全膝关节置换术后股骨假体周围骨折的研究进展
摘要
全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)后假体周围骨折在临床工作中越来越多见,其中最为常见的是股骨假体周围骨折,但目前相关文献中并没有相对系统地梳理TKA术后假体周围骨折的危险因素、分型以及治疗,对临床工作在相关问题处理上带来不便。本研究通过查找国内外著作、文献等,对TKA术后股骨假体周围骨折的危险因素、分型以及治疗方面进行系统性综述,从而为临床工作提供参考。
引文
[1]DiGioia AM 3rd, Rubash HE. Periprosthetic fractures of the femurafter total knee arthroplasty. A literature review and treatment algo-rithm[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1991(271):135-142.
[2]Su ET, DeWal H, Di Cesare PE. Periprosthetic femoral fracturesabove total knee replacements[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2004,12(1):12-20.
[3]Tosounidis TH, Giannoudis PV. What is new in distal femur peri-prosthetic fracture fixation[J]. Injury, 2015, 46(12):2293-2296.
[4]Kim KI, Egol KA, Hozack WJ, et al. Periprosthetic fractures aftertotal knee arthroplasties[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2006, 446:167-175.
[5]Della Rocca GJ. Periprosthetic fractures about the knee-an over-view[J]. J Knee Surg, 2013, 26(1):3-7.
[6]Sadoghi P, Liebensteiner M, Agreiter M, et al. Revision surgery af-ter total joint arthroplasty:a complication-based analysis usingworldwide arthroplasty registers[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(8):1329-1332.
[7]Gilg MM, Zeller CW, Leitner L, et al. The incidence of implantfractures after knee arthroplasty[J]. Knee Surg Sports TraumatolArthrosc, 2016, 24(10):3272-3279.
[8]Bhattacharyya T, Chang D, Meigs JB, et al. Mortality after peripros-thetic fracture of the femur[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2007, 89(12):2658-2662.
[9]Delport PH, Van Audekercke R, Martens M, et al. Conservativetreatment of ipsilateral supracondylar femoral fracture after totalknee arthroplasty[J]. J Trauma, 1984, 24(9):846-849.
[10] Webster DA, Murray DG. Complications of Variable Axis totalknee arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1985(193):160-167.
[11]Chen F, Mont MA, Bachner RS. Management of ipsilateral supra-condylar femur fractures following total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Ar-throplasty, 1994, 9(5):521-526.
[12]Van der Merwe JM, Haddad FS, Duncan CP. Field testing the Uni-fied Classification System for periprosthetic fractures of the femur,tibia and patella in association with knee replacement:an interna-tional collaboration[J]. Bone Joint J, 2014, 96-B(12):1669-1673.
[13]Singh JA, Lewallen DG. Association of peptic ulcer disease andpulmonary disease with risk of periprosthetic fracture after primarytotal knee arthroplasty[J]. Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken), 2011, 63(10):1471-1476.
[14]Canton G, Ratti C, Fattori R, et al. Periprosthetic knee fractures. Areview of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management andoutcome[J]. Acta Biomed, 2017, 88(2S):118-128.
[15]Singh JA, Jensen M, Lewallen D. Predictors of periprosthetic frac-ture after total knee replacement:an analysis of 21,723 cases[J].Acta Orthop, 2013, 84(2):170-177.
[16]Valle Cruz JA, Urda AL, Serrano L, et al. Incidence of and riskfactors for femoral fractures in the gap between hip and knee im-plants[J]. Int Orthop, 2016, 40(8):1697-1702.
[17]Rorabeck CH, Taylor JW. Classification of periprosthetic fracturescomplicating total knee arthroplasty[J]. Orthop Clin North Am,1999, 30(2):209-214.
[18]Hernigou P, Mathieu G, Filippini P, et al. Intra-and postoperativefractures of the femur in total knee arthroplasty:risk factors in 32cases[J]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 2006, 92(2):140-147.
[19]Konan S, Sandiford N, Unno F, et al. Periprosthetic fractures asso-ciated with total knee arthroplasty:an update[J]. Bone Joint J,2016, 98-B(11):1489-1496.
[20]Lehmann W, Rupprecht M, Nuechtern J, et al. What is the risk ofstress risers for interprosthetic fractures of the femur? A biome-chanical analysis[J]. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(12):2441-2446.
