Periconceptional care and offspring health at birth and long term,from the perspective of Avicenna
|
摘要
Periconceptional care such as lifestyle plays an important impact role in offspring health. The aim of the present study was to clarify the perspective of Avicenna on periconceptional care. Avicenna(980–1037 A.D.) was one of the outstanding Persian physicians, who made great contributions to the field of medical sciences, in particular, obstetrics. In advance, Avicenna's book, Canon of Medicine, was considered to find his perspectives on periconceptional care. Then, his ideas and theories were compared to the current findings by searching the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. Current investigations show that gamete quality, pregnancy outcome, and offspring health at birth and long term depend on both parents' lifestyle in pre-and periconceptional period, as well as the intrauterine environment. Avicenna believed that seminal fluid, sperm, ovum, and developing conditions in utero were influenced by the stages of food digestion and the function of some organs.On the other hand, food digestion and function of the organs also depend on each parent's lifestyle and environmental factors. He mentioned 6 principles of healthy lifestyle: exercise, nutrition, sleep and awareness, excretion of body wastes and retention of necessary materials, psychic features, as well as air and climate. Thus, a multicomponent healthy lifestyle should be considered by parents of child-bearing age in an appropriate period before and in early pregnancy as well as elimination of any disorders in parents, to give birth to more healthy offspring.
Periconceptional care such as lifestyle plays an important impact role in offspring health. The aim of the present study was to clarify the perspective of Avicenna on periconceptional care. Avicenna(980–1037 A.D.) was one of the outstanding Persian physicians, who made great contributions to the field of medical sciences, in particular, obstetrics. In advance, Avicenna's book, Canon of Medicine, was considered to find his perspectives on periconceptional care. Then, his ideas and theories were compared to the current findings by searching the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. Current investigations show that gamete quality, pregnancy outcome, and offspring health at birth and long term depend on both parents' lifestyle in pre-and periconceptional period, as well as the intrauterine environment. Avicenna believed that seminal fluid, sperm, ovum, and developing conditions in utero were influenced by the stages of food digestion and the function of some organs.On the other hand, food digestion and function of the organs also depend on each parent's lifestyle and environmental factors. He mentioned 6 principles of healthy lifestyle: exercise, nutrition, sleep and awareness, excretion of body wastes and retention of necessary materials, psychic features, as well as air and climate. Thus, a multicomponent healthy lifestyle should be considered by parents of child-bearing age in an appropriate period before and in early pregnancy as well as elimination of any disorders in parents, to give birth to more healthy offspring.
Periconceptional care such as lifestyle plays an important impact role in offspring health. The aim of the present study was to clarify the perspective of Avicenna on periconceptional care. Avicenna(980–1037 A.D.) was one of the outstanding Persian physicians, who made great contributions to the field of medical sciences, in particular, obstetrics. In advance, Avicenna's book, Canon of Medicine, was considered to find his perspectives on periconceptional care. Then, his ideas and theories were compared to the current findings by searching the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. Current investigations show that gamete quality, pregnancy outcome, and offspring health at birth and long term depend on both parents' lifestyle in pre-and periconceptional period, as well as the intrauterine environment. Avicenna believed that seminal fluid, sperm, ovum, and developing conditions in utero were influenced by the stages of food digestion and the function of some organs.On the other hand, food digestion and function of the organs also depend on each parent's lifestyle and environmental factors. He mentioned 6 principles of healthy lifestyle: exercise, nutrition, sleep and awareness, excretion of body wastes and retention of necessary materials, psychic features, as well as air and climate. Thus, a multicomponent healthy lifestyle should be considered by parents of child-bearing age in an appropriate period before and in early pregnancy as well as elimination of any disorders in parents, to give birth to more healthy offspring.
引文
[1] Chapin RE, Robbins WA, Schieve LA, Sweeney AM, Tabacova SA, Tomashek KM.Off to a good start:the influence of pre-and periconceptional exposures,parental fertility, and nutrition on children’s health. Environ Health Perspect2004;112(1):69–78.
