Effects of High-temperature Char Layer and Pyrolysis Gas on NOx Reduction in a Typical Decoupling Combustion Coal-fired Stove
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摘要
The suppression of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) is the key to reducing pollutant emission of a domestic coal-fired stove due to the limitation of technology condition and economic cost. The decoupling combustion(DC) technology invented by Institute of Process Engineering(IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) is characterized by that a traditional stove is separated into a pyrolysis and a combustion chamber as well as a bottom passage between them. In this study, the combustion of briquette from bituminous coal in different operation modes in a typical decoupling stove is tested and simulated to validate the advantage of DC technology over so-called reverse combustion. The smokeless and high-efficiency combustion of bituminous briquette with low emissions of NO_x and CO can be implemented by utilizing low NO_x combustion under low temperature and reduction atmosphere in the pyrolysis chamber as well as after-combustion of char and pyrolysis gas under high temperature and oxidation atmosphere in the combustion chamber. The effects of the main reducing components in pyrolysis gas as well as char on NO_x reduction were numerically investigated in this study, which shows that the reducing ability increases gradually from CH_4, CO to char, but the combined reducing ability of them cannot be determined by a simple addition.
The suppression of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) is the key to reducing pollutant emission of a domestic coal-fired stove due to the limitation of technology condition and economic cost. The decoupling combustion(DC) technology invented by Institute of Process Engineering(IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) is characterized by that a traditional stove is separated into a pyrolysis and a combustion chamber as well as a bottom passage between them. In this study, the combustion of briquette from bituminous coal in different operation modes in a typical decoupling stove is tested and simulated to validate the advantage of DC technology over so-called reverse combustion. The smokeless and high-efficiency combustion of bituminous briquette with low emissions of NO_x and CO can be implemented by utilizing low NO_x combustion under low temperature and reduction atmosphere in the pyrolysis chamber as well as after-combustion of char and pyrolysis gas under high temperature and oxidation atmosphere in the combustion chamber. The effects of the main reducing components in pyrolysis gas as well as char on NO_x reduction were numerically investigated in this study, which shows that the reducing ability increases gradually from CH_4, CO to char, but the combined reducing ability of them cannot be determined by a simple addition.
The suppression of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) is the key to reducing pollutant emission of a domestic coal-fired stove due to the limitation of technology condition and economic cost. The decoupling combustion(DC) technology invented by Institute of Process Engineering(IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) is characterized by that a traditional stove is separated into a pyrolysis and a combustion chamber as well as a bottom passage between them. In this study, the combustion of briquette from bituminous coal in different operation modes in a typical decoupling stove is tested and simulated to validate the advantage of DC technology over so-called reverse combustion. The smokeless and high-efficiency combustion of bituminous briquette with low emissions of NO_x and CO can be implemented by utilizing low NO_x combustion under low temperature and reduction atmosphere in the pyrolysis chamber as well as after-combustion of char and pyrolysis gas under high temperature and oxidation atmosphere in the combustion chamber. The effects of the main reducing components in pyrolysis gas as well as char on NO_x reduction were numerically investigated in this study, which shows that the reducing ability increases gradually from CH_4, CO to char, but the combined reducing ability of them cannot be determined by a simple addition.
引文
[1]Rohde R.A.,Muller R.A.,Air pollution in China:Mapping of concentrations and sources.Plos One 2013,10:e0135749.
[2]Ianniello A.,Spataro F.,Esposito G.,et al.,Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM 2.5 in the atmosphere of Beijing(China).Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11:10803?10822.
[3]Li J.,Xu G.,Yang L.,et al.,A NOx-suppressed smokeless coal combustion method and application in coal-fired furnace.CN 95102081.1,1995.
[4]Li J.,Bai Y.,Song W.,NOx-suppressed smokeless coal combustion technique.International Symposium on Clean Coal Technology,Xiamen,China.1997.
[5]He J.,Song W.,Gao S.,et al.,Experimental study of the reduction mechanisms of NO emission in decoupling combustion of coal.Fuel Processing Technology,2006,87:803?810.
