Classification and 3-D distribution of upper layer water masses in the northern South China Sea
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摘要
Using the fuzzy cluster analysis and the temperature-salinity(T-S) similarity number analysis of cruise conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD) data in the upper layer(0–300 m) of the northern South China Sea(NSCS), we classify the upper layer water of the NSCS into six water masses: diluted water(D), surface water(SS),the SCS subsurface water mass(U_S), the Pacific Ocean subsurface water mass(U_P), surface-subsurface mixed water(SU) and subsurface-intermediate mixed water(UI). A new stacked stereogram is used to illustrate the water mass distribution, and to examine the source and the distribution of U_P, combining with the sea surface height data and geostrophic current field. The results show that water mass U_P exists in all four seasons with the maximum range in spring and the minimum range in summer. In spring and winter, the U_P intrudes into the Luzon Strait and the southwest of Taiwan Island via the northern Luzon Strait in the form of nonlinear Rossby eddies, and forms a high temperature and high salinity zone east of the Dongsha Islands. In summer, the U_P is sporadically distributed in the study area. In autumn, the U_P is located in the upper 200 m layer east of Hainan Island.
Using the fuzzy cluster analysis and the temperature-salinity(T-S) similarity number analysis of cruise conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD) data in the upper layer(0–300 m) of the northern South China Sea(NSCS), we classify the upper layer water of the NSCS into six water masses: diluted water(D), surface water(SS),the SCS subsurface water mass(U_S), the Pacific Ocean subsurface water mass(U_P), surface-subsurface mixed water(SU) and subsurface-intermediate mixed water(UI). A new stacked stereogram is used to illustrate the water mass distribution, and to examine the source and the distribution of U_P, combining with the sea surface height data and geostrophic current field. The results show that water mass U_P exists in all four seasons with the maximum range in spring and the minimum range in summer. In spring and winter, the U_P intrudes into the Luzon Strait and the southwest of Taiwan Island via the northern Luzon Strait in the form of nonlinear Rossby eddies, and forms a high temperature and high salinity zone east of the Dongsha Islands. In summer, the U_P is sporadically distributed in the study area. In autumn, the U_P is located in the upper 200 m layer east of Hainan Island.
Using the fuzzy cluster analysis and the temperature-salinity(T-S) similarity number analysis of cruise conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD) data in the upper layer(0–300 m) of the northern South China Sea(NSCS), we classify the upper layer water of the NSCS into six water masses: diluted water(D), surface water(SS),the SCS subsurface water mass(U_S), the Pacific Ocean subsurface water mass(U_P), surface-subsurface mixed water(SU) and subsurface-intermediate mixed water(UI). A new stacked stereogram is used to illustrate the water mass distribution, and to examine the source and the distribution of U_P, combining with the sea surface height data and geostrophic current field. The results show that water mass U_P exists in all four seasons with the maximum range in spring and the minimum range in summer. In spring and winter, the U_P intrudes into the Luzon Strait and the southwest of Taiwan Island via the northern Luzon Strait in the form of nonlinear Rossby eddies, and forms a high temperature and high salinity zone east of the Dongsha Islands. In summer, the U_P is sporadically distributed in the study area. In autumn, the U_P is located in the upper 200 m layer east of Hainan Island.