[2] Barker D. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23(6Suppl.):588S–95S.
[3] Steegers-Theunissen RP, Twigt J, Pestinger V, Sinclair KD. The periconceptional period, reproduction and long-term health of offspring:the importance of onecarbon metabolism. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19(6):640–55.
[4] Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Fleming TP. Impact of the periconceptional environment on the programming of adult disease. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2010;1(2):87–95.
[5] Mc Millen IC, MacLaughlin SM, Muhlhausler BS, Gentili S, Duffield JL, Morrison JL. Developmental origins of adult health and disease:the role of periconceptional and foetal nutrition. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008;102(2):82–9.
[6] Godfrey KM, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC, Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Epigenetic mechanisms and the mismatch concept of the developmental origins of health and disease. Pediatr Res 2007;61(5):5R–10R.
[7] World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy 2014–2023.(2013-12)[2018-11-10]. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/.
[8] Soltanian AR, Mehdibarzi D, Faghihzadeh S, Naseri M, Gerami A. Mixture of Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla(Marhame-Mafasel)for pain relief of osteoarthritis of the knee—a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial. Arch Med Sci 2010;6(6):950–5.
[9] Ahmadi A, Mohagheghi M, Karimi M, Golestanha Seyed Ali, Naseri M.Anticancer effects of HESA-A in patients with metastatic colon cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2009;1(8):71–4.
[10] Nozad A, Naseri M, Safari MB, Abd Al Ahadi A, Ghaffari F. Food reduction in Avicenna’s view and related principles in classical medicine. Iran Red Crescent Med 2016;18(6):e25760.
[11] Ghaffari F, Naseri M, Asghari M, Naseri V. Abul-hasan al-tabari:a review of his views and works. Arch of Iran Med 2014;4(17):299–301.
[12] Moosavi J. The place of Avicenna in the history of medicine. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2009;1(1):3.
[13] Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, Gansler T, et al.American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention:reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56(5):254–81.
[14] Gonzalez-Campoy J, Jeor SS, Castorino K, Ebrahim A, Hurley D, Jovanovic L,et al. Clinical practice guidelines for healthy eating for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and endocrine diseases in adults:cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/the American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society:executive summary. Endocr Pract2013;19(5):875–87.
[15] Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, De Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al.2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;129(25 Suppl. 2):S76–99.
[16] Dunn PM. Avicenna(AD 980–1037)and Arabic perinatal medicine. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1997;77(1):F75–6.
[17] Ibn-e-Sina AH. The canon of medicine(Al-Qanun fit-tib). Volume 3. Corrected by Beirut SE. Beirut:Alaalami Beirut library Press 2005:371–467[Arabic].
[18] Nathan B, Mikhail M. Avicenna’s recipe for contraception. BJOG 1991;98(12):1303.
[19] Tajik N, Zargaran A, Kermani-Alghoraishi M. The heart in embryology. Eur Heart J 2018;39(3):191–2.
[20] Mobli M, Qaraaty M, Amin G, Haririan I, Hajimahmoodi M, Rahimi R. Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding by Avicenna. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;292(1):21–35.
[21] Green MH, Smail DL. The trial of Floreta d’Ays(1403):Jews, Christians, and obstetrics in later medieval Marseille. J Mediev Hist 2008;34(2):185–211.
[22] Magdi I. Obstetric injuries of the perineum. J Obstet Gynecol 1942;49(6):687–700.
[23] Ibn-e-Sina AH. The canon of medicine(Al-Qanun fit-tib). Tehran:Almaei Press;2012. Corrected by Masoudi A[Arabic].
[24] Kazemeini SK, Emtiazy M, Owlia F, Khani P. Causes of infertility in view of Iranian traditional medicine:a review. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017;15(4):187–94.
