基于栅格的豫西山区地形起伏特征及其对人口和经济的影响（英文）
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摘要
Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The limitation is especially apparent in the mountain-plain transition zone. Taking the transition zone between the Qinling Mountains and the North China Plain(i.e. the mountainous area in western Henan Province) as an example and based on the 200-m resolution DEM data, we used the mean change-point analysis to determine the optimal statistical unit for topographical relief, and thereafter extracted the relief degree. Taking the 1:100,000 land use data, township population and county-level industrial data, population and economic spatial models were constructed, and 200-m resolution grid population and economic density maps were generated. Afterwards, statistical analysis was carried out to quantitatively reveal the impact of topographical relief on population and economy. In addition, the impacts of other topographical factors were discussed. The results showed the following.(1) The relief degree in western Henan is generally low, where 58.6% of the regional topography does not exceed half the height of a reference mountain(relative elevation ≤250 m). Spatially, the relief degree is high in the west while low in the east, and high in the middle while low in the north and south. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope.(2) The linear fitting degree between the population and economic validation data and the corresponding simulation data are 0.943 and 0.909, respectively, indicating that the spatialized results can reflect the actual population and economic distribution.(3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density(0.911) and economic density(0.874). Specifically, 88.65% of the population lives in areas where the topographical relief is ≤0.5 and 88.03% of the gross regional product was from areas where the relief is ≤0.3. Compared with the population distribution, the economic development showed an obvious agglomeration trend towards low relief areas.
Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The limitation is especially apparent in the mountain-plain transition zone. Taking the transition zone between the Qinling Mountains and the North China Plain(i.e. the mountainous area in western Henan Province) as an example and based on the 200-m resolution DEM data, we used the mean change-point analysis to determine the optimal statistical unit for topographical relief, and thereafter extracted the relief degree. Taking the 1:100,000 land use data, township population and county-level industrial data, population and economic spatial models were constructed, and 200-m resolution grid population and economic density maps were generated. Afterwards, statistical analysis was carried out to quantitatively reveal the impact of topographical relief on population and economy. In addition, the impacts of other topographical factors were discussed. The results showed the following.(1) The relief degree in western Henan is generally low, where 58.6% of the regional topography does not exceed half the height of a reference mountain(relative elevation ≤250 m). Spatially, the relief degree is high in the west while low in the east, and high in the middle while low in the north and south. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope.(2) The linear fitting degree between the population and economic validation data and the corresponding simulation data are 0.943 and 0.909, respectively, indicating that the spatialized results can reflect the actual population and economic distribution.(3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density(0.911) and economic density(0.874). Specifically, 88.65% of the population lives in areas where the topographical relief is ≤0.5 and 88.03% of the gross regional product was from areas where the relief is ≤0.3. Compared with the population distribution, the economic development showed an obvious agglomeration trend towards low relief areas.
Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The limitation is especially apparent in the mountain-plain transition zone. Taking the transition zone between the Qinling Mountains and the North China Plain(i.e. the mountainous area in western Henan Province) as an example and based on the 200-m resolution DEM data, we used the mean change-point analysis to determine the optimal statistical unit for topographical relief, and thereafter extracted the relief degree. Taking the 1:100,000 land use data, township population and county-level industrial data, population and economic spatial models were constructed, and 200-m resolution grid population and economic density maps were generated. Afterwards, statistical analysis was carried out to quantitatively reveal the impact of topographical relief on population and economy. In addition, the impacts of other topographical factors were discussed. The results showed the following.(1) The relief degree in western Henan is generally low, where 58.6% of the regional topography does not exceed half the height of a reference mountain(relative elevation ≤250 m). Spatially, the relief degree is high in the west while low in the east, and high in the middle while low in the north and south. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope.(2) The linear fitting degree between the population and economic validation data and the corresponding simulation data are 0.943 and 0.909, respectively, indicating that the spatialized results can reflect the actual population and economic distribution.(3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density(0.911) and economic density(0.874). Specifically, 88.65% of the population lives in areas where the topographical relief is ≤0.5 and 88.03% of the gross regional product was from areas where the relief is ≤0.3. Compared with the population distribution, the economic development showed an obvious agglomeration trend towards low relief areas.
引文
Baumann M,Kuemmerle T,Elbakidze M et al.,2011.Patterns and drivers of post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine.Land Use Policy,28(3):552-562.
Du Junwei,2015.Study on rural poverty alleviation and development of three mountains and one beach area in Henan Province[D].Wuhan:Central China Normal University.(in Chinese)
Fang Y P,Ying B,2016.Spatial distribution of mountainous regions and classifications of economic development in China.Journal of Mountain Science,13(6):1120-1138.
