KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere as excellent electrocatalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+ redox couple for vanadium redox flow battery
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摘要
In this paper,carbon microsphere prepared by hydrothermal treatment was activated by KHCO_3 at high temperature,and employed as the catalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB).Carbon microsphere can be etched by KHCO_3 due to the reaction between the pyrolysis products of KHCO_3 and carbon atoms.Moreover,KHCO_3 activation can bring many oxygen functional groups on carbon microsphere,further improving the wettability of catalyst and increasing the active sites.The electrocatalytic properties of carbon microsphere from hydrothermal treatment are improved by high temperature carbonization,and can further be enhanced by KHCO_3 activation.Among carbon microsphere samples,the VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction exhibits the highest electrochemical kinetics on KHCO_3 activated sample.The cell using KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere as the positive catalyst demonstrates higher energy efficiency and larger discharge capacity,especially at high current density.The results reveal that KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere is an efficient,low-cost carbon-based catalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction for VRFB system.
In this paper,carbon microsphere prepared by hydrothermal treatment was activated by KHCO_3 at high temperature,and employed as the catalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB).Carbon microsphere can be etched by KHCO_3 due to the reaction between the pyrolysis products of KHCO_3 and carbon atoms.Moreover,KHCO_3 activation can bring many oxygen functional groups on carbon microsphere,further improving the wettability of catalyst and increasing the active sites.The electrocatalytic properties of carbon microsphere from hydrothermal treatment are improved by high temperature carbonization,and can further be enhanced by KHCO_3 activation.Among carbon microsphere samples,the VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction exhibits the highest electrochemical kinetics on KHCO_3 activated sample.The cell using KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere as the positive catalyst demonstrates higher energy efficiency and larger discharge capacity,especially at high current density.The results reveal that KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere is an efficient,low-cost carbon-based catalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction for VRFB system.
In this paper,carbon microsphere prepared by hydrothermal treatment was activated by KHCO_3 at high temperature,and employed as the catalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB).Carbon microsphere can be etched by KHCO_3 due to the reaction between the pyrolysis products of KHCO_3 and carbon atoms.Moreover,KHCO_3 activation can bring many oxygen functional groups on carbon microsphere,further improving the wettability of catalyst and increasing the active sites.The electrocatalytic properties of carbon microsphere from hydrothermal treatment are improved by high temperature carbonization,and can further be enhanced by KHCO_3 activation.Among carbon microsphere samples,the VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction exhibits the highest electrochemical kinetics on KHCO_3 activated sample.The cell using KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere as the positive catalyst demonstrates higher energy efficiency and larger discharge capacity,especially at high current density.The results reveal that KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere is an efficient,low-cost carbon-based catalyst for VO~(2+)/VO_2~+redox reaction for VRFB system.
引文
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[2]L.Y.Li,S.Kim,W.Wang,M.Vijayakumar,Z.M.Nie,B.W.Chen,J.L.Zhang,G.G.Xia,J.Z.Hu,G.Graff,J.Liu,Z.G.Yang,Adv.Energy Mater.1(2011)394-400.
[3]L.Wei,T.S.Zhao,Q.Xu,X.L.Zhou,Z.H.Zhang,Appl.Energy 190(2017)1112-1118.
[4]X.Zhang,X.Cheng,Q.Zhang,J.Energy Chem.25(2016)967-984.
[5]N.Sinan,E.Unur,J.Energy Chem.26(2017)783-789.
[6]X.Liu,J.Q.Huang,Q.Zhang,L.Q.Mai,Adv.Mater.29(2017)1601759-1601783.
[7]X.B.Cheng,R.Zhang,C.Z.Zhao,Q.Zhang,Chem.Rev.117(2017)10403-10473.
[8]Z.He,Y.Jiang,J.Zhu,Y.Li,Z.Jiang,H.Zhou,W.Meng,L.Wang,L.Dai,J.Alloy Compd.731(2018)32-38.
[9]A.Parasuraman,T.M.Lim,C.Menictas,M.Skyllas-Kazacos,Electrochim.Acta101(2013)27-40.