[6]Hao J.,Gao S.,Sun G.,et al.,Status of coal-fired industrial boilers and development of decoupling combustion technique.Industrial Boiler,2014,169:7?11.
[7]Van Der Lans R.P.,Pedersen L.T.,Jensen A.,et al.,Modelling and experiments of straw combustion in a grate furnace.Biomass and Bioenergy,2000,19:199?208.
[8]Shin D.,Choi S.,The combustion of simulated waste particles in a fixed bed.Combustion and Flame,2000,121:167?180.
[9]Hermansson S.,Thunman H.,CFD modelling of bed shrinkage and channelling in fixed-bed combustion.Combustion and Flame,2011;158:988?999.
[10]Yang Y.B.,Goh Y.R.,Zakaria R.,et al.,Mathematical modelling of MSW incineration on a travelling bed.Waste Management,2002,22:369?380.
[11]Collazo J.,Porteiro J.,Patino D.,et al.,Numerical modeling of the combustion of densified wood under fixed-bed conditions.Fuel,2012,93:149?159.
[12]Duffy N.T.M.,Eaton J.A.,Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD.Combustion and Flame,2013,160:2204?2220.
[13]Peters B.,Measurements and application of a discrete particle model(DPM)to simulate combustion of a packed bed of individual fuel particles.Combustion and Flame,2002,131:132?146.
[14]Simsek E.,Brosch B.,Wirtz S.,et al.,Numerical simulation of grate firing systems using a coupled CFD/discrete element method(DEM).Powder Technology,2009,193:266?273.
[15]Anca-Couce A.,Zobel N.,Jakobsen H.A.,Multi-scale modeling of fixed-bed thermo-chemical processes of biomass with the representative particle model:Application to pyrolysis.Fuel,2013,103:773?782.
[16]Mehrabian R.,Zahirovic S.,Scharler R.,et al.,A CFDmodel for thermal conversion of thermally thick biomass particles.Fuel Processing Technology,2012,95:96?108.
[17]Mehrabian R.,Shiehnejadhesar A.,Scharler R.,et al.,Multi-physics modelling of packed bed biomass combustion.Fuel,2014,122:164?178.
[18]Str?m H.,Thunman H.,CFD simulations of biofuel bed conversion:A submodel for the drying and devolatilization of thermally thick wood particles.Combustion and Flame,2013,160:417?431.
[19]Abbas T.,Costa M.,Costen P.,et al.,NOX formation and reduction mechanisms in pulverized coal flames.Fuel,1994,73:1423?1436.
[20]Williams A.,Pourkashanian M.,Jones J.M.,et al.,Areview of NOx formation and reduction mechanisms in combustion systems,with particular reference to coal.Journal of the Energy Institute,1997,70:102?113.
[21]Johnsson J.E.,Formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides in fluidized-bed combustion.Fuel,1994,73:1398?1415.
[22]Watanabe H.,Yamamoto J.,Okazaki K.,NOX formation and reduction mechanisms in staged O2/CO2 combustion.Combustion and Flame,2011,158:1255?1263.
[23]Glarborg P.,Jensen A.D.,Johnsson J.E.,Fuel nitrogen conversion in solid fuel fired systems.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2003,29:89?113.
[24]Hill S.C.,Smoot L.D.,Modeling of nitrogen oxides formation and destruction in combustion systems.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2000,26:417?458.
[25]álvarez L.,Gharebaghi M.,Jones J.M.,et al.,CFDmodeling of oxy-coal combustion:prediction of burnout,volatile and NO precursors release.Applied Energy,2013,104:653?665.
[26]Le Bris T.,Cadavid F.,Caillat S.,et al.,Coal combustion modelling of large power plant,for NOX abatement.Fuel,2007,86:2213?2220.
[27]Choi C.R.,Kim C.N.,Numerical investigation on the flow,combustion and NOX emission characteristics in a500 MWe tangentially fired pulverized-coal boiler.Fuel,2009,88:1720?1731.
