Influence of Tropical Cyclones on Hong Kong Air Quality
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摘要
Tropical cyclones(TCs) constitute one of the major atmospheric activities affecting the air quality of the Pearl River Delta region. In this study, the impact of TCs on air quality in Hong Kong during the TC active season(July–October) from 2000 to 2015 is investigated. It is found that 57.5% of days with concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10 μm(PM_(10)) above the 90th percentile are related to TC activity. TCs in three regions, located to the east, southeast, and southwest of Hong Kong, have obvious impacts on pollutant concentration. When TCs are located east of Hong Kong near Taiwan, 65.5%/38.7% of the days have high or extremely high PM_(10)/ozone(O_3) levels, which are associated with northerly wind, sinking motion, and relatively low precipitation. When TCs are located southeast of Hong Kong, 48.1%/58.2% of the days have high pollution levels, associated mainly with continental air mass transport. When TCs are south or west of Hong Kong, only 20.8%/16.9% of the days have high PM_(10)/O_3 levels, and the air quality in Hong Kong is generally good or normal due to TC-associated precipitation, oceanic air mass transport, and an enhanced rising motion. The higher chance of high O_3 days when TCs are present between Hong Kong and Taiwan, possibly due to lower-than-normal precipitation along the east coast of China under TC circulation. The results in this study highlight the important influence of TC position and associated atmospheric circulations on the air quality in Hong Kong.
Tropical cyclones(TCs) constitute one of the major atmospheric activities affecting the air quality of the Pearl River Delta region. In this study, the impact of TCs on air quality in Hong Kong during the TC active season(July–October) from 2000 to 2015 is investigated. It is found that 57.5% of days with concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10 μm(PM_(10)) above the 90th percentile are related to TC activity. TCs in three regions, located to the east, southeast, and southwest of Hong Kong, have obvious impacts on pollutant concentration. When TCs are located east of Hong Kong near Taiwan, 65.5%/38.7% of the days have high or extremely high PM_(10)/ozone(O_3) levels, which are associated with northerly wind, sinking motion, and relatively low precipitation. When TCs are located southeast of Hong Kong, 48.1%/58.2% of the days have high pollution levels, associated mainly with continental air mass transport. When TCs are south or west of Hong Kong, only 20.8%/16.9% of the days have high PM_(10)/O_3 levels, and the air quality in Hong Kong is generally good or normal due to TC-associated precipitation, oceanic air mass transport, and an enhanced rising motion. The higher chance of high O_3 days when TCs are present between Hong Kong and Taiwan, possibly due to lower-than-normal precipitation along the east coast of China under TC circulation. The results in this study highlight the important influence of TC position and associated atmospheric circulations on the air quality in Hong Kong.
Tropical cyclones(TCs) constitute one of the major atmospheric activities affecting the air quality of the Pearl River Delta region. In this study, the impact of TCs on air quality in Hong Kong during the TC active season(July–October) from 2000 to 2015 is investigated. It is found that 57.5% of days with concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10 μm(PM_(10)) above the 90th percentile are related to TC activity. TCs in three regions, located to the east, southeast, and southwest of Hong Kong, have obvious impacts on pollutant concentration. When TCs are located east of Hong Kong near Taiwan, 65.5%/38.7% of the days have high or extremely high PM_(10)/ozone(O_3) levels, which are associated with northerly wind, sinking motion, and relatively low precipitation. When TCs are located southeast of Hong Kong, 48.1%/58.2% of the days have high pollution levels, associated mainly with continental air mass transport. When TCs are south or west of Hong Kong, only 20.8%/16.9% of the days have high PM_(10)/O_3 levels, and the air quality in Hong Kong is generally good or normal due to TC-associated precipitation, oceanic air mass transport, and an enhanced rising motion. The higher chance of high O_3 days when TCs are present between Hong Kong and Taiwan, possibly due to lower-than-normal precipitation along the east coast of China under TC circulation. The results in this study highlight the important influence of TC position and associated atmospheric circulations on the air quality in Hong Kong.
引文
Chan,C.Y.,and L.Y.Chan,2000:Effect of meteorology and air pollutant transport on ozone episodes at a subtropical coasta Asian city,Hong Kong.J.Geophys.Res.,105,20 707-20 724https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900140.