Feng Zhiming,Tang Yan,Yang Yanzhao et al.,2007.The relief degree of land surface in China and its correlation with population distribution.Acta Geographica Sinica,62(10):1073-1082.(in Chinese)
Feng Zhiming,Zhang Dan,Yang Yanzhao,2011.Relief degree of land surface in China at county level based on GIS and its correlation between population density and economic development.Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,51(1):146-151.(in Chinese)
Han Xiangdi,Zhou Yi,Wang Shixin et al.,2012.GDP spatialization in China based on DMSP/OLS data and land use data.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,27(3):396-405.(in Chinese)
Hu L,He Z,Liu J,2017.Adaptive multi-scale population spatialization model constrained by multiple factors:Acase study of Russia.The Cartographic Journal,54(3):265-282.
Huang D,Yang X,Dong N et al.,2018.Evaluating grid size suitability of population distribution data via improved ALV method:A case study in Anhui Province,China.Sustainability,10(1):41.doi:10.3390/su10010041.
Kan K,2007.Residential mobility and social capital.Journal of Urban Economics,61(3):436-457.
Li L,Li J,Jiang Z et al.,2018.Methods of population spatialization based on the classification information of buildings from China’s first national geoinformation survey in urban area:A case study of Wuchang District,Wuhan City,China.Sensors,18(8):2558.doi:10.3390/s18082558.
Li Xiaojian,2002.The role of rural household behavior in economic development of less developed rural area:Acase study of Western Henan mountains and hilly region,China.Acta Geographica Sinica,57(4):459-468.(in Chinese)
Li Y,Yang X,Cai H et al.,2015.Topographical characteristics of agricultural potential productivity during cropland transformation in China.Sustainability,7(7):96-110.
Liao Shunbao,Ji Guangxing,Hou Pengmin et al.,2015.Discussion on two key problems of multivariable linear regression models for spatialization of grain yield.Journal of Natural Resources,30(11):1922-1932.(in Chinese)
Liu C,Sun W,Wu H,2010.Determination of complexity factor and its relationship with accuracy of representation for DEM terrain.Geo-spatial Information Science,13(4):249-256.
Liu Y,Deng W,Song X Q,2015.Relief degree of land surface and population distribution of mountainous areas in China.Journal of Mountain Science,12(2):518-532.
Liu Yansui,Li Jintao,2017.Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):161-173.(in Chinese)
Meybeck M,Green P,V?r?smarty C,2001.A new typology for mountains and other relief classes:An application to global continental water resources and population distribution.Mountain Research and Development,21(1):34-45.
Prima O D A,Echigo A,Yokoyama R et al.,2006.Supervised landform classification of Northeast Honshu from DEM-derived thematic maps.Geomorphology,78(3):373-386.
Shi Z,Deng W,Zhang S,2018.Spatio-temporal pattern changes of land space in Hengduan Mountains during1990-2015.Journal of Geographical Sciences,28(4):529-542.
Wei W,Shi P,Zhou J et al.,2013.Environmental suitability evaluation for human settlements in an arid inland river basin:A case study of the Shiyang River Basin.Journal of Geographical Sciences,23(2):331-343.
Xi C,Qian T,Chi Y et al.,2018.Relationship between settlements and topographical factors:An example from Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Mountain Science,15(9):2043-2054.
Yu H,Luo Y,Liu S Q et al.,2015.The influences of topographic relief on spatial distribution of mountain settlements in Three Gorges area.Environmental Earth Sciences,74(5):4335-4344.
Zhang Haixia,Niu Shuwen,Qi Jinghui et al.,2016.Geological statistics analysis of population distribution at township level in Henan Province.Geographical Research,35(2):325-336.(in Chinese)
Zhang J,Zhu W,Zhao F et al.,2018.Spatial variations of terrain and their impacts on landscape patterns in the transition zone from mountains to plains:A case study of Qihe River Basin in the Taihang Mountains.Science China Earth Sciences,61(4):450-461.
Zhang Jingjing,Zheng Hui,Zhu Lianqi et al.,2017.Multi-dimensional changes of vegetation NDVI and its response to climate in Western Henan Mountains.Geographical Research,36(4):765-778.(in Chinese)
Zhang X R,Dong K,2012.Neighborhood analysis-based calculation and analysis of multi-scales relief amplitude.Advanced Materials Research,468-471:2086-2089.
Zhao M,Cheng W,Zhou C et al.,2017.GDP spatialization and economic differences in South China based on NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery.Remote Sensing,9(7):673.doi:10.3390/rs9070673.
Zhu W,Li S,2017.The dynamic response of forest vegetation to hydrothermal conditions in the Funiu Mountains of western Henan Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences,27(5):565-578.
Zhu W,Zhang X,Zhang J et al.,2019.A comprehensive analysis of phenological changes in forest vegetation of the Funiu Mountains,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,29(1):131-145.
Zhuang D,Liu M,Deng X,2002.Spatialization model of population based on dataset of land use and land cover change in China.Chinese Geographical Science,12(2):114-119.
Du Junwei,2015.Study on rural poverty alleviation and development of three mountains and one beach area in Henan Province[D].Wuhan:Central China Normal University.(in Chinese)
Fang Y P,Ying B,2016.Spatial distribution of mountainous regions and classifications of economic development in China.Journal of Mountain Science,13(6):1120-1138.