[28]Askarova A.,Bolegenova S.,Maximov V.,et al.,Numerical modeling of pulverized coal combustion at thermal power plant boilers.Journal of Thermal Science,2015,24:275?282.
[29]Zhou H.,Mo G.,Si D.,et al.,Numerical simulation of the NOX emissions in a 1000 MW tangentially fired pulverized-coal boiler:influence of the multi-group arrangement of the separated over fire air.Energy&Fuels,2011,25:2004?2012.
[30]Houshfar E,Skreiberg?,L?v?s T,et al.Effect of excess air ratio and temperature on NOX emission from grate combustion of biomass in the staged air combustion scenario.Energy&Fuels,2011,25:4643?4654.
[31]Yin C.,Rosendahl L.A.,Ker S.K.,Grate-firing of biomass for heat and power production,Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2008,34:725?754.
[32]Yin C.,Rosendahl L.,K?r S.K.,et al.,Mathematical modeling and experimental study of biomass combustion in a thermal 108 MW grate-fired boiler.Energy&Fuels,2008,22:1380?1390.
[33]Staiger B.,Unterberger S.,Berger R.,et al.,Development of an air staging technology to reduce NOX emissions in grate fired boilers.Energy,2005,30:1429?1438.
[34]Yin C.,Rosendahl L.,Clausen S.,et al.,Characterizing and modeling of an 88 MW grate-fired boiler burning wheat straw:experience and lessons.Energy,2012,41:473?482.
[35]Zhou H.,Jensen A.D.,Glarborg P.,et al.,Formation and reduction of nitric oxide in fixed-bed combustion of straw.Fuel,2006,85:705?716.
[36]Aho M.J.,H?m?l?inen J.P.,Tummavuori J.L.,Importance of solid fuel properties to nitrogen oxide formation through HCN and NH3 in small particle combustion.Combustion and Flame,1993,95:22?30.
[37]Klason T.,Bai X.S.,Computational study of the combustion process and NO formation in a small-scale wood pellet furnace.Fuel,2007,86:1465?1474.
[38]Stubenberger G.,Scharler R.,Zahirovi?S.,et al.,Experimental investigation of nitrogen species release from different solid biomass fuels as a basis for release models.Fuel,2008,87:793?806.
[39]Bugge M.,Skreiberg?.,Haugen N.E.L.,et al.,Numerical Simulations of Staged Biomass Grate Fired Combustion with an Emphasis on NOX Emissions.Energy Procedia,2015,75:156?161.
[40]Sartor K.,Restivo Y.,Ngendakumana P.,et al.,Prediction of SOX,and NOX,emissions from a medium size biomass boiler.Biomass&Bioenergy,2014,65:91?100.
[41]Ansys Fluent Inc.Ansys Fluent 17.0 user's guide,USA,2016.
[42]Shih T.H.,Liou W.W.,Shabbir A.,et al.,A new k-?eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows.Computers&Fluids,1995,24:227?238.
[43]Cheng P.,Two-dimensional radiating gas flow by a moment method.AIAA Journal,1964,2:1662?1664.
[44]Smith T.F.,Shen Z.F.,Friedman J.N.,Evaluation of coefficients for the weighted sum of gray gases mode.Journal of Heat Transfer,1982,104:602?608.
[45]Baum M.M.,Street P.J.,Predicting the combustion behavior of coal particles.Combustion Science and Technology,1971,3:231?243.
[46]Badzioch S.,Hawksley P.G.W.,Kinetics of thermal decomposition of pulverized coal particles.Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development,1970,9:521?530.
[47]Kobayashi H.,Howard J.B.,Sarofim A.F.,Coal devolatilization at high temperatures.Symposium(International)on Combustion,1977,16:411?425.
[48]Solomon P.R.,Serio M.A.,Suuberg E.M.,Coal pyrolysis:experiments,kinetic rates and mechanisms.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1992,18:133?220.
[49]Desroches-Ducarne E.,Dolignier J.C.,Marty E.,et al.,Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse.Fuel,1998,77:1399?1410.