[10]M.Skyllas-Kazacos,M.Rychcik,R.G.Robins,A.G.Fane,M.A.Green,J.Electrochem.Soc.133(1986)1057-1058.
[11]J.Kim,H.Lim,J.-Y.Jyoung,E.-S.Lee,J.S.Yi,D.Lee,Carbon 111(2017)592-601.
[12]M.Skyllas-Kazacos,M.H.Chakrabarti,S.A.Hajimolana,F.S.Mjalli,M.Saleem,J.Electrochem.Soc.158(2011)R55-R79.
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[14]M.Skyllas-Kazacos,G.Kazacos,G.Poon,H.Verseema,Int.J.Energy Res.34(2010)182-189.
[15]Z.He,L.Dai,S.Liu,L.Wang,C.Li,Electrochim.Acta 176(2015)1434-1440.
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[20]J.Choe,K.H.Kim,D.G.Lee,Compos.Struct.119(2015)534-542.
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[29]H.Zhou,Y.Shen,J.Xi,X.Qiu,L.Chen,ACS Appl.Mater.Interface 8(2016)15369-15378.
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[31]W.H.Wang,X.D.Wang,Electrochim.Acta 52(2007)6755-6762.
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[34]W.Li,J.Liu,C.Yan,Carbon 49(2011)3463-3470.
[35]G.Wei,C.Jia,J.Liu,C.Yan,J.Power Sources 220(2012)185-192.
[36]H.-M.Tsai,S.-Y.Yang,C.-C.M.Ma,X.Xie,Electroanal 23(2011)2139-2143.
[37]P.X.Han,H.B.Wang,Z.H.Liu,X.A.Chen,W.Ma,J.H.Yao,Y.W.Zhu,G.L.Cui,Carbon 49(2011)693-700.
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[39]J.Liu,Z.A.Wang,X.W.Wu,X.H.Yuan,J.P.Hu,Q.M.Zhou,Z.H.Liu,Y.P.Wu,J.Power Sources 299(2015)301-308.
[40]H.Lee,H.Kim,J.Appl.Electrochem.43(2013)553-557.
[41]M.Park,J.Ryu,Y.Kim,J.Cho,Energy Environ Sci 7(2014)3727-3735.
[42]L.Wei,H.E.Karahan,S.Zhai,Y.Yuan,Q.Qian,K.Goh,A.K.Ng,Y.Chen,J.Energy Chem.25(2016)191-198.
[43]M.-M.Titirici,M.Antonietti,N.Baccile,Green Chem.10(2008)1204-1212.
[44]Y.Li,Z.Wang,L.Li,S.Peng,L.Zhang,M.Srinivasan,S.Ramakrishna,Carbon99(2016)556-563.
[45]J.Deng,T.Xiong,F.Xu,M.Li,C.Han,Y.Gong,H.Wang,Y.Wang,Green Chem.17(2015)4053-4060.
[46]L.Wei,T.S.Zhao,L.Zeng,Y.K.Zeng,H.R.Jiang,J.Power Sources 341(2017)318-326.
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[51]J.Wang,S.Kaskel,J.Mater.Chem.22(2012)23710-23725.
[52]L.Dai,Y.Jiang,W.Meng,H.Zhou,L.Wang,Z.He,Appl.Surf.Sci.401(2017)106-113.
[53]K.P.Gong,F.Du,Z.H.Xia,M.Durstock,L.M.Dai,Science 323(2009)760-764.
[54]D.M.Kabtamu,J.-Y.Chen,Y.-C.Chang,C.-H.Wang,J.Power Sources 341(2017)270-279.
[55]A.Di Blasi,C.Busaccaa,O.Di Blasia,N.Briguglioa,G.Squadritoa,V.Antonuccia,Appl.Energy 190(2017)165-171.
[56]B.Jiang,L.Wu,L.Yu,X.Qiu,J.Xi,J.Membr.Sci.510(2016)18-26.
[57]K.J.Kim,H.S.Lee,J.Kim,M.-S.Park,J.H.Kim,Y.-J.Kim,M.Skyllas-Kazacos,Chem Sus Chem 9(2016)1329-1338.