[25] Fleming T, Velazquez M, Eckert J, Lucas E, Watkins A. Nutrition of females during the peri-conceptional period and effects on foetal programming and health of offspring. Anim Reprod Sci 2012;130(3):193–7.
[26] Watkins AJ, Fleming TP. Blastocyst environment and its influence on offspring cardiovascular health:the heart of the matter. J Anat 2009;215(1):52–9.
[27] Nader PR, Huang TT, Gahagan S, Kumanyika S, Hammond RA, Christoffel KK.Next steps in obesity prevention:altering early life systems to support healthy parents, infants, and toddlers. Child Obes 2012;8(3):195–204.
[28] Siahpoosh M, Ebadiani M, Hosseini GS, Isfahani M, Nasrabadi AN, Dadgostar H.Avicenna:the first to describe diseases which may be prevented by exercise.Iran J Public Health 2012;41(11):98–101.
[29] Siahpoosh M, Ebadiani M, Shah Hosseini G, Nejatbakhsh F. Ancient theory about public health through physical activity against hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Iran J Public Health 2012;41(10):103–4.
[30] Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Neri E, Schaffer DM, Selvin S. Physical activity and risk of neural tube defects. Matern Child Health J 2002;6(3):151–7.
[31] Butler CL, Williams MA, Sorensen TK, Frederick IO, Leisenring WM. Relation between maternal recreational physical activity and plasma lipids in early pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160(4):350–9.
[32] Esteban-Cornejo I, Martinez-Gomez D, Tejero-González CM, Izquierdo-Gomez R, Carbonell-Baeza A, Castro-Pi?ero J, et al. Maternal physical activity before and during the prenatal period and the offspring’s academic performance in youth. The UP&DOWN study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016;29(9):1414–20.
[33] Shahabi S, Hassan ZM, Mahdavi M, Dezfouli M, Rahvar MT, Naseri M, et al. Hot and cold natures and some parameters of neuroendocrine and immune systems in traditional Iranian medicine:a preliminary study. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(2):147–56.
[34] Zenk JL, Leikam SA, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. Effect of lean system 7 on metabolic rate and body composition. Nutrition 2005;21(2):179–85.
[35] Reanmongkol W, Janthasoot W, Wattanatorn W, Dhumma-Upakorn P,Chudapongse P. Effects of piperine on bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1988;37(4):753–7.
[36] Ludy MJ, Mattes RD. The effects of hedonically acceptable red pepper doses on thermogenesis and appetite. Physiol Behav 2011;102(3–4):251–8.
[37] Williams P. Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutr Diet 2007;64(S4):S113–9.
[38] McAfee AJ, McSorley EM, Cuskelly GJ, Moss BW, Wallace JM, Bonham MP, et al.Red meat consumption:an overview of the risks and benefits. Meat Sci2010;84(1):1–13.
[39] Kourkouta L, Koukourikos K, Iliadis C, Ouzounakis P, Monios A, Tsaloglidou A.Bread and health. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017;5(11):821–6.
[40] Hassan EG, Alkareem AM, Mustafa AM. Effect of fermentation and particle size of wheat bran on the antinutritional factors and bread quality. Pak J Nutr2008;7(4):521–6.
[41] Barolo MI, Ruiz N, Mostacero, López SN. Ficus carica L.(Moraceae):an ancient source of food and health. Food Chem 2014;164:119–27.
[42] Georgiev V, Ananga A, Tsolova V. Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2014;6(1):391–415.
[43] Calapai G, Bonina F, Bonina A, Rizza L, Mannucci C, Arcoraci V, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial on effects of a Vitis vinifera extract on cognitive function in healthy older adults. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:776.
[44] Kind KL, Moore VM, Davies MJ. Diet around conception and during pregnancy—effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Reprod Biomed Online2006;12(5):532–41.
[45] Mahan LK, Raymond J. Krause’s food&the nutrition care process-14th.(2016-05)[2018-11-17]. https://www.elsevier.com/books/krauses-food-and-thenutrition-care-process/978-0-323-34075-5.