[50]Wall T.,Liu Y.,Spero C.,et al.,An overview on oxyfuel coal combustion-state of the art research and technology development.Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2009,87:1003?1016.
[51]Wang C.,Berry G.F.,Chang K.,et al.,Combustion of pulverized coal using waste carbon dioxide and oxygen.Combustion and Flame,1988,72:301?310.
[52]Hecht E.S.,Shaddix C.R.,Lighty J.A.S.,Analysis of the errors associated with typical pulverized coal char combustion modeling assumptions for oxy-fuel combustion.Combustion and Flame,2013,160:1499?1509.
[53]Johansson R.,Thunman H.,Leckner B.,Influence of intraparticle gradients in modeling of fixed bed combustion.Combustion and Flame,2007,149:49?62.
[54]AF S.,Formation of NO and N2O in coal combustion-the relative importance of volatile and char nitrogen.Journal of the Institute of Energy,1993,66:207?215.
[55]Miller J.A.,Bowman C.T.,Mechanism and modeling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1989,15:287?338.
[56]Glarborg P.,Miller J.A.,Kee R.J.,Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of nitrogen oxide formation in wellstirred reactors.Combustion and Flame,1986,65:177?202.
[57]Moskaleva L.V.,Lin M.C.,The spin-conserved reaction CH+N2→H+NCN:A major pathway to prompt NOstudied by quantum/statistical theory calculations and kinetic modeling of rate constant.Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2000,28:2393?2401.
[58]Werther J.,Saenger M.,Hartge E.U.,et al.,Combustion of agricultural residues.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2000,26:1?27.
[59]Aho M.J.,H?m?l?inen J.P.,Tummavuori J.L.,Importance of solid fuel properties to nitrogen oxide formation through HCN and NH3 in small particle combustion.Combustion and Flame,1993,95:22?30.
[60]Zhang H.,Fletcher T.H.,Nitrogen transformations during secondary coal pyrolysis.Energy&Fuels,2001,15:1512?1522.
[61]Rüdiger H.,Greul U.,Spliethoff H.,et al.,Distribution of fuel nitrogen in pyrolysis products used for reburning.Fuel,1997,76:201?205.
[62]Bassilakis R.,Zhao Y.,Solomon P.R.,et al.,Sulfur and nitrogen evolution in the Argonne coals.Experiment and modeling.Energy&Fuels,1993,7:710?720.
[63]Song Y.,Pohl J.H.,Beer J.M.,et al.,Nitric oxide formation during pulverized coal combustion.Combustion Science and Technology,1982,28:31?40.
[64]Hill S.C.,Smoot L.D.,Smith P.J.,Prediction of nitrogen oxide formation in turbulent coal flames.Symposium(International)on Combustion,1985,20:1391?1400.
[65]Wendt J.O.L.,Fundamental coal combustion mechanisms and pollutant formation in furnaces.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1980,6:201?222.
[66]Xie J.,Yang X.,Zhu W.,et al.,Nitrogen transformation during coal decoulping combustion I:release behavior of coal-nitrogen during pyrolysis stage.Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2012,40:919?926.
[67]Desroches-Ducarne E.,Dolignier J.C.,Marty E.,et al.,Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse.Fuel,1998,77:1399?1410.
[68]Jensen A.,Johnsson J.E.,Andries J.,et al.,Formation and reduction of NOX in pressurized fluidized bed combustion of coal.Fuel,1995,74:1555?1569.
[69]Chen W.,Smoot L.D.,Fletcher T.H.,et al.,Acomputational method for determining global fuel-NOrate expressions.Part 1.Energy&Fuels,1996,10:1036?1045.
[2]Ianniello A.,Spataro F.,Esposito G.,et al.,Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM 2.5 in the atmosphere of Beijing(China).Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11:10803?10822.
[3]Li J.,Xu G.,Yang L.,et al.,A NOx-suppressed smokeless coal combustion method and application in coal-fired furnace.CN 95102081.1,1995.