[21] Gujarathi N, Putti AB, Abboud RJ, et al. Risk of periprostheticfracture after anterior femoral notching[J]. Acta Orthop, 2009, 80(5):553-556.
[22]Atik OS. Does tranexamic acid reduce blood loss and blood trans-fusion requirement in knee arthroplasty[J]. Joint diseases&relat-ed surgery, 2012, 23(3):166-167.
[23]Sarraf KM, Konan S, Pastides PS, et al. Bone loss during revisionof unicompartmental to total knee arthroplasty:an analysis of im-planted polyethylene thickness from the National Joint Registry da-ta[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(9):1571-1574.
[24]Neer CS 2nd, Grantham SA, Shelton ML. Supracondylar fracture ofthe adult femur. A study of one hundred and ten cases[J]. J BoneJoint Surg Am, 1967, 49(4):591-613.
[25]Duncan CP, Haddad FS. The Unified Classification System(UCS):improving our understanding of periprosthetic fractures[J]. BoneJoint J, 2014, 96-B(6):713-716.
[26]Rhee SJ, Cho JY, Choi YY, et al. Femoral periprosthetic fracturesafter total knee arthroplasty:new surgically oriented classificationwith a review of current treatments[J]. Knee Surgery and RelatedResearch, 2018, 30(4):284-292.
[27]?i?ek H, Tuhanioˇgluü, Oˇgur HU, et al. An alternative treatmentfor osteoporotic Su TypeⅢperiprosthetic supracondylar femurfractures:Double locking plate fixation[J]. Acta Orthop TraumatolTurc, 2018, 52(2):92-96.
[28]米歇尔·舒茨,卡斯滕·博卡.唐佩福译.假体周围骨折[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社, 2015.
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[30] Sisto DJ, Lachiewicz PF, Insall JN. Treatment of supracondylarfractures following prosthetic arthroplasty of the knee[J]. Clin Or-thop Relat Res, 1985(196):265-272.
[31]Parvizi J, Jain N, Schmidt AH. Periprosthetic knee fractures[J]. JOrthop Trauma, 2008, 22(9):663-671.
[32]Ricci WM, Loftus T, Cox C, et al. Locked plates combined withminimally invasive insertion technique for the treatment of peri-prosthetic supracondylar femur fractures above a total knee arthro-plasty[J]. J Orthop Trauma, 2006, 20(3):190-196.
[33]Figgie MP, Goldberg VM, Figgie HE 3rd, et al. The results of treat-ment of supracondylar fracture above total knee arthroplasty[J]. JArthroplasty, 1990, 5(3):267-276.
[34]Lachiewicz PF. Periprosthetic fracture between a constrained totalknee arthroplasty and a long-stem total hip arthroplasty:treatmentwith a novel device[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2007, 22(3):449-452.
[35] Beris AE, Lykissas MG, Sioros V, et al. Femoral periprostheticfracture in osteoporotic bone after a total knee replacement:treat-ment with Ilizarov external fixation[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2010, 25(7):1168-1169.
[36] Streubel PN, Gardner MJ, Morshed S, et al. Are extreme distalperiprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur too distal to fixusing a lateral locked plate[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2010, 92(4):527-534.
[37]Ozcan O, Boya H, Ate?A, et al. Bilateral periprosthetic distal fem-oral fractures following total knee arthroplasty[J]. Joint diseases&related surgery, 2013, 24(3):178-181.
[38]Chen SH, Chiang MC, Hung CH, et al. Finite element comparisonof retrograde intramedullary nailing and locking plate fixation with/without an intramedullary allograft for distal femur fracture follow-ing total knee arthroplasty[J]. Knee, 2014, 21(1):224-231.
[39]Tanaka Y, Kobayashi T, Ohashi M, et al. A new operative proce-dure using a Küntcher nail for a periprosthetic supracondylar femo-ral fracture after revision total knee arthroplasty:a case report[J].Knee, 2007, 14(1):59-62.
[40]Ristevski B, Nauth A, Williams DS, et al. Systematic review of thetreatment of periprosthetic distal femur fractures[J]. J OrthopTrauma, 2014, 28(5):307-312.
[41]Lawal Y, Garba E, Ogirima M, et al. Use of non-vascularized autol-ogous fibula strut graft in the treatment of segmental bone loss[J].Annals of African Medicine, 2011, 10(1):25.