[46] Dunford AR, Sangster JM. Maternal and paternal periconceptional nutrition as an indicator of offspring metabolic syndrome risk in later life through epigenetic imprinting:a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2017;11(2):S655–62.
[47] Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Wilkins A, Cagampang FR, Fleming TP. Maternal periconceptional and gestational low protein diet affects mouse offspring growth, cardiovascular and adipose phenotype at 1 year of age. PLoS One2011;6(12):e28745.
[48] de Weerd S, Steegers-Theunissen RP, de Boo TM, Thomas CM, Steegers EA.Maternal periconceptional biochemical and hematological parameters,vitamin profiles and pregnancy outcome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57(9):1128–34.
[49] Zhang S, Rattanatray L, McMillen I, Suter C, Morrison J. Periconceptional nutrition and the early programming of a life of obesity or adversity. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2011;106(1):307–14.
[50] Shaw GM, Carmichael SL, Yang W, Lammer EJ. Periconceptional nutrient intakes and risks of conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010;88(3):144–51.
[51] Shaw GM, Quach T, Nelson V, Carmichael SL, Schaffer DM, Selvin S, et al.Neural tube defects associated with maternal periconceptional dietary intake of simple sugars and glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(5):972–8.
[52] Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. The effect of folic acid, protein energy and multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy on stillbirths. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl. 3):S4.
[53] Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Sun C, Velazquez MA, Smyth NR, Eckert JJ. Do little embryos make big decisions? How maternal dietary protein restriction can permanently change an embryo’s potential, affecting adult health. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015;27(4):684–92.
[54] Bouwland-Both MI, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Vujkovic M, Lesaffre EM, MookKanamori DO, Hofman A, et al. A periconceptional energy-rich dietary pattern is associated with early fetal growth:the Generation R study. BJOG 2013;120(4):435–45.
[55] Krapels IP, van Rooij IA, OckéMC, West CE, van der Horst CM, SteegersTheunissen RP. Maternal dietary B vitamin intake, other than folate, and the association with orofacial cleft in the offspring. Eur J Nutr 2004;134(11):3106–13.
[56] G?rdebjer E, Cuffe J, Pantaleon M, Wlodek M, Moritz K. Periconceptional alcohol consumption causes fetal growth restriction and increases glycogen accumulation in the late gestation rat placenta. Placenta 2014;35(1):50–7.
[57] Li Z, Zhang L, Jin L, Ye R, Raynes-Greenow C, Ren A. Poor sleep during the periconceptional period increases risk for neural tube defects in offspring.Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2015;103(9):780–6.
[58] Boyko EJ, Seelig AD, Jacobson IG, Hooper TI, Smith B, Smith TC, et al. Sleep characteristics, mental health, and diabetes risk:a prospective study of U.S.military service members in the Millennium Cohort Study. Diabetes Care2013;36(10):3154–61.
[59] Cetin I, Berti C, Calabrese S. Role of micronutrients in the periconceptional period. Hum Reprod Update 2009;16(1):80–95.
[60] Fenster L, Katz DF, Wyrobek AJ, Pieper C, Rempel DM, Oman D, et al. Effects of psychological stress on human semen quality. J Androl 1997;18(2):194–202.
[61] Fenster L, Waller K, Chen J, Hubbard AE, Windham GC, Elkin E, et al.Psychological stress in the workplace and menstrual function. Am J Epidemiol1999;149(2):127–34.
[62] Wolf J, Armstrong B. The association of season and temperature with adverse pregnancy outcome in two German states, a time-series analysis. PLoS One2012;7(7):e40228.
[63] Suarez L, Felkner M, Hendricks K. The effect of fever, febrile illnesses, and heat exposures on the risk of neural tube defects in a Texas-Mexico border population. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70(10):815–9.
[64] Murray LJ, O’reilly D, Betts N, Patterson C, Smith GD, Evans A. Season and outdoor ambient temperature:effects on birth weight. Obstet Gynecol2000;96(5):689–95.
