北江飞来峡库区典型流域非点源污染特征分析及模拟
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摘要
为分析飞来峡库区典型流域非点源污染状况,开展社岗流域场次降雨径流水量水质监测试验,采用平均浓度法估算非点源污染负荷量,分析各场次降雨径流污染物特征并计算非点源污染贡献率,应用SWAT模型进行径流及非点源污染模拟。结果表明,径流量对SS、BOD_5等浓度和负荷量均有较强的主导作用,TN、NH_3-N等初期冲刷效应较为明显,污染物负荷量与径流量的相关性好于污染物浓度与径流量的相关性,各污染物的非点源污染贡献率均达到80%以上。SWAT模型径流模拟的率定期和验证期效率系数分别为0.85和0.73,表明所构建的SWAT模型精度良好。在污染物率定期,雨强较大的典型日污染物模拟效果最佳,污染物相对误差基本在10%以内,而在雨强较小时,TN、TP等均出现较大程度的低估现象;在污染物验证期,由于该时期正处于春耕施肥期,TN、TP模拟结果相对误差较大,且均为低估。总体而言,SWAT模型模拟精度良好,基本能反映该流域非点源污染状况,可为飞来峡库区流域的非点源污染模拟与控制提供参考。
In order to analyze the non-point source pollution of the typical watershed in the Feilaixia Reservoir area, an experiment of water quantity and quality monitoring in each rainfall events in Shegang watershed was conducted, and non-point source pollution load was estimated by mean concentration method, analyzing the pollutant characteristics of runoff from different rainfall events and calculating the contribution rate of non-point source pollution. Simulation of runoff and non-point source pollution was made by using SWAT model. The results show that: runoff plays a dominant role in the concentration and load of SS, BOD_5,etc.; the initial scouring effect of TN and NH_3-N is obvious; the correlation between pollutant load and runoff is better than that between pollutant concentration and runoff; the contribution rate of non-point source pollution of pollutants is more than 80%. The efficiency coefficients of SWAT model for runoff simulation in calibration and validation periods are 0.85 and 0.73, respectively, showing that the SWAT model has good accuracy. In the pollutants calibration period,typical daily pollutants with strong rain have the best simulation effect,with the relative error of pollutants within 10%.When the rain intensity is low, TN and TP are underestimated to a large extent. In the pollutants validation period, since it is in the spring ploughing and fertilizing period, the relative errors of TN and TP simulation results are large and underestimated. In general, SWAT model has good simulation accuracy, which can basically reflect the non-point source pollution situation in the basin, and can provide reference for non-point source pollution simulation and control in the Feilaixia Reservoir Basin.
In order to analyze the non-point source pollution of the typical watershed in the Feilaixia Reservoir area, an experiment of water quantity and quality monitoring in each rainfall events in Shegang watershed was conducted, and non-point source pollution load was estimated by mean concentration method, analyzing the pollutant characteristics of runoff from different rainfall events and calculating the contribution rate of non-point source pollution. Simulation of runoff and non-point source pollution was made by using SWAT model. The results show that: runoff plays a dominant role in the concentration and load of SS, BOD_5,etc.; the initial scouring effect of TN and NH_3-N is obvious; the correlation between pollutant load and runoff is better than that between pollutant concentration and runoff; the contribution rate of non-point source pollution of pollutants is more than 80%. The efficiency coefficients of SWAT model for runoff simulation in calibration and validation periods are 0.85 and 0.73, respectively, showing that the SWAT model has good accuracy. In the pollutants calibration period,typical daily pollutants with strong rain have the best simulation effect,with the relative error of pollutants within 10%.When the rain intensity is low, TN and TP are underestimated to a large extent. In the pollutants validation period, since it is in the spring ploughing and fertilizing period, the relative errors of TN and TP simulation results are large and underestimated. In general, SWAT model has good simulation accuracy, which can basically reflect the non-point source pollution situation in the basin, and can provide reference for non-point source pollution simulation and control in the Feilaixia Reservoir Basin.