[4]Li J.,Bai Y.,Song W.,NOx-suppressed smokeless coal combustion technique.International Symposium on Clean Coal Technology,Xiamen,China.1997.
[5]He J.,Song W.,Gao S.,et al.,Experimental study of the reduction mechanisms of NO emission in decoupling combustion of coal.Fuel Processing Technology,2006,87:803?810.
[6]Hao J.,Gao S.,Sun G.,et al.,Status of coal-fired industrial boilers and development of decoupling combustion technique.Industrial Boiler,2014,169:7?11.
[7]Van Der Lans R.P.,Pedersen L.T.,Jensen A.,et al.,Modelling and experiments of straw combustion in a grate furnace.Biomass and Bioenergy,2000,19:199?208.
[8]Shin D.,Choi S.,The combustion of simulated waste particles in a fixed bed.Combustion and Flame,2000,121:167?180.
[9]Hermansson S.,Thunman H.,CFD modelling of bed shrinkage and channelling in fixed-bed combustion.Combustion and Flame,2011;158:988?999.
[10]Yang Y.B.,Goh Y.R.,Zakaria R.,et al.,Mathematical modelling of MSW incineration on a travelling bed.Waste Management,2002,22:369?380.
[11]Collazo J.,Porteiro J.,Patino D.,et al.,Numerical modeling of the combustion of densified wood under fixed-bed conditions.Fuel,2012,93:149?159.
[12]Duffy N.T.M.,Eaton J.A.,Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD.Combustion and Flame,2013,160:2204?2220.
[13]Peters B.,Measurements and application of a discrete particle model(DPM)to simulate combustion of a packed bed of individual fuel particles.Combustion and Flame,2002,131:132?146.
[14]Simsek E.,Brosch B.,Wirtz S.,et al.,Numerical simulation of grate firing systems using a coupled CFD/discrete element method(DEM).Powder Technology,2009,193:266?273.
[15]Anca-Couce A.,Zobel N.,Jakobsen H.A.,Multi-scale modeling of fixed-bed thermo-chemical processes of biomass with the representative particle model:Application to pyrolysis.Fuel,2013,103:773?782.
[16]Mehrabian R.,Zahirovic S.,Scharler R.,et al.,A CFDmodel for thermal conversion of thermally thick biomass particles.Fuel Processing Technology,2012,95:96?108.
[17]Mehrabian R.,Shiehnejadhesar A.,Scharler R.,et al.,Multi-physics modelling of packed bed biomass combustion.Fuel,2014,122:164?178.
[18]Str?m H.,Thunman H.,CFD simulations of biofuel bed conversion:A submodel for the drying and devolatilization of thermally thick wood particles.Combustion and Flame,2013,160:417?431.
[19]Abbas T.,Costa M.,Costen P.,et al.,NOX formation and reduction mechanisms in pulverized coal flames.Fuel,1994,73:1423?1436.
[20]Williams A.,Pourkashanian M.,Jones J.M.,et al.,Areview of NOx formation and reduction mechanisms in combustion systems,with particular reference to coal.Journal of the Energy Institute,1997,70:102?113.
[21]Johnsson J.E.,Formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides in fluidized-bed combustion.Fuel,1994,73:1398?1415.
[22]Watanabe H.,Yamamoto J.,Okazaki K.,NOX formation and reduction mechanisms in staged O2/CO2 combustion.Combustion and Flame,2011,158:1255?1263.
[23]Glarborg P.,Jensen A.D.,Johnsson J.E.,Fuel nitrogen conversion in solid fuel fired systems.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2003,29:89?113.
[24]Hill S.C.,Smoot L.D.,Modeling of nitrogen oxides formation and destruction in combustion systems.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2000,26:417?458.
[25]álvarez L.,Gharebaghi M.,Jones J.M.,et al.,CFDmodeling of oxy-coal combustion:prediction of burnout,volatile and NO precursors release.Applied Energy,2013,104:653?665.