[65] Puska P. Successful prevention of non-communicable diseases:25 year experiences with North Karelia Project in Finland. Public Health Med 2002;4(1):5–7.
[66] Steel AJ, Sutcliffe A. Long-term health implications for children conceived by IVF/ICSI. Hum Fertil 2009;12(1):21–7.
[67] Bonduelle M, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, Tarlatzis BC, Peters C, Henriet S, et al. A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-year-old children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception. Hum Reprod 2005;20(2):413–9.
[68] Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ. Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects—a systematic review. Hum Reprod2005;20(2):328–38.
[69] Helmerhorst FM, Perquin DA, Donker D, Keirse MJ. Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception:a systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2004;328(7434):261.
[70] Davies MJ, Moore VM, Willson KJ, Van Essen P, Priest K, Scott H, et al.Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2012;366(19):1803–13.
[71] Nejatbakhsh F, Shirbeigi L, Rahimi R, Abolhassani H. Review of local herbal compounds found in the Iranian traditional medicine known to optimise male fertility. Andrologia 2016;48(8):850–9.
[72] Eisenberg ML, Li S, Behr B, Cullen MR, Galusha D, Lamb DJ, et al. Semen quality,infertility and mortality in the USA. Hum Reprod 2014;29(7):1567–74.
[73] Matzuk MM, Lamb DJ. The biology of infertility:research advances and clinical challenges. Nat Med 2008;14(11):1197–213.
[74] Li Y, Lin H, Li Y, Cao J. Association between socio-psycho-behavioral factors and male semen quality:systematic review and meta-analyses. Fertil Steril2011;95(1):116–23.
[75] Meeker JD, Godfrey-Bailey L, Hauser R. Relationships between serum hormone levels and semen quality among men from an infertility clinic. J Androl2007;28(3):397–406.
[76] Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(1):68–75.
[77] Osorio J. Bringing about lifestyle change. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7(10):537.
[2] Barker D. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23(6Suppl.):588S–95S.
[3] Steegers-Theunissen RP, Twigt J, Pestinger V, Sinclair KD. The periconceptional period, reproduction and long-term health of offspring:the importance of onecarbon metabolism. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19(6):640–55.
[4] Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Fleming TP. Impact of the periconceptional environment on the programming of adult disease. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2010;1(2):87–95.
[5] Mc Millen IC, MacLaughlin SM, Muhlhausler BS, Gentili S, Duffield JL, Morrison JL. Developmental origins of adult health and disease:the role of periconceptional and foetal nutrition. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008;102(2):82–9.
[6] Godfrey KM, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC, Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Epigenetic mechanisms and the mismatch concept of the developmental origins of health and disease. Pediatr Res 2007;61(5):5R–10R.
[7] World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy 2014–2023.(2013-12)[2018-11-10]. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/.
[8] Soltanian AR, Mehdibarzi D, Faghihzadeh S, Naseri M, Gerami A. Mixture of Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla(Marhame-Mafasel)for pain relief of osteoarthritis of the knee—a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial. Arch Med Sci 2010;6(6):950–5.
[9] Ahmadi A, Mohagheghi M, Karimi M, Golestanha Seyed Ali, Naseri M.Anticancer effects of HESA-A in patients with metastatic colon cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2009;1(8):71–4.
[10] Nozad A, Naseri M, Safari MB, Abd Al Ahadi A, Ghaffari F. Food reduction in Avicenna’s view and related principles in classical medicine. Iran Red Crescent Med 2016;18(6):e25760.
[11] Ghaffari F, Naseri M, Asghari M, Naseri V. Abul-hasan al-tabari:a review of his views and works. Arch of Iran Med 2014;4(17):299–301.
[12] Moosavi J. The place of Avicenna in the history of medicine. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2009;1(1):3.
[13] Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, Gansler T, et al.American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention:reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2006;56(5):254–81.