[42]Leino O K, Lempainen L, Virolainen P, et al. Operative Results ofPeriprosthetic Fractures of The Distal Femur In A Single Academ-ic Unit[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 2014, 104(3):200-207.
[43]Ebraheim NA, Carroll T, Bonaventura B, et al. Challenge of manag-ing distal femur fractures with long-stemmed total knee implants[J].Orthop Surg, 2014, 6(3):217-222.
[44] Gavaskar AS, Tummala NC, Subramanian M. The outcome andcomplications of the locked plating management for the peripros-thetic distal femur fractures after a total knee arthroplasty[J]. ClinOrthop Surg, 2013, 5(2):124-128.
[45] Bae DK, Song SJ, Yoon KH, et al. Periprosthetic supracondylarfemoral fractures above total knee arthroplasty:comparison of thelocking and non-locking plating methods[J]. Knee Surg SportsTraumatol Arthrosc, 2014, 22(11):2690-2697.
[46]Kim W, Song J H, Kim J J. Periprosthetic fractures of the distal fe-mur following total knee arthroplasty:even very distal fracturescan be successfully treated using internal fixation[J]. Internation-al Orthopaedics, 2015, 39(10):1951-1957.
[47]Steinberg EL, Elis J, Steinberg Y, et al. A double-plating approachto distal femur fracture:A clinical study[J]. Injury, 2017, 48(10):2260-2265.
[48]Park J, Lee JH. Comparison of retrograde nailing and minimally in-vasive plating for treatment of periprosthetic supracondylar femurfractures(OTA 33-A)above total knee arthroplasty[J]. Arch Or-thop Trauma Surg, 2016, 136(3):331-338.
[49]Kubiak EN, Haller JM, Kemper DD, et al. Does the lateral plateneed to overlap the stem to mitigate stress concentration when treat-ing Vancouver C periprosthetic supracondylar femur fracture[J]. JArthroplasty, 2015, 30(1):104-108.
[50]Nauth A, Nousiainen MT, Jenkinson R, et al. The treatment of peri-prosthetic fractures[J]. Instr Course Lect, 2015, 64:161-173.
[51] Tonogai I, Hamada D, Goto T, et al. Retrograde intramedullarynailing with a blocking pin technique for reduction of periprosthet-ic supracondylar femoral fracture after total knee arthroplasty:tech-nical note with a compatibility chart of the nail to femoral compo-nent[J]. Case Rep Orthop, 2014, 2014:856853.
[52]Hanks GA, Mathews HH, Routson GW, et al. Supracondylar frac-ture of the femur following total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplas-ty, 1989, 4(4):289-292.
[53] Pao JL, Jiang CC. Retrograde intramedullary nailing for non-unions of supracondylar femur fracture of osteoporotic bones[J].J Formos Med Assoc, 2005, 104(1):54-59.
[54]Bong MR, Egol KA, Koval KJ, et al. Comparison of the LISS and aretrograde-inserted supracondylar intramedullary nail for fixationof a periprosthetic distal femur fracture proximal to a total knee ar-throplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2002, 17(7):876-881.
[55]M?kinen TJ, Gunton M, Fichman SG, et al. Arthroplasty for Pertro-chanteric Hip Fractures[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2015, 46(4):433-444.
[56]Meneghini RM, Keyes BJ, Reddy KK, et al. Modern retrograde in-tramedullary nails versus periarticular locked plates for supracon-dylar femur fractures after total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplas-ty, 2014, 29(7):1478-1481.
[57]Pelfort X,Torres-Claramunt R, Hinarejos P, et al. Extension mal-union of the femoral component after retrograde nailing:no sequel-ae at 6 years[J]. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 2013, 27(3):158-61.
[58]Newman ET, Hug KT, Wellman SS, et al. Custom intramedullaryintercalating device for treatment of supracondylar fracture be-tween constrained total knee arthroplasty and well-fixed total hiparthroplasty[J]. Knee, 2014, 21(2):594-596.
[59]Lee SS, Lim SJ, Moon YW, et al. Outcomes of long retrograde intra-medullary nailing for periprosthetic supracondylar femoral frac-tures following total knee arthroplasty[J]. Arch Orthop TraumaSurg, 2014, 134(1):47-52.