[26]Le Bris T.,Cadavid F.,Caillat S.,et al.,Coal combustion modelling of large power plant,for NOX abatement.Fuel,2007,86:2213?2220.
[27]Choi C.R.,Kim C.N.,Numerical investigation on the flow,combustion and NOX emission characteristics in a500 MWe tangentially fired pulverized-coal boiler.Fuel,2009,88:1720?1731.
[28]Askarova A.,Bolegenova S.,Maximov V.,et al.,Numerical modeling of pulverized coal combustion at thermal power plant boilers.Journal of Thermal Science,2015,24:275?282.
[29]Zhou H.,Mo G.,Si D.,et al.,Numerical simulation of the NOX emissions in a 1000 MW tangentially fired pulverized-coal boiler:influence of the multi-group arrangement of the separated over fire air.Energy&Fuels,2011,25:2004?2012.
[30]Houshfar E,Skreiberg?,L?v?s T,et al.Effect of excess air ratio and temperature on NOX emission from grate combustion of biomass in the staged air combustion scenario.Energy&Fuels,2011,25:4643?4654.
[31]Yin C.,Rosendahl L.A.,Ker S.K.,Grate-firing of biomass for heat and power production,Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2008,34:725?754.
[32]Yin C.,Rosendahl L.,K?r S.K.,et al.,Mathematical modeling and experimental study of biomass combustion in a thermal 108 MW grate-fired boiler.Energy&Fuels,2008,22:1380?1390.
[33]Staiger B.,Unterberger S.,Berger R.,et al.,Development of an air staging technology to reduce NOX emissions in grate fired boilers.Energy,2005,30:1429?1438.
[34]Yin C.,Rosendahl L.,Clausen S.,et al.,Characterizing and modeling of an 88 MW grate-fired boiler burning wheat straw:experience and lessons.Energy,2012,41:473?482.
[35]Zhou H.,Jensen A.D.,Glarborg P.,et al.,Formation and reduction of nitric oxide in fixed-bed combustion of straw.Fuel,2006,85:705?716.
[36]Aho M.J.,H?m?l?inen J.P.,Tummavuori J.L.,Importance of solid fuel properties to nitrogen oxide formation through HCN and NH3 in small particle combustion.Combustion and Flame,1993,95:22?30.
[37]Klason T.,Bai X.S.,Computational study of the combustion process and NO formation in a small-scale wood pellet furnace.Fuel,2007,86:1465?1474.
[38]Stubenberger G.,Scharler R.,Zahirovi?S.,et al.,Experimental investigation of nitrogen species release from different solid biomass fuels as a basis for release models.Fuel,2008,87:793?806.
[39]Bugge M.,Skreiberg?.,Haugen N.E.L.,et al.,Numerical Simulations of Staged Biomass Grate Fired Combustion with an Emphasis on NOX Emissions.Energy Procedia,2015,75:156?161.
[40]Sartor K.,Restivo Y.,Ngendakumana P.,et al.,Prediction of SOX,and NOX,emissions from a medium size biomass boiler.Biomass&Bioenergy,2014,65:91?100.
[41]Ansys Fluent Inc.Ansys Fluent 17.0 user's guide,USA,2016.
[42]Shih T.H.,Liou W.W.,Shabbir A.,et al.,A new k-?eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows.Computers&Fluids,1995,24:227?238.
[43]Cheng P.,Two-dimensional radiating gas flow by a moment method.AIAA Journal,1964,2:1662?1664.
[44]Smith T.F.,Shen Z.F.,Friedman J.N.,Evaluation of coefficients for the weighted sum of gray gases mode.Journal of Heat Transfer,1982,104:602?608.
[45]Baum M.M.,Street P.J.,Predicting the combustion behavior of coal particles.Combustion Science and Technology,1971,3:231?243.
[46]Badzioch S.,Hawksley P.G.W.,Kinetics of thermal decomposition of pulverized coal particles.Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development,1970,9:521?530.
[47]Kobayashi H.,Howard J.B.,Sarofim A.F.,Coal devolatilization at high temperatures.Symposium(International)on Combustion,1977,16:411?425.