Chan,L.Y.,H.Y.Liu,K.S.Lam,T.Wang,S.J.Oltmans,and JM.Harris,1998:Analysis of the seasonal behavior of tropospheric ozone at Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,32,159-168https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00320-8.
Cheng,Z.L.,K.S.Lam,L.Y.Chan,T.Wang,and K.K.Cheng2000:Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.I.Seasonal variation of major ions,halogens and mineral dusts between 1995 and 1996.Atmos.Environ.,34,2771-2783,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00343-X.
Colbeck,I.,and A.R.Mac Kenzie,1994:Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants.Elsevier,388 pp.
Davidson,C.I.,R.F.Phalen,and P.A.Solomon,2005:Airborne particulate matter and human health:A review.Aerosol Science and Technology,39,737-749,https://doi.org/10.108002786820500191348.
Deng,X.J.,X.X.Tie,D.Wu,X.J.Zhou,X.Y.Bi,H.B.Tan F.Li,and C.L.Jiang,2008:Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,China.Atmos.Environ.,42,1424-1435,https://doi.org10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.025.
Ding,A.J.,T.Wang,and C.B.Fu,2013:Transport characteristics and origins of carbon monoxide and ozone in Hong Kong South China.J.Geophys.Res.,118,9475-9488,https:/doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50714.
Draxler,R.R.,and G.D.Hess,1997:Description of the HYS-PLIT 4 modeling system.NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224.Silver Spring,Md.:U.S.Dept.of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Environmental Research Laboratories,Air Resources Laboratory.
Feng,Y.R.,A.Y.Wang,D.Wu,and X.D.Xu,2007:The influence of tropical cyclone Melor on PM10concentrations during an aerosol episode over the Pearl River Delta region of China Numerical modeling versus observational analysis.Atmos Environ.,41,4349-4365,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv2007.01.055.
Hien,P.D.,P.D.Loc,and N.V.Dao,2011:Air pollution episodes associated with East Asian winter monsoons.Science of the Total Environment,409,5063-5068,https://doi.org/10.1016j.scitotenv.2011.08.049.
Ho,K.F.,S.C.Lee,C.K.Chan,J.C.Yu,J.C.Chow,and XH.Yao,2003:Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5and PM10aerosols in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,37,31-39,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00804-X.
Husar,R.B.,J.M.Prospero,and L.L.Stowe,1997:Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAAadvanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product.J.Geophys.Res.,102,16 889-16 909https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD04009.
Jiang,F.,and Coauthors,2010:An ozone episode in the Pear River Delta:Field observation and model simulation.JGeophys.Res.,115,D22305,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013583.
Kim,J.-S.,W.Zhou,H.N.Cheung,and C.H.Chow,2013:Variability and risk analysis of Hong Kong air quality based on Monsoon and El Ni?no conditions.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,280-290,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2074-z.
Lai,L.Y.,and R.Sequeira,2001:Visibility degradation across Hong Kong:Its components and their relative contributions.Atmos.Environ.,35,5861-5872,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00395-8.
Lam,K.S.,T.J.Wang,L.Y.Chan,T.Wang,and J.Harris,2001:Flow patterns influencing the seasonal behavior of surface ozone and carbon monoxide at a coastal site near Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,35,3121-3135,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00559-8.
Lee,L.Y.L.,R.C.W.Kwok,Y.P.Cheung,and K.N.Yu,2004:Analyses of airborne7Be concentrations in Hong Kong using back-trajectories.Atmos.Environ.,38,7033-7040,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.045.
Lee,Y.C.,G.Calori,P.Hills,and G.R.Carmichael,2002:Ozone episodes in urban Hong Kong 1994-1999.Atmos.Environ.,36,1957-1968,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00150-4.
Lee,Y.C.,and A.Savtchenko,2006:Relationship between air pollution in Hong Kong and in the Pearl River Delta region of South China in 2003 and 2004:An analysis.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,45,269-282,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2332.1.
Lee,Y.C.,X.Yang,and M.Wenig,2010:Transport of dusts from East Asian and non-East Asian sources to Hong Kong during dust storm related events 1996-2007.Atmos.Environ.,44,3728-3738,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.034.
Louie,P.K.K.,J.G.Watson,J.C.Chow,A.Chen,D.W.M.Sin,and A.K.H.Lau,2005:Seasonal characteristics and regional transport of PM2.5in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,39,1695-1710,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.11.017.