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[66]Lizaur-Utrilla A, Miralles-Mu?oz FA, Sanz-Reig J. Functional out-come of total knee arthroplasty after periprosthetic distal femoral fracture[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(9):1585-1588.
[67]Healy WL, Siliski JM, Incavo SJ. Operative treatment of distal fem-oral fractures proximal to total knee replacements[J]. J Bone JointSurg Am, 1993, 75(1):27-34.
[68] Derome P, Sternheim A, Backstein D, et al. Treatment of largebone defects with trabecular metal cones in revision total knee ar-throplasty:short term clinical and radiographic outcomes[J]. J Ar-throplasty, 2014, 29(1):122-126.
[69]Delasotta LA, Orozco F, Miller AG, et al. Distal femoral fractureduring primary total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Orthop Surg(HongKong), 2015, 23(2):202-204.
[2]Su ET, DeWal H, Di Cesare PE. Periprosthetic femoral fracturesabove total knee replacements[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2004,12(1):12-20.
[3]Tosounidis TH, Giannoudis PV. What is new in distal femur peri-prosthetic fracture fixation[J]. Injury, 2015, 46(12):2293-2296.
[4]Kim KI, Egol KA, Hozack WJ, et al. Periprosthetic fractures aftertotal knee arthroplasties[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2006, 446:167-175.
[5]Della Rocca GJ. Periprosthetic fractures about the knee-an over-view[J]. J Knee Surg, 2013, 26(1):3-7.
[6]Sadoghi P, Liebensteiner M, Agreiter M, et al. Revision surgery af-ter total joint arthroplasty:a complication-based analysis usingworldwide arthroplasty registers[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(8):1329-1332.
[7]Gilg MM, Zeller CW, Leitner L, et al. The incidence of implantfractures after knee arthroplasty[J]. Knee Surg Sports TraumatolArthrosc, 2016, 24(10):3272-3279.
[8]Bhattacharyya T, Chang D, Meigs JB, et al. Mortality after peripros-thetic fracture of the femur[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2007, 89(12):2658-2662.
[9]Delport PH, Van Audekercke R, Martens M, et al. Conservativetreatment of ipsilateral supracondylar femoral fracture after totalknee arthroplasty[J]. J Trauma, 1984, 24(9):846-849.
[10] Webster DA, Murray DG. Complications of Variable Axis totalknee arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1985(193):160-167.
[11]Chen F, Mont MA, Bachner RS. Management of ipsilateral supra-condylar femur fractures following total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Ar-throplasty, 1994, 9(5):521-526.
[12]Van der Merwe JM, Haddad FS, Duncan CP. Field testing the Uni-fied Classification System for periprosthetic fractures of the femur,tibia and patella in association with knee replacement:an interna-tional collaboration[J]. Bone Joint J, 2014, 96-B(12):1669-1673.
[13]Singh JA, Lewallen DG. Association of peptic ulcer disease andpulmonary disease with risk of periprosthetic fracture after primarytotal knee arthroplasty[J]. Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken), 2011, 63(10):1471-1476.
[14]Canton G, Ratti C, Fattori R, et al. Periprosthetic knee fractures. Areview of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management andoutcome[J]. Acta Biomed, 2017, 88(2S):118-128.
[15]Singh JA, Jensen M, Lewallen D. Predictors of periprosthetic frac-ture after total knee replacement:an analysis of 21,723 cases[J].Acta Orthop, 2013, 84(2):170-177.
[16]Valle Cruz JA, Urda AL, Serrano L, et al. Incidence of and riskfactors for femoral fractures in the gap between hip and knee im-plants[J]. Int Orthop, 2016, 40(8):1697-1702.
[17]Rorabeck CH, Taylor JW. Classification of periprosthetic fracturescomplicating total knee arthroplasty[J]. Orthop Clin North Am,1999, 30(2):209-214.
[18]Hernigou P, Mathieu G, Filippini P, et al. Intra-and postoperativefractures of the femur in total knee arthroplasty:risk factors in 32cases[J]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 2006, 92(2):140-147.
[19]Konan S, Sandiford N, Unno F, et al. Periprosthetic fractures asso-ciated with total knee arthroplasty:an update[J]. Bone Joint J,2016, 98-B(11):1489-1496.