[48]Solomon P.R.,Serio M.A.,Suuberg E.M.,Coal pyrolysis:experiments,kinetic rates and mechanisms.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1992,18:133?220.
[49]Desroches-Ducarne E.,Dolignier J.C.,Marty E.,et al.,Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse.Fuel,1998,77:1399?1410.
[50]Wall T.,Liu Y.,Spero C.,et al.,An overview on oxyfuel coal combustion-state of the art research and technology development.Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2009,87:1003?1016.
[51]Wang C.,Berry G.F.,Chang K.,et al.,Combustion of pulverized coal using waste carbon dioxide and oxygen.Combustion and Flame,1988,72:301?310.
[52]Hecht E.S.,Shaddix C.R.,Lighty J.A.S.,Analysis of the errors associated with typical pulverized coal char combustion modeling assumptions for oxy-fuel combustion.Combustion and Flame,2013,160:1499?1509.
[53]Johansson R.,Thunman H.,Leckner B.,Influence of intraparticle gradients in modeling of fixed bed combustion.Combustion and Flame,2007,149:49?62.
[54]AF S.,Formation of NO and N2O in coal combustion-the relative importance of volatile and char nitrogen.Journal of the Institute of Energy,1993,66:207?215.
[55]Miller J.A.,Bowman C.T.,Mechanism and modeling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1989,15:287?338.
[56]Glarborg P.,Miller J.A.,Kee R.J.,Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of nitrogen oxide formation in wellstirred reactors.Combustion and Flame,1986,65:177?202.
[57]Moskaleva L.V.,Lin M.C.,The spin-conserved reaction CH+N2→H+NCN:A major pathway to prompt NOstudied by quantum/statistical theory calculations and kinetic modeling of rate constant.Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2000,28:2393?2401.
[58]Werther J.,Saenger M.,Hartge E.U.,et al.,Combustion of agricultural residues.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2000,26:1?27.
[59]Aho M.J.,H?m?l?inen J.P.,Tummavuori J.L.,Importance of solid fuel properties to nitrogen oxide formation through HCN and NH3 in small particle combustion.Combustion and Flame,1993,95:22?30.
[60]Zhang H.,Fletcher T.H.,Nitrogen transformations during secondary coal pyrolysis.Energy&Fuels,2001,15:1512?1522.
[61]Rüdiger H.,Greul U.,Spliethoff H.,et al.,Distribution of fuel nitrogen in pyrolysis products used for reburning.Fuel,1997,76:201?205.
[62]Bassilakis R.,Zhao Y.,Solomon P.R.,et al.,Sulfur and nitrogen evolution in the Argonne coals.Experiment and modeling.Energy&Fuels,1993,7:710?720.
[63]Song Y.,Pohl J.H.,Beer J.M.,et al.,Nitric oxide formation during pulverized coal combustion.Combustion Science and Technology,1982,28:31?40.
[64]Hill S.C.,Smoot L.D.,Smith P.J.,Prediction of nitrogen oxide formation in turbulent coal flames.Symposium(International)on Combustion,1985,20:1391?1400.
[65]Wendt J.O.L.,Fundamental coal combustion mechanisms and pollutant formation in furnaces.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1980,6:201?222.
[66]Xie J.,Yang X.,Zhu W.,et al.,Nitrogen transformation during coal decoulping combustion I:release behavior of coal-nitrogen during pyrolysis stage.Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2012,40:919?926.
[67]Desroches-Ducarne E.,Dolignier J.C.,Marty E.,et al.,Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse.Fuel,1998,77:1399?1410.
[68]Jensen A.,Johnsson J.E.,Andries J.,et al.,Formation and reduction of NOX in pressurized fluidized bed combustion of coal.Fuel,1995,74:1555?1569.
[69]Chen W.,Smoot L.D.,Fletcher T.H.,et al.,Acomputational method for determining global fuel-NOrate expressions.Part 1.Energy&Fuels,1996,10:1036?1045.