引文
Chen Shangji,Du Bing.1990.Water masses classification of the upper layer in the equatorial western Pacific using ISODATA of fuzzy cluster.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,9(2):187-201
Cheng Guosheng,Sun Jiadong,Zu Tingting,et al.2014.Analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea in summer 2011Journal of Tropical Oceanography(in Chinese),33(3):10-16
Dietrich G,Kalle K,Krauss W,et al.1980.General Oceanography.An Introduction.2nd ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1-626
Du Chuanjun,Liu Zhiyu,Dai Minhan,et al.2013.Impact of the Kuroshio intrusion on the nutrient inventory in the upper northern South China Sea:insights from an isopycnal mixing model.Biogeosciences,10(10):6419-6432,doi:10.5194/bg-10-6419-2013
Hu Jianyu,Zheng Quanan,Sun Zhenyu,et al.2012.Penetration of nonlinear Rossby eddies into South China Sea evidenced by cruise data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C3)C03010,doi:10.1029/2011JC007525
Li Lei,Li Fengqi,Su Jie,et al.2002a.Analysis on water masses in the South China Sea in summer and winter of 1998.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),33(4):393-401
Li Fengqi,Li Lei,Wang Xiuqin,et al.2002b.Water masses in the South China Sea in summer and winter of 1998 and water exchange between the Pacific and the South China Sea.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao(in Chinese),32(3):329-336
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong.1989.Application of method of fuzzy sets to the analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,19(1):474-492
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,Fan Liqun.1989a.Application of method of fuzzy sets to the analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),7(2):170-185
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,Fan Liqun.1989b.Discrimination analysis of water masses in the north area of the South China Sea.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao(in Chinese),19(1):181-188
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,Yu Zuxiang.1983.A clustering analysis test in analysis of modified water masses in the shallow sea.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),5(6):675-686
Li Fengqi,Wang Fengqin,Su Yusong.1992.A clustering method with the fuzzy density in distinguishing water masses.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao(in Chinese),22(1):12-18
Liu Changjian,Du Yan,Zhang Qingrong,et al.2008.Seasonal variation of subsurface and intermediate water masses in the South China Sea.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),39(1):55-64
Liu Zenghong,Li Lei,Xu Jianping,et al.2001.Analysis of water masses in the South China Sea in the summer of 1998.Donghai Marine Science(in Chinese),19(3):1-10
Mao Hanli,Ren Yunwu,Wan Guoming.1964.A preliminary investigation on the application of using T-S Diagrams for a quantitative analysis of the water masses in the shallow water area.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),6(1):1-22
Nitani H.1972.Beginning of the Kuroshio.In:Stommel H,Yoshida Keds.Kuroshio,Its Physical Aspects.Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,129-163
Qiu Daoli,Zhou Shilai,Li Changming.1984.A preliminary study on application of cluster analysis of water masses in the Yellow Sea Division.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),6(3):281-292
Su Yusong,Yu Zuxiang,Li Fengqi.1983.Application of cluster analysis method for analyzing the water-masses in the shallow water area and the analysis of modified water masses in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),14(1):1-12
Tian Tian,Wei Hao.2005.Analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea and Bashi Channel.Periodical of Ocean University of China(in Chinese),35(1):9-12,28
Wyrtki K.1961.Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Water In:NAGA Report Vol.2,Scientific Result of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961,Scripps Institution of Oceanography.La Jolla,California:Scripps Institution of Oceanography,195
Xie Lingling,Zheng Quanan,Tian Jiwei,et al.2016.Cruise observation of Rossby waves with finite wavelengths propagating from the Pacific to the South China Sea.Journal of Physical Oceanography,46(10):2897-2913,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0071.1
Xie Lingling,Zheng Quanan,Zhang Shuwen,et al.2017.The Rossby normal modes in the South China Sea deep basin evidenced by satellite altimetry.International Journal of Remote Sensing,39(2):399-417
Yang Dongmei,Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,et al.1992.Fuzzy sets methods in analysis of water masses.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),23(3):227-234
Zheng Quanan,Tai Changkuo,Hu Jianyu,et al.2011.Satellite altimeter observations of nonlinear Rossby eddy-Kuroshio interaction at the Luzon Strait.Journal of Oceanography,67:365-376doi:10.1007/s10872-011-0035-2
Zheng Quanan,Xie Lingling,Zheng Zhewen,et al.2017.Progress in research of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea.Advances in Marine Science(in Chinese),35(20):131-158
Zhu Laiming,Ji Weidong.2002.Clustering analysis of the vertical distribution of water masses in the South China Sea.Transaction of Oceanology and Limnology(in Chinese),(4):1-6