[20]Lehmann W, Rupprecht M, Nuechtern J, et al. What is the risk ofstress risers for interprosthetic fractures of the femur? A biome-chanical analysis[J]. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(12):2441-2446.
[21] Gujarathi N, Putti AB, Abboud RJ, et al. Risk of periprostheticfracture after anterior femoral notching[J]. Acta Orthop, 2009, 80(5):553-556.
[22]Atik OS. Does tranexamic acid reduce blood loss and blood trans-fusion requirement in knee arthroplasty[J]. Joint diseases&relat-ed surgery, 2012, 23(3):166-167.
[23]Sarraf KM, Konan S, Pastides PS, et al. Bone loss during revisionof unicompartmental to total knee arthroplasty:an analysis of im-planted polyethylene thickness from the National Joint Registry da-ta[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(9):1571-1574.
[24]Neer CS 2nd, Grantham SA, Shelton ML. Supracondylar fracture ofthe adult femur. A study of one hundred and ten cases[J]. J BoneJoint Surg Am, 1967, 49(4):591-613.
[25]Duncan CP, Haddad FS. The Unified Classification System(UCS):improving our understanding of periprosthetic fractures[J]. BoneJoint J, 2014, 96-B(6):713-716.
[26]Rhee SJ, Cho JY, Choi YY, et al. Femoral periprosthetic fracturesafter total knee arthroplasty:new surgically oriented classificationwith a review of current treatments[J]. Knee Surgery and RelatedResearch, 2018, 30(4):284-292.
[27]?i?ek H, Tuhanioˇgluü, Oˇgur HU, et al. An alternative treatmentfor osteoporotic Su TypeⅢperiprosthetic supracondylar femurfractures:Double locking plate fixation[J]. Acta Orthop TraumatolTurc, 2018, 52(2):92-96.
[28]米歇尔·舒茨,卡斯滕·博卡.唐佩福译.假体周围骨折[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社, 2015.
[29]Jassim SS, McNamara I, Hopgood P. Distal femoral replacement inperiprosthetic fracture around total knee arthroplasty[J]. Injury,2014, 45(3):550-553.
[30] Sisto DJ, Lachiewicz PF, Insall JN. Treatment of supracondylarfractures following prosthetic arthroplasty of the knee[J]. Clin Or-thop Relat Res, 1985(196):265-272.
[31]Parvizi J, Jain N, Schmidt AH. Periprosthetic knee fractures[J]. JOrthop Trauma, 2008, 22(9):663-671.
[32]Ricci WM, Loftus T, Cox C, et al. Locked plates combined withminimally invasive insertion technique for the treatment of peri-prosthetic supracondylar femur fractures above a total knee arthro-plasty[J]. J Orthop Trauma, 2006, 20(3):190-196.
[33]Figgie MP, Goldberg VM, Figgie HE 3rd, et al. The results of treat-ment of supracondylar fracture above total knee arthroplasty[J]. JArthroplasty, 1990, 5(3):267-276.
[34]Lachiewicz PF. Periprosthetic fracture between a constrained totalknee arthroplasty and a long-stem total hip arthroplasty:treatmentwith a novel device[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2007, 22(3):449-452.
[35] Beris AE, Lykissas MG, Sioros V, et al. Femoral periprostheticfracture in osteoporotic bone after a total knee replacement:treat-ment with Ilizarov external fixation[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2010, 25(7):1168-1169.
[36] Streubel PN, Gardner MJ, Morshed S, et al. Are extreme distalperiprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur too distal to fixusing a lateral locked plate[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2010, 92(4):527-534.
[37]Ozcan O, Boya H, Ate?A, et al. Bilateral periprosthetic distal fem-oral fractures following total knee arthroplasty[J]. Joint diseases&related surgery, 2013, 24(3):178-181.
[38]Chen SH, Chiang MC, Hung CH, et al. Finite element comparisonof retrograde intramedullary nailing and locking plate fixation with/without an intramedullary allograft for distal femur fracture follow-ing total knee arthroplasty[J]. Knee, 2014, 21(1):224-231.
[39]Tanaka Y, Kobayashi T, Ohashi M, et al. A new operative proce-dure using a Küntcher nail for a periprosthetic supracondylar femo-ral fracture after revision total knee arthroplasty:a case report[J].Knee, 2007, 14(1):59-62.