Qin,Y.,C.K.Chan,and L.Y.Chan,1997:Characteristics of chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols in Hong Kong:Spatial and seasonal distributions.Science of the Total Environment,206,25-37,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00214-3.
Shen,J.,and Coauthors,2015:An ozone episode over the Pearl River Delta in October 2008.Atmos.Environ.,122,852-863,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.036.
Stein,A.F.,R.R.Draxler,G.D.Rolph,B.J.B.Stunder,M.D.Cohen,and F.Ngan,2015:NOAA’s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,96,2059-2077,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1.
Strong,M.,Z.D.Sharp,and D.S.Gutzler,2007:Diagnosing moisture transport using D/H ratios of water vapor.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L03404,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028307.
Wang,T.,2003:Study of visibility reduction and its causes in Hong Kong.Final Report,Tender Ref.AS 01-286,Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management,Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Wang,T.,V.T.F.Cheung,M.Anson,and Y.S.Li,2001a:Ozone and related gaseous pollutants in the boundary layer of eastern China:Overview of the recent measurements at a rural site.Geophys.Res.Lett.,28,2373-2376,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012378.
Wang,T.,Y.Y.Wu,T.F.Cheung,and K.S.Lam,2001b:A study of surface ozone and the relation to complex wind flow in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,35,3203-3215,https://doi.org10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00558-6.
Wang,T.,K.S.Lam,A.S.Y.Lee,S.W.Pang,and W.S.Tsui1998:Meteorological and chemical characteristics of the photochemical ozone episodes observed at Cape D’Aguilar in Hong Kong.J.Appl.Meteor.,37,1167-1178,https://doi.org10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1167:MACCOT>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,T.,X.L.Wei,A.J.Ding,C.N.Poon,K.S.Lam,YS.Li,L.Y.Chan,and M.Anson,2009:Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of Southern China,1994-2007.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,9,6217-6227https://dx.org/10.5194/acp-9-6217-2009.
Wang,X.-K.,and W.-Z.Lu,2006:Seasonal variation of air pollution index:Hong Kong case study.Chemosphere,63,1261-1272,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.031.
Wei,X.L.,Y.S.Li,K.S.Lam,A.Y.Wang,and T.J.Wang,2007Impact of biogenic VOC emissions on a tropical cyclonerelated ozone episode in the Pearl River Delta region,China Atmos.Environ.,41,7851-7864,https://doi.org/10.1016j.atmosenv.2007.06.012.
World Health Organization,2006:Air Quality Guidelines:Globa Update 2005:Particulate Matter,Ozone,Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide.World Health Organization,http://www euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/airquality/publications/pre2009/air-quality-guidelines.-globalupdate-2005.-particulate-matter,-ozone,-nitrogen-dioxideand-sulfur-dioxide
Wu,D.,X.X.Tie,C.C.Li,Z.M.Ying,A.K.-H.Lau,A.,J.Huang,X.J.Deng,and X.Y.Bi,2005:An extremely low visibility event over the Guangzhou region:A case study.Atmos.Environ.,39,6568-6577,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.061.
Yang,J.X.,A.K.H.Lau,J.C.H.Fung,W.Zhou,and M.Wenig,2012:An air pollution episode and its formation mechanism during the tropical cyclone Nuri’s landfall in a coastal city of south China.Atmos.Environ.,54,746-753,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.023.
Yu,J.Z.,J.W.T.Tung,A.W.M.Wu,A.K.H.Lau,P.K.-K.Louie,and J.C.H.Fung,2004:Abundance and seasonal characteristics of elemental and organic carbon in Hong Kong PM10.Atmos.Environ.,38,1511-1521,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.035.
Yuan,Z.B.,A.K.H.Lau,H.Y.Zhang,J.Z.Yu,P.K.K.Louie,and J.C.H.Fung,2006:Identification and spatiotemporal variations of dominant PM10sources over Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,40,1803-1815,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.030.
Zhao,C.,Y.H.Wang,Q.Yang,R.Fu,D.Cunnold,and Y.Choi,2010:Impact of East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China:View from space.J.Geophys.Res.,115,D09301,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012745.