引文
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[13] 张晓晗,万甜,程文,等.黑河水库非点源污染时空分布研究[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(4):324-330.(ZHANG Xiaohan,WAN Tian,CHENG Wen,et al.Temporal-spatial distribution of non-point source pollution research of Heihe Reservoir[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(4):324-330.(in Chinese))
[14] 刘吉开,万甜,程文,等.未来气候情境下渭河流域陕西段非点源污染负荷响应[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(4):82-86.(LIU Jikai,WAN Tian,CHENG Wen,et al.Effects of climate change scenarios on non-point source pollution load on Shaanxi section of Weihe River Basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(4):82-86.(in Chinese))
[15] 赖格英,易姝琨,刘维,等.基于修正SWAT模型的岩溶地区非点源污染模拟初探:以横港河流域为例[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(6):1560-1575.(LAI Geying,YI Shukun,LIU Wei,et.al.Non-point source pollution simulation in karst region based on modified SWAT Model-A case study in Henggang River Basin[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(6):1560-1575.(in Chinese))
[16] 冯麒宇,胡海英,黄国如.潭江泗合水流域降雨径流非点源污染特征分析[J].水资源保护,2016,32(3):143-148.(FENG Qiyu,HU Haiying,HUANG Guoru.Analysis of characteristics of non-point source pollution in rainfall-runoff process in Siheshui Watershed of Tanjiang Valley[J].Water Resources Protection,2016,32(3):143-148.(in Chinese))
[17] 代丹,于涛,雷坤,等.北京市清河水体非点源污染特征[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(6):1068-1077.(DAI Dan,YU Tao,LEI Kun,et al.Characteristics of non-point source pollution of Qinghe River in Beijing City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(6):1068-1077.(in Chinese))
[18] 赖格英,吴敦银,钟业喜,等.SWAT 模型的开发与应用进展[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(3):243-251.(LAI Geying,WU Dunying,ZHONG Yexi,et al.Progress in development and development and applications of SWAT model[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2012,40(3):243-251.(in Chinese))
[19] 张皓天,张弛,周惠成,等.基于SWAT模型的流域非点源污染模拟[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(6):644-650.(ZHANG Haotian,ZHANG Chi,ZHOU Huicheng,et al.Simulation of non-point pollution in watershed based on SWAT model[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2010,38(6):644-650.(in Chinese))
[20] 陈晓丽,黄国如.基于SWAT模型的北江飞来峡流域径流模拟[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017,28(5):1-7.(CHEN Xiaoli,HUANG Guoru.Runoff simulation of Feilaixia watershed of Beijiang River based on SWAT Model[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2017,28(5):1-7.(in Chinese))
[2] 代俊峰,全秋慧,方荣杰,等.漓江流域上游非点源污染负荷估算[J].水利水电科技进展,2017,37(5):57-63.(DAI Junfeng,QUAN Qiuhui,FANG Rongjie,et al.Estimation of non-point source pollution load in upstream of Lijiang River[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(5):57-63.(in Chinese))
[3] 刘庄,晁建颖,张丽,等.中国非点源污染负荷计算研究现状与存在问题[J].水科学进展,2015,26(3):432-442.(LIU Zhuang,CHAO Jianying,ZHANG Li,et al.Current status and problems of non-point source pollution load calculation in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(3):432-442.(in Chinese))
[4] 涂刚琴,刘鸿雁,赵志鹏,等.黔中平寨水库保护区非点源污染风险评价与敏感区域识别[J].水资源保护,2015,31(4):87-93.(TU Gangqin,LIU Hongyan,ZHAO Zhipeng,et al.Risk assessment of non-point source pollution and sensitive region recognition to Pingzhai Reservoir protection areas in central Guizhou[J].Water Resources Protection,2015,31(4):87-93.(in Chinese))
[5] JOHNES P J.Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:the export coefficient modelling approach[J].Journal of Hydrology,1996,183(3/4):340-349.