Zou Emei,Guo Binghuo,Tang Yuxiang,et al.2000.The hydrographic features and water masses analyses of the southern Huanghai Sea in the spring of 1996.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),22(1)17-26
Cheng Guosheng,Sun Jiadong,Zu Tingting,et al.2014.Analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea in summer 2011Journal of Tropical Oceanography(in Chinese),33(3):10-16
Dietrich G,Kalle K,Krauss W,et al.1980.General Oceanography.An Introduction.2nd ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1-626
Du Chuanjun,Liu Zhiyu,Dai Minhan,et al.2013.Impact of the Kuroshio intrusion on the nutrient inventory in the upper northern South China Sea:insights from an isopycnal mixing model.Biogeosciences,10(10):6419-6432,doi:10.5194/bg-10-6419-2013
Hu Jianyu,Zheng Quanan,Sun Zhenyu,et al.2012.Penetration of nonlinear Rossby eddies into South China Sea evidenced by cruise data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C3)C03010,doi:10.1029/2011JC007525
Li Lei,Li Fengqi,Su Jie,et al.2002a.Analysis on water masses in the South China Sea in summer and winter of 1998.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),33(4):393-401
Li Fengqi,Li Lei,Wang Xiuqin,et al.2002b.Water masses in the South China Sea in summer and winter of 1998 and water exchange between the Pacific and the South China Sea.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao(in Chinese),32(3):329-336
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong.1989.Application of method of fuzzy sets to the analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,19(1):474-492
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,Fan Liqun.1989a.Application of method of fuzzy sets to the analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),7(2):170-185
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,Fan Liqun.1989b.Discrimination analysis of water masses in the north area of the South China Sea.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao(in Chinese),19(1):181-188
Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,Yu Zuxiang.1983.A clustering analysis test in analysis of modified water masses in the shallow sea.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),5(6):675-686
Li Fengqi,Wang Fengqin,Su Yusong.1992.A clustering method with the fuzzy density in distinguishing water masses.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao(in Chinese),22(1):12-18
Liu Changjian,Du Yan,Zhang Qingrong,et al.2008.Seasonal variation of subsurface and intermediate water masses in the South China Sea.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),39(1):55-64
Liu Zenghong,Li Lei,Xu Jianping,et al.2001.Analysis of water masses in the South China Sea in the summer of 1998.Donghai Marine Science(in Chinese),19(3):1-10
Mao Hanli,Ren Yunwu,Wan Guoming.1964.A preliminary investigation on the application of using T-S Diagrams for a quantitative analysis of the water masses in the shallow water area.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),6(1):1-22
Nitani H.1972.Beginning of the Kuroshio.In:Stommel H,Yoshida Keds.Kuroshio,Its Physical Aspects.Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,129-163
Qiu Daoli,Zhou Shilai,Li Changming.1984.A preliminary study on application of cluster analysis of water masses in the Yellow Sea Division.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),6(3):281-292
Su Yusong,Yu Zuxiang,Li Fengqi.1983.Application of cluster analysis method for analyzing the water-masses in the shallow water area and the analysis of modified water masses in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),14(1):1-12
Tian Tian,Wei Hao.2005.Analysis of water masses in the northern South China Sea and Bashi Channel.Periodical of Ocean University of China(in Chinese),35(1):9-12,28
Wyrtki K.1961.Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Water In:NAGA Report Vol.2,Scientific Result of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961,Scripps Institution of Oceanography.La Jolla,California:Scripps Institution of Oceanography,195
Xie Lingling,Zheng Quanan,Tian Jiwei,et al.2016.Cruise observation of Rossby waves with finite wavelengths propagating from the Pacific to the South China Sea.Journal of Physical Oceanography,46(10):2897-2913,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0071.1
Xie Lingling,Zheng Quanan,Zhang Shuwen,et al.2017.The Rossby normal modes in the South China Sea deep basin evidenced by satellite altimetry.International Journal of Remote Sensing,39(2):399-417
Yang Dongmei,Li Fengqi,Su Yusong,et al.1992.Fuzzy sets methods in analysis of water masses.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),23(3):227-234
Zheng Quanan,Tai Changkuo,Hu Jianyu,et al.2011.Satellite altimeter observations of nonlinear Rossby eddy-Kuroshio interaction at the Luzon Strait.Journal of Oceanography,67:365-376doi:10.1007/s10872-011-0035-2
Zheng Quanan,Xie Lingling,Zheng Zhewen,et al.2017.Progress in research of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea.Advances in Marine Science(in Chinese),35(20):131-158
Zhu Laiming,Ji Weidong.2002.Clustering analysis of the vertical distribution of water masses in the South China Sea.Transaction of Oceanology and Limnology(in Chinese),(4):1-6
Zou Emei,Guo Binghuo,Tang Yuxiang,et al.2000.The hydrographic features and water masses analyses of the southern Huanghai Sea in the spring of 1996.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),22(1)17-26