[14] Gonzalez-Campoy J, Jeor SS, Castorino K, Ebrahim A, Hurley D, Jovanovic L,et al. Clinical practice guidelines for healthy eating for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and endocrine diseases in adults:cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/the American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society:executive summary. Endocr Pract2013;19(5):875–87.
[15] Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, De Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al.2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;129(25 Suppl. 2):S76–99.
[16] Dunn PM. Avicenna(AD 980–1037)and Arabic perinatal medicine. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1997;77(1):F75–6.
[17] Ibn-e-Sina AH. The canon of medicine(Al-Qanun fit-tib). Volume 3. Corrected by Beirut SE. Beirut:Alaalami Beirut library Press 2005:371–467[Arabic].
[18] Nathan B, Mikhail M. Avicenna’s recipe for contraception. BJOG 1991;98(12):1303.
[19] Tajik N, Zargaran A, Kermani-Alghoraishi M. The heart in embryology. Eur Heart J 2018;39(3):191–2.
[20] Mobli M, Qaraaty M, Amin G, Haririan I, Hajimahmoodi M, Rahimi R. Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding by Avicenna. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;292(1):21–35.
[21] Green MH, Smail DL. The trial of Floreta d’Ays(1403):Jews, Christians, and obstetrics in later medieval Marseille. J Mediev Hist 2008;34(2):185–211.
[22] Magdi I. Obstetric injuries of the perineum. J Obstet Gynecol 1942;49(6):687–700.
[23] Ibn-e-Sina AH. The canon of medicine(Al-Qanun fit-tib). Tehran:Almaei Press;2012. Corrected by Masoudi A[Arabic].
[24] Kazemeini SK, Emtiazy M, Owlia F, Khani P. Causes of infertility in view of Iranian traditional medicine:a review. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017;15(4):187–94.
[25] Fleming T, Velazquez M, Eckert J, Lucas E, Watkins A. Nutrition of females during the peri-conceptional period and effects on foetal programming and health of offspring. Anim Reprod Sci 2012;130(3):193–7.
[26] Watkins AJ, Fleming TP. Blastocyst environment and its influence on offspring cardiovascular health:the heart of the matter. J Anat 2009;215(1):52–9.
[27] Nader PR, Huang TT, Gahagan S, Kumanyika S, Hammond RA, Christoffel KK.Next steps in obesity prevention:altering early life systems to support healthy parents, infants, and toddlers. Child Obes 2012;8(3):195–204.
[28] Siahpoosh M, Ebadiani M, Hosseini GS, Isfahani M, Nasrabadi AN, Dadgostar H.Avicenna:the first to describe diseases which may be prevented by exercise.Iran J Public Health 2012;41(11):98–101.
[29] Siahpoosh M, Ebadiani M, Shah Hosseini G, Nejatbakhsh F. Ancient theory about public health through physical activity against hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Iran J Public Health 2012;41(10):103–4.
[30] Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Neri E, Schaffer DM, Selvin S. Physical activity and risk of neural tube defects. Matern Child Health J 2002;6(3):151–7.
[31] Butler CL, Williams MA, Sorensen TK, Frederick IO, Leisenring WM. Relation between maternal recreational physical activity and plasma lipids in early pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160(4):350–9.
[32] Esteban-Cornejo I, Martinez-Gomez D, Tejero-González CM, Izquierdo-Gomez R, Carbonell-Baeza A, Castro-Pi?ero J, et al. Maternal physical activity before and during the prenatal period and the offspring’s academic performance in youth. The UP&DOWN study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016;29(9):1414–20.
[33] Shahabi S, Hassan ZM, Mahdavi M, Dezfouli M, Rahvar MT, Naseri M, et al. Hot and cold natures and some parameters of neuroendocrine and immune systems in traditional Iranian medicine:a preliminary study. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(2):147–56.
[34] Zenk JL, Leikam SA, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA. Effect of lean system 7 on metabolic rate and body composition. Nutrition 2005;21(2):179–85.