Feng Zhiming,Tang Yan,Yang Yanzhao et al.,2007.The relief degree of land surface in China and its correlation with population distribution.Acta Geographica Sinica,62(10):1073-1082.(in Chinese)
Feng Zhiming,Zhang Dan,Yang Yanzhao,2011.Relief degree of land surface in China at county level based on GIS and its correlation between population density and economic development.Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,51(1):146-151.(in Chinese)
Han Xiangdi,Zhou Yi,Wang Shixin et al.,2012.GDP spatialization in China based on DMSP/OLS data and land use data.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,27(3):396-405.(in Chinese)
Hu L,He Z,Liu J,2017.Adaptive multi-scale population spatialization model constrained by multiple factors:Acase study of Russia.The Cartographic Journal,54(3):265-282.
Huang D,Yang X,Dong N et al.,2018.Evaluating grid size suitability of population distribution data via improved ALV method:A case study in Anhui Province,China.Sustainability,10(1):41.doi:10.3390/su10010041.
Kan K,2007.Residential mobility and social capital.Journal of Urban Economics,61(3):436-457.
Li L,Li J,Jiang Z et al.,2018.Methods of population spatialization based on the classification information of buildings from China’s first national geoinformation survey in urban area:A case study of Wuchang District,Wuhan City,China.Sensors,18(8):2558.doi:10.3390/s18082558.
Li Xiaojian,2002.The role of rural household behavior in economic development of less developed rural area:Acase study of Western Henan mountains and hilly region,China.Acta Geographica Sinica,57(4):459-468.(in Chinese)
Li Y,Yang X,Cai H et al.,2015.Topographical characteristics of agricultural potential productivity during cropland transformation in China.Sustainability,7(7):96-110.
Liao Shunbao,Ji Guangxing,Hou Pengmin et al.,2015.Discussion on two key problems of multivariable linear regression models for spatialization of grain yield.Journal of Natural Resources,30(11):1922-1932.(in Chinese)
Liu C,Sun W,Wu H,2010.Determination of complexity factor and its relationship with accuracy of representation for DEM terrain.Geo-spatial Information Science,13(4):249-256.
Liu Y,Deng W,Song X Q,2015.Relief degree of land surface and population distribution of mountainous areas in China.Journal of Mountain Science,12(2):518-532.
Liu Yansui,Li Jintao,2017.Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(1):161-173.(in Chinese)
Meybeck M,Green P,V?r?smarty C,2001.A new typology for mountains and other relief classes:An application to global continental water resources and population distribution.Mountain Research and Development,21(1):34-45.
Prima O D A,Echigo A,Yokoyama R et al.,2006.Supervised landform classification of Northeast Honshu from DEM-derived thematic maps.Geomorphology,78(3):373-386.
Shi Z,Deng W,Zhang S,2018.Spatio-temporal pattern changes of land space in Hengduan Mountains during1990-2015.Journal of Geographical Sciences,28(4):529-542.
Wei W,Shi P,Zhou J et al.,2013.Environmental suitability evaluation for human settlements in an arid inland river basin:A case study of the Shiyang River Basin.Journal of Geographical Sciences,23(2):331-343.
Xi C,Qian T,Chi Y et al.,2018.Relationship between settlements and topographical factors:An example from Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Mountain Science,15(9):2043-2054.
Yu H,Luo Y,Liu S Q et al.,2015.The influences of topographic relief on spatial distribution of mountain settlements in Three Gorges area.Environmental Earth Sciences,74(5):4335-4344.
Zhang Haixia,Niu Shuwen,Qi Jinghui et al.,2016.Geological statistics analysis of population distribution at township level in Henan Province.Geographical Research,35(2):325-336.(in Chinese)
Zhang J,Zhu W,Zhao F et al.,2018.Spatial variations of terrain and their impacts on landscape patterns in the transition zone from mountains to plains:A case study of Qihe River Basin in the Taihang Mountains.Science China Earth Sciences,61(4):450-461.
Zhang Jingjing,Zheng Hui,Zhu Lianqi et al.,2017.Multi-dimensional changes of vegetation NDVI and its response to climate in Western Henan Mountains.Geographical Research,36(4):765-778.(in Chinese)
Zhang X R,Dong K,2012.Neighborhood analysis-based calculation and analysis of multi-scales relief amplitude.Advanced Materials Research,468-471:2086-2089.
Zhao M,Cheng W,Zhou C et al.,2017.GDP spatialization and economic differences in South China based on NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery.Remote Sensing,9(7):673.doi:10.3390/rs9070673.
Zhu W,Li S,2017.The dynamic response of forest vegetation to hydrothermal conditions in the Funiu Mountains of western Henan Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences,27(5):565-578.
Zhu W,Zhang X,Zhang J et al.,2019.A comprehensive analysis of phenological changes in forest vegetation of the Funiu Mountains,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,29(1):131-145.
Zhuang D,Liu M,Deng X,2002.Spatialization model of population based on dataset of land use and land cover change in China.Chinese Geographical Science,12(2):114-119.