[40]Ristevski B, Nauth A, Williams DS, et al. Systematic review of thetreatment of periprosthetic distal femur fractures[J]. J OrthopTrauma, 2014, 28(5):307-312.
[41]Lawal Y, Garba E, Ogirima M, et al. Use of non-vascularized autol-ogous fibula strut graft in the treatment of segmental bone loss[J].Annals of African Medicine, 2011, 10(1):25.
[42]Leino O K, Lempainen L, Virolainen P, et al. Operative Results ofPeriprosthetic Fractures of The Distal Femur In A Single Academ-ic Unit[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 2014, 104(3):200-207.
[43]Ebraheim NA, Carroll T, Bonaventura B, et al. Challenge of manag-ing distal femur fractures with long-stemmed total knee implants[J].Orthop Surg, 2014, 6(3):217-222.
[44] Gavaskar AS, Tummala NC, Subramanian M. The outcome andcomplications of the locked plating management for the peripros-thetic distal femur fractures after a total knee arthroplasty[J]. ClinOrthop Surg, 2013, 5(2):124-128.
[45] Bae DK, Song SJ, Yoon KH, et al. Periprosthetic supracondylarfemoral fractures above total knee arthroplasty:comparison of thelocking and non-locking plating methods[J]. Knee Surg SportsTraumatol Arthrosc, 2014, 22(11):2690-2697.
[46]Kim W, Song J H, Kim J J. Periprosthetic fractures of the distal fe-mur following total knee arthroplasty:even very distal fracturescan be successfully treated using internal fixation[J]. Internation-al Orthopaedics, 2015, 39(10):1951-1957.
[47]Steinberg EL, Elis J, Steinberg Y, et al. A double-plating approachto distal femur fracture:A clinical study[J]. Injury, 2017, 48(10):2260-2265.
[48]Park J, Lee JH. Comparison of retrograde nailing and minimally in-vasive plating for treatment of periprosthetic supracondylar femurfractures(OTA 33-A)above total knee arthroplasty[J]. Arch Or-thop Trauma Surg, 2016, 136(3):331-338.
[49]Kubiak EN, Haller JM, Kemper DD, et al. Does the lateral plateneed to overlap the stem to mitigate stress concentration when treat-ing Vancouver C periprosthetic supracondylar femur fracture[J]. JArthroplasty, 2015, 30(1):104-108.
[50]Nauth A, Nousiainen MT, Jenkinson R, et al. The treatment of peri-prosthetic fractures[J]. Instr Course Lect, 2015, 64:161-173.
[51] Tonogai I, Hamada D, Goto T, et al. Retrograde intramedullarynailing with a blocking pin technique for reduction of periprosthet-ic supracondylar femoral fracture after total knee arthroplasty:tech-nical note with a compatibility chart of the nail to femoral compo-nent[J]. Case Rep Orthop, 2014, 2014:856853.
[52]Hanks GA, Mathews HH, Routson GW, et al. Supracondylar frac-ture of the femur following total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplas-ty, 1989, 4(4):289-292.
[53] Pao JL, Jiang CC. Retrograde intramedullary nailing for non-unions of supracondylar femur fracture of osteoporotic bones[J].J Formos Med Assoc, 2005, 104(1):54-59.
[54]Bong MR, Egol KA, Koval KJ, et al. Comparison of the LISS and aretrograde-inserted supracondylar intramedullary nail for fixationof a periprosthetic distal femur fracture proximal to a total knee ar-throplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2002, 17(7):876-881.
[55]M?kinen TJ, Gunton M, Fichman SG, et al. Arthroplasty for Pertro-chanteric Hip Fractures[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2015, 46(4):433-444.
[56]Meneghini RM, Keyes BJ, Reddy KK, et al. Modern retrograde in-tramedullary nails versus periarticular locked plates for supracon-dylar femur fractures after total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplas-ty, 2014, 29(7):1478-1481.
[57]Pelfort X,Torres-Claramunt R, Hinarejos P, et al. Extension mal-union of the femoral component after retrograde nailing:no sequel-ae at 6 years[J]. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 2013, 27(3):158-61.
[58]Newman ET, Hug KT, Wellman SS, et al. Custom intramedullaryintercalating device for treatment of supracondylar fracture be-tween constrained total knee arthroplasty and well-fixed total hiparthroplasty[J]. Knee, 2014, 21(2):594-596.
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