[35] Reanmongkol W, Janthasoot W, Wattanatorn W, Dhumma-Upakorn P,Chudapongse P. Effects of piperine on bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1988;37(4):753–7.
[36] Ludy MJ, Mattes RD. The effects of hedonically acceptable red pepper doses on thermogenesis and appetite. Physiol Behav 2011;102(3–4):251–8.
[37] Williams P. Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutr Diet 2007;64(S4):S113–9.
[38] McAfee AJ, McSorley EM, Cuskelly GJ, Moss BW, Wallace JM, Bonham MP, et al.Red meat consumption:an overview of the risks and benefits. Meat Sci2010;84(1):1–13.
[39] Kourkouta L, Koukourikos K, Iliadis C, Ouzounakis P, Monios A, Tsaloglidou A.Bread and health. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017;5(11):821–6.
[40] Hassan EG, Alkareem AM, Mustafa AM. Effect of fermentation and particle size of wheat bran on the antinutritional factors and bread quality. Pak J Nutr2008;7(4):521–6.
[41] Barolo MI, Ruiz N, Mostacero, López SN. Ficus carica L.(Moraceae):an ancient source of food and health. Food Chem 2014;164:119–27.
[42] Georgiev V, Ananga A, Tsolova V. Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2014;6(1):391–415.
[43] Calapai G, Bonina F, Bonina A, Rizza L, Mannucci C, Arcoraci V, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial on effects of a Vitis vinifera extract on cognitive function in healthy older adults. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:776.
[44] Kind KL, Moore VM, Davies MJ. Diet around conception and during pregnancy—effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Reprod Biomed Online2006;12(5):532–41.
[45] Mahan LK, Raymond J. Krause’s food&the nutrition care process-14th.(2016-05)[2018-11-17]. https://www.elsevier.com/books/krauses-food-and-thenutrition-care-process/978-0-323-34075-5.
[46] Dunford AR, Sangster JM. Maternal and paternal periconceptional nutrition as an indicator of offspring metabolic syndrome risk in later life through epigenetic imprinting:a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2017;11(2):S655–62.
[47] Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Wilkins A, Cagampang FR, Fleming TP. Maternal periconceptional and gestational low protein diet affects mouse offspring growth, cardiovascular and adipose phenotype at 1 year of age. PLoS One2011;6(12):e28745.
[48] de Weerd S, Steegers-Theunissen RP, de Boo TM, Thomas CM, Steegers EA.Maternal periconceptional biochemical and hematological parameters,vitamin profiles and pregnancy outcome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57(9):1128–34.
[49] Zhang S, Rattanatray L, McMillen I, Suter C, Morrison J. Periconceptional nutrition and the early programming of a life of obesity or adversity. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2011;106(1):307–14.
[50] Shaw GM, Carmichael SL, Yang W, Lammer EJ. Periconceptional nutrient intakes and risks of conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010;88(3):144–51.
[51] Shaw GM, Quach T, Nelson V, Carmichael SL, Schaffer DM, Selvin S, et al.Neural tube defects associated with maternal periconceptional dietary intake of simple sugars and glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(5):972–8.
[52] Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. The effect of folic acid, protein energy and multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy on stillbirths. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl. 3):S4.
[53] Fleming TP, Watkins AJ, Sun C, Velazquez MA, Smyth NR, Eckert JJ. Do little embryos make big decisions? How maternal dietary protein restriction can permanently change an embryo’s potential, affecting adult health. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015;27(4):684–92.
[54] Bouwland-Both MI, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Vujkovic M, Lesaffre EM, MookKanamori DO, Hofman A, et al. A periconceptional energy-rich dietary pattern is associated with early fetal growth:the Generation R study. BJOG 2013;120(4):435–45.
[55] Krapels IP, van Rooij IA, OckéMC, West CE, van der Horst CM, SteegersTheunissen RP. Maternal dietary B vitamin intake, other than folate, and the association with orofacial cleft in the offspring. Eur J Nutr 2004;134(11):3106–13.
