13] WUEST PJ, DUFFY MD, ROYSE DJ. Six steps to mushroom farming. The Pennsylvania State University,College of Agriculture, Extension Service. Special circular 1981, 268.
[14] GERRITS JPG, AMSING JGM, STRAATSMA G, et al. Phase I process in tunnels for the production of Agaricus bisporus compost with special reference to the importance of water[J]. Mushroom Science, 1995,14:203-211.
[15] MILLER FC, MACAULEY BJ, HARPER ER. Investigation of various gases, pH and redox potential in mushroom composting Phase I stacks[J]. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1991, 31(3):415-425.
[16] COLMENARES-CRUZ S, SANCHEZ JE, VALLE-MORA J. Agaricus bisporus production on substrates pasteurized by self-heating[J]. AMB Express,2017,7:135
[17] BEYER DM. Basic procedures for Agaricus mushroom growing[M]. University Park:Pennsylvania State University, 2003.
[18] VIEIRA F,PECCHIA J. An exploration into bacterial community under different pasteurization conditions during substrate preparation(composting-Phase II)for Agaricus bisporus cultivation[J]. Microbial Ecology,2018, 75(2):318-330.
[19] BEYER DM. Impact of the mushroom industry on the environment.(2017)http://extension.psu.edu/plants/vegetable-fruit/mushrooms/mushroom-substrate/impact-of-the-mushroom-industry-on-the-environment.
[20] PECCHIA J, BEYER D. Pest management on US commercial mushroom farms[J]. Outlooks on Pest Management,2013,24(1):28-29.
[21] SCHISLER LC. James W. Sinden, 1902 to 1994[J]. Phytopathology, 1995, 85(5):517-518.
[22] STOLLER BB. Some practical aspects of making mushroom spawn[J]. Mushroom Science, 1962, 5:170-184.
[23] LAMBERT LF. Practical and scientific mushroom culture. Coatesville:LF Lambert Inc.,1958.
[24] SINDEN JW. Mushroom spawn and a method of making same:US, US/1869517[P]. 1932-08-02.
[25] VEDDER PJC. Cultivo moderno del champinón[M]. Madrid, ES:Mundi-Prensa, 1991.
[26] RAPER JR, RAPER CA. Life cycle and prospects for interstrain breeding in Agaricus bisporus[J]. Mushroom Science, 1972, 8:1-9.
[27] RAPER CA, RAPER JR, MILLER RE. Genetic analysis of the life cycle of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Mycologia,1972, 64(5):1088-1117.
[28] CALLAC P, IMBERNON M, KERRIGAN RW, et al. The two life cycles of Agaricus bisporus. In:Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products[M]. University Park:Pennsylvania State University, 1996.
[29] MILLER RE. Evidence of sexuality in cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus[J]. Mycologia, 1971, 63(3):630-634.
[30] MAIA, TM, LOPES ST, ALMEIDA JM, et al. Evolution of mating systems in basidiomycetes and the genetic architecture underlying mating-type determination in the yeast Leucosporidium scottii[J]. Genetics, 2015, 201(1):75-89.
[31] ELLIOTT TJ, CHALLEN MP. Genetic ratios in secondarily homothallic Basidiomycetes[J]. Experimental Mycology, 1983, 7(2):170-174.
[32] CALLAC P, BILLERRE C, IMBERNON M, et al. Morphological, genetic, and interfertility analyses reveal a novel, tetrasporic variety of Agaricus bisporus from the Sonoran desert of California[J]. Mycologia, 1993,85(5):835-851.
[33] CALLAC P. Breeding of edible fungi with emphasis on the variability among French genetic resources of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1995, 73(supplement 1 Sect. E-H):S980-S986.
[34] CALLAC P, HOCQUART S, IMBERNON M, et al. Bsn-t alleles from French field strains of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998, 64(6):2105-2110.
[35] CALLAC P, DESMERGER C, KERRIGAN RW, et al. Conservation of genetic linkage with map expansion in distantly related crosses of Agaricus bisporus[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letter, 1997, 146(2):235-240.
[36] FOULONGNE-ORIOL M, SPATARO C, CATHALOT V, et al. An expanded genetic linkage map of an intervarietal Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus x A. bisporus var. burnettii hybrid based on AFLP, SSR and CAPS markers sheds light on the recombination behaviour of the species[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2010, 47(3):226-236.
[37] LAMBERT LF. Practical and scientific mushroom culture[M]. 3rd ed. Coatesville:LF Lambert Inc.,1946.
[38] KLIGMAN AM. Handbook of mushroom culture[M]. Lancaster:Business Press, 1942.
[39] PARDO A, PARDO JE, ZIED DC. Modeling the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of thematerials used as casing layers on the production parameters of Agaricus bisporus[J]. Archives of Microbiology,2010, 192(12):1023-1030.
[40] JACOB ED. Method for the propagation and protection of mushroom spawn:US, US/1434822[P]. 1922-12-07.
[41] LAMBERT LF. Mushroom:US,US/PP27[P]. 1932-09-20.
[42] JONG SC. The legal protection of new mushroom strains with US patents for commercial protection and marketing strategies[J]. Mushroom Science, 2012, 18:921-933.
[43] LAMBERT LF. Mushroom spawn culture:US,US/1938341[P]. 1933-12-05.
[44] RETTEW GR. Receptacle for the mushroom culture and the like:US, US/1914353[P]. 1933-06-13.
[45] RETTEW G. Mushroom spawn and substrate thereof:US, US/1939600[P].1933-12-12.
[46] GIACINTO RD. Mushroom spawn:US, US/2005365[P]. 1935-06-18.
[47] SINDEN JW. Mushroom spawn and method of making it:US, US/2044861[P]. 1936-06-23.
[48] SINDEN JW. Synthetic compost for mushroom growing[J]. Pennsylvania State College Agriculture Experimental Statistics Bulletin, 1938,365:1-27.
[49] LESCARBOURA L. Mushroom spawn:US, US/2262851[P]. 1941-11-18.
[50] RETTEW GR. Mushroom spawn and substrate thereof:US, US/2338259[P]. 1944-01-04.
[51] SINDEN JW. Synthetic compost for mushroom growing(further studies)[J]. Pennsylvania State College Agriculture Experimental Statistics Bulletin, 1946, 482:1-26.
[52] LESCARBOURA L. Method of making mushroom spawn:US, US/2520318[P]. 1950-08-29.
[53] SPEAKMAN EB. Mushroom spawn and method of preparing the same:US, US/2677917[P]. 1954-05-11.
[54] STOLLER BB. Mushroom spawn and method of making same:US, US/3828470[P]. 1974-08-13.
[55] LINCOLN RG. Method of producing mushroom spawn:US, US/4152868[P]. 1979-05-08.
[56] ROYSE DJ. Mushroom plant:US, US/PP5772[P]. 1986-07-22.
[57] ELLIOTT TJ, CHALLEN MP. Mushroom mutant strains:US, US/4608775[P]. 1986-09-02.
[58] SPEAR MC, MILLER R. Mushroom plant named Brown Hybrid X618 US, US/PP7636[P]. 1991-08-27.
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