[6] 张辰,陆建忠,陈晓玲.基于输出系数模型的云南洱海流域农业非点源污染研究[J].华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,51(1):108-114.(ZHANG Chen,LU Jianzhong,CHEN Xiaoling.Study of pollution from agricultural non-point sources in lake Erhai watershed in Yunnan Province based on export coefficient model[J].Journal of Central China Normal University(Natural Sciences),2017,51(1):108-114.(in Chinese))
[7] 李娜,韩维峥,沈梦楠,等.基于输出系数模型的水库汇水区农业面源污染负荷估算[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(8):224-230.(LI Na,HAN Weizheng,SHEN Mengnan,et al.Load evaluation of non-point source pollutants from reservoir based on export coefficient modeling[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(8):224-230.(in Chinese))
[8] 王文章,敖天其,史小春,等.基于输出系数模型的射洪县农村面源污染负荷估算[J].环境工程,2018(1):173-177.(WANG Wenzhang,AO Tianqi,SHI Xiaochun,et al.Estimation of pollution loads from rural non-point sources in Shehong county based on export coefficient modeling approach[J].Environmental Engineering,2018(1):173-177.(in Chinese))
[9] 蔡明,李怀恩,庄咏涛,等.改进的输出系数法在流域非点源污染负荷估算中的应用[J].水利学报,2004,35(7):40-45.(CAI Ming,LI Huaien,ZHUANG Yongtao,et al.Application of modified export coefficient method in polluting load estimation of non-point source pollution[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,35(7):40-45.(in Chinese))
[10] 陈亚荣,阮秋明,韩凤翔,等.基于改进输出系数法的长江流域面源污染负荷估算[J].测绘地理信息,2017,42(1):96-99.(CHEN Yarong,RUAN Qiuming,HAN Fengxiang,et al.Estimation of non-point source pollution load of Yangtze watershed based on improved export coefficient model[J].Journal of Geomatics,2017,42(1):96-99.(in Chinese))
[11] 茆峰,苏馈足,康加廷,等.基于改进输出系数法的矿区重金属面源污染负荷核算模型[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(2):207-211.(MAO Feng,SU Kuizu,KANG Jiating,et al.Research on heavy metal load accounting in mining areas using improved export coefficient method[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(2):207-211.(in Chinese))
[12] 吕乐婷,王晓蕊,江源,等.基于SWAT模型的东江流域蓝水、绿水时空分布特征研究[J].水资源保护,2017,33(5):53-60.(LYU Leting,WANG Xiaorui,JIANG Yuan,et al.Research on spatial and temporal distribution features of green and blue water in Dongjiang River Basin based on SWAT model[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(5):53-60.(in Chinese))
[13] 张晓晗,万甜,程文,等.黑河水库非点源污染时空分布研究[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(4):324-330.(ZHANG Xiaohan,WAN Tian,CHENG Wen,et al.Temporal-spatial distribution of non-point source pollution research of Heihe Reservoir[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(4):324-330.(in Chinese))
[14] 刘吉开,万甜,程文,等.未来气候情境下渭河流域陕西段非点源污染负荷响应[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(4):82-86.(LIU Jikai,WAN Tian,CHENG Wen,et al.Effects of climate change scenarios on non-point source pollution load on Shaanxi section of Weihe River Basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(4):82-86.(in Chinese))
[15] 赖格英,易姝琨,刘维,等.基于修正SWAT模型的岩溶地区非点源污染模拟初探:以横港河流域为例[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(6):1560-1575.(LAI Geying,YI Shukun,LIU Wei,et.al.Non-point source pollution simulation in karst region based on modified SWAT Model-A case study in Henggang River Basin[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(6):1560-1575.(in Chinese))
[16] 冯麒宇,胡海英,黄国如.潭江泗合水流域降雨径流非点源污染特征分析[J].水资源保护,2016,32(3):143-148.(FENG Qiyu,HU Haiying,HUANG Guoru.Analysis of characteristics of non-point source pollution in rainfall-runoff process in Siheshui Watershed of Tanjiang Valley[J].Water Resources Protection,2016,32(3):143-148.(in Chinese))
[17] 代丹,于涛,雷坤,等.北京市清河水体非点源污染特征[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(6):1068-1077.(DAI Dan,YU Tao,LEI Kun,et al.Characteristics of non-point source pollution of Qinghe River in Beijing City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(6):1068-1077.(in Chinese))
[18] 赖格英,吴敦银,钟业喜,等.SWAT 模型的开发与应用进展[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(3):243-251.(LAI Geying,WU Dunying,ZHONG Yexi,et al.Progress in development and development and applications of SWAT model[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2012,40(3):243-251.(in Chinese))
[19] 张皓天,张弛,周惠成,等.基于SWAT模型的流域非点源污染模拟[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(6):644-650.(ZHANG Haotian,ZHANG Chi,ZHOU Huicheng,et al.Simulation of non-point pollution in watershed based on SWAT model[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2010,38(6):644-650.(in Chinese))
[20] 陈晓丽,黄国如.基于SWAT模型的北江飞来峡流域径流模拟[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017,28(5):1-7.(CHEN Xiaoli,HUANG Guoru.Runoff simulation of Feilaixia watershed of Beijiang River based on SWAT Model[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2017,28(5):1-7.(in Chinese))