[56] G?rdebjer E, Cuffe J, Pantaleon M, Wlodek M, Moritz K. Periconceptional alcohol consumption causes fetal growth restriction and increases glycogen accumulation in the late gestation rat placenta. Placenta 2014;35(1):50–7.
[57] Li Z, Zhang L, Jin L, Ye R, Raynes-Greenow C, Ren A. Poor sleep during the periconceptional period increases risk for neural tube defects in offspring.Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2015;103(9):780–6.
[58] Boyko EJ, Seelig AD, Jacobson IG, Hooper TI, Smith B, Smith TC, et al. Sleep characteristics, mental health, and diabetes risk:a prospective study of U.S.military service members in the Millennium Cohort Study. Diabetes Care2013;36(10):3154–61.
[59] Cetin I, Berti C, Calabrese S. Role of micronutrients in the periconceptional period. Hum Reprod Update 2009;16(1):80–95.
[60] Fenster L, Katz DF, Wyrobek AJ, Pieper C, Rempel DM, Oman D, et al. Effects of psychological stress on human semen quality. J Androl 1997;18(2):194–202.
[61] Fenster L, Waller K, Chen J, Hubbard AE, Windham GC, Elkin E, et al.Psychological stress in the workplace and menstrual function. Am J Epidemiol1999;149(2):127–34.
[62] Wolf J, Armstrong B. The association of season and temperature with adverse pregnancy outcome in two German states, a time-series analysis. PLoS One2012;7(7):e40228.
[63] Suarez L, Felkner M, Hendricks K. The effect of fever, febrile illnesses, and heat exposures on the risk of neural tube defects in a Texas-Mexico border population. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70(10):815–9.
[64] Murray LJ, O’reilly D, Betts N, Patterson C, Smith GD, Evans A. Season and outdoor ambient temperature:effects on birth weight. Obstet Gynecol2000;96(5):689–95.
[65] Puska P. Successful prevention of non-communicable diseases:25 year experiences with North Karelia Project in Finland. Public Health Med 2002;4(1):5–7.
[66] Steel AJ, Sutcliffe A. Long-term health implications for children conceived by IVF/ICSI. Hum Fertil 2009;12(1):21–7.
[67] Bonduelle M, Wennerholm UB, Loft A, Tarlatzis BC, Peters C, Henriet S, et al. A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-year-old children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception. Hum Reprod 2005;20(2):413–9.
[68] Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ. Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects—a systematic review. Hum Reprod2005;20(2):328–38.
[69] Helmerhorst FM, Perquin DA, Donker D, Keirse MJ. Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception:a systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2004;328(7434):261.
[70] Davies MJ, Moore VM, Willson KJ, Van Essen P, Priest K, Scott H, et al.Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2012;366(19):1803–13.
[71] Nejatbakhsh F, Shirbeigi L, Rahimi R, Abolhassani H. Review of local herbal compounds found in the Iranian traditional medicine known to optimise male fertility. Andrologia 2016;48(8):850–9.
[72] Eisenberg ML, Li S, Behr B, Cullen MR, Galusha D, Lamb DJ, et al. Semen quality,infertility and mortality in the USA. Hum Reprod 2014;29(7):1567–74.
[73] Matzuk MM, Lamb DJ. The biology of infertility:research advances and clinical challenges. Nat Med 2008;14(11):1197–213.
[74] Li Y, Lin H, Li Y, Cao J. Association between socio-psycho-behavioral factors and male semen quality:systematic review and meta-analyses. Fertil Steril2011;95(1):116–23.
[75] Meeker JD, Godfrey-Bailey L, Hauser R. Relationships between serum hormone levels and semen quality among men from an infertility clinic. J Androl2007;28(3):397–406.
[76] Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(1):68–75.
[77] Osorio J. Bringing about lifestyle change. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7(10):537.