Chan,L.Y.,H.Y.Liu,K.S.Lam,T.Wang,S.J.Oltmans,and JM.Harris,1998:Analysis of the seasonal behavior of tropospheric ozone at Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,32,159-168https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00320-8.
Cheng,Z.L.,K.S.Lam,L.Y.Chan,T.Wang,and K.K.Cheng2000:Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.I.Seasonal variation of major ions,halogens and mineral dusts between 1995 and 1996.Atmos.Environ.,34,2771-2783,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00343-X.
Colbeck,I.,and A.R.Mac Kenzie,1994:Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants.Elsevier,388 pp.
Davidson,C.I.,R.F.Phalen,and P.A.Solomon,2005:Airborne particulate matter and human health:A review.Aerosol Science and Technology,39,737-749,https://doi.org/10.108002786820500191348.
Deng,X.J.,X.X.Tie,D.Wu,X.J.Zhou,X.Y.Bi,H.B.Tan F.Li,and C.L.Jiang,2008:Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,China.Atmos.Environ.,42,1424-1435,https://doi.org10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.025.
Ding,A.J.,T.Wang,and C.B.Fu,2013:Transport characteristics and origins of carbon monoxide and ozone in Hong Kong South China.J.Geophys.Res.,118,9475-9488,https:/doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50714.
Draxler,R.R.,and G.D.Hess,1997:Description of the HYS-PLIT 4 modeling system.NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224.Silver Spring,Md.:U.S.Dept.of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Environmental Research Laboratories,Air Resources Laboratory.
Feng,Y.R.,A.Y.Wang,D.Wu,and X.D.Xu,2007:The influence of tropical cyclone Melor on PM10concentrations during an aerosol episode over the Pearl River Delta region of China Numerical modeling versus observational analysis.Atmos Environ.,41,4349-4365,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv2007.01.055.
Hien,P.D.,P.D.Loc,and N.V.Dao,2011:Air pollution episodes associated with East Asian winter monsoons.Science of the Total Environment,409,5063-5068,https://doi.org/10.1016j.scitotenv.2011.08.049.
Ho,K.F.,S.C.Lee,C.K.Chan,J.C.Yu,J.C.Chow,and XH.Yao,2003:Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5and PM10aerosols in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,37,31-39,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00804-X.
Husar,R.B.,J.M.Prospero,and L.L.Stowe,1997:Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAAadvanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product.J.Geophys.Res.,102,16 889-16 909https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD04009.
Jiang,F.,and Coauthors,2010:An ozone episode in the Pear River Delta:Field observation and model simulation.JGeophys.Res.,115,D22305,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013583.
Kim,J.-S.,W.Zhou,H.N.Cheung,and C.H.Chow,2013:Variability and risk analysis of Hong Kong air quality based on Monsoon and El Ni?no conditions.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30,280-290,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2074-z.
Lai,L.Y.,and R.Sequeira,2001:Visibility degradation across Hong Kong:Its components and their relative contributions.Atmos.Environ.,35,5861-5872,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00395-8.
Lam,K.S.,T.J.Wang,L.Y.Chan,T.Wang,and J.Harris,2001:Flow patterns influencing the seasonal behavior of surface ozone and carbon monoxide at a coastal site near Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,35,3121-3135,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00559-8.
Lee,L.Y.L.,R.C.W.Kwok,Y.P.Cheung,and K.N.Yu,2004:Analyses of airborne7Be concentrations in Hong Kong using back-trajectories.Atmos.Environ.,38,7033-7040,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.045.
Lee,Y.C.,G.Calori,P.Hills,and G.R.Carmichael,2002:Ozone episodes in urban Hong Kong 1994-1999.Atmos.Environ.,36,1957-1968,https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00150-4.
Lee,Y.C.,and A.Savtchenko,2006:Relationship between air pollution in Hong Kong and in the Pearl River Delta region of South China in 2003 and 2004:An analysis.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,45,269-282,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2332.1.
Lee,Y.C.,X.Yang,and M.Wenig,2010:Transport of dusts from East Asian and non-East Asian sources to Hong Kong during dust storm related events 1996-2007.Atmos.Environ.,44,3728-3738,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.034.
Louie,P.K.K.,J.G.Watson,J.C.Chow,A.Chen,D.W.M.Sin,and A.K.H.Lau,2005:Seasonal characteristics and regional transport of PM2.5in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,39,1695-1710,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.11.017.
Qin,Y.,C.K.Chan,and L.Y.Chan,1997:Characteristics of chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols in Hong Kong:Spatial and seasonal distributions.Science of the Total Environment,206,25-37,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00214-3.
Shen,J.,and Coauthors,2015:An ozone episode over the Pearl River Delta in October 2008.Atmos.Environ.,122,852-863,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.036.
Stein,A.F.,R.R.Draxler,G.D.Rolph,B.J.B.Stunder,M.D.Cohen,and F.Ngan,2015:NOAA’s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,96,2059-2077,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1.
Strong,M.,Z.D.Sharp,and D.S.Gutzler,2007:Diagnosing moisture transport using D/H ratios of water vapor.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L03404,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028307.
Wang,T.,2003:Study of visibility reduction and its causes in Hong Kong.Final Report,Tender Ref.AS 01-286,Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management,Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Wang,T.,V.T.F.Cheung,M.Anson,and Y.S.Li,2001a:Ozone and related gaseous pollutants in the boundary layer of eastern China:Overview of the recent measurements at a rural site.Geophys.Res.Lett.,28,2373-2376,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012378.
Wang,T.,Y.Y.Wu,T.F.Cheung,and K.S.Lam,2001b:A study of surface ozone and the relation to complex wind flow in Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,35,3203-3215,https://doi.org10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00558-6.
Wang,T.,K.S.Lam,A.S.Y.Lee,S.W.Pang,and W.S.Tsui1998:Meteorological and chemical characteristics of the photochemical ozone episodes observed at Cape D’Aguilar in Hong Kong.J.Appl.Meteor.,37,1167-1178,https://doi.org10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1167:MACCOT>2.0.CO;2.
Wang,T.,X.L.Wei,A.J.Ding,C.N.Poon,K.S.Lam,YS.Li,L.Y.Chan,and M.Anson,2009:Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of Southern China,1994-2007.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,9,6217-6227https://dx.org/10.5194/acp-9-6217-2009.
Wang,X.-K.,and W.-Z.Lu,2006:Seasonal variation of air pollution index:Hong Kong case study.Chemosphere,63,1261-1272,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.031.
Wei,X.L.,Y.S.Li,K.S.Lam,A.Y.Wang,and T.J.Wang,2007Impact of biogenic VOC emissions on a tropical cyclonerelated ozone episode in the Pearl River Delta region,China Atmos.Environ.,41,7851-7864,https://doi.org/10.1016j.atmosenv.2007.06.012.
World Health Organization,2006:Air Quality Guidelines:Globa Update 2005:Particulate Matter,Ozone,Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide.World Health Organization,http://www euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/airquality/publications/pre2009/air-quality-guidelines.-globalupdate-2005.-particulate-matter,-ozone,-nitrogen-dioxideand-sulfur-dioxide
Wu,D.,X.X.Tie,C.C.Li,Z.M.Ying,A.K.-H.Lau,A.,J.Huang,X.J.Deng,and X.Y.Bi,2005:An extremely low visibility event over the Guangzhou region:A case study.Atmos.Environ.,39,6568-6577,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.061.
Yang,J.X.,A.K.H.Lau,J.C.H.Fung,W.Zhou,and M.Wenig,2012:An air pollution episode and its formation mechanism during the tropical cyclone Nuri’s landfall in a coastal city of south China.Atmos.Environ.,54,746-753,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.023.
Yu,J.Z.,J.W.T.Tung,A.W.M.Wu,A.K.H.Lau,P.K.-K.Louie,and J.C.H.Fung,2004:Abundance and seasonal characteristics of elemental and organic carbon in Hong Kong PM10.Atmos.Environ.,38,1511-1521,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.035.
Yuan,Z.B.,A.K.H.Lau,H.Y.Zhang,J.Z.Yu,P.K.K.Louie,and J.C.H.Fung,2006:Identification and spatiotemporal variations of dominant PM10sources over Hong Kong.Atmos.Environ.,40,1803-1815,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.030.
Zhao,C.,Y.H.Wang,Q.Yang,R.Fu,D.Cunnold,and Y.Choi,2010:Impact of East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China:View from space.J.Geophys.Res.,115,D09301,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012745.