原发性肝癌规范化病理诊断指南(2015年版)
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摘要
<正>我国是世界上肝癌高发国家之一,手术切除是肝癌的首选治疗方法,而病理学则是肝脏外科最主要的支撑学科之一。为此,中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会、中国抗癌协会临床肿瘤学协作专业委员会、中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组和中华医学会病理学分会全国肝胆肿瘤及移植病理协作组于2010年制订了《原发性肝癌规范化病理诊断方案专家共识(2010年版)》(简称《共识》)[1],对推进我国肝癌病理诊断规范化起到了积极的引导作用。近5年来,肝癌临床和病理学研究又有了新进展,肝癌异质性、生物学特性、分子分型和个体化治疗等新概念开始成为现代临床肝癌治疗学的基本指导思想,这对肝癌病理诊断的规范化和标准化提出了更高的要求。为此,2014年4
引文
[1]Chinese Expert Consensus Statement Chinese Society of Liver Cancer(CSLC),Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO),Liver Cancer Group,Chinese Society of Hepatology,et al.Experts consensus on pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer[J].J Clin Hepatol,2011,27(4):343-345.(in Chinese)中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会,中国抗癌协会临床肿瘤学协作专业委员会,中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组,等.原发性肝癌规范化病理诊断方案专家共识[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2011,27(4):343-345.
[2]KOH C,ZHAO X,SAMALA N,et al.AASLD clinical practice guidelines:a critical review of scientific evidence and evolving recommendations[J].Hepatology,2013,58(6):2142-2152.
[3]WILLIAM H,RALPH H,TIMOTHY H,et al.Surgical pathology dissection:an illustrated guide[M].New York:Springer,2003:7-9.
[4]Chinese Medical Association.Clinical operation norm:pathology[M].Beijing:People's Military Medical Press,2004:27-41.(in Chinese)中华医学会.临床技术操作规范·病理学分册[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2004:27-41.
[5]BASS BP,ENGEL KB,GREYTAK SR,et al.A review of preanalytical factors affecting molecular,protein,and morphological analysis of formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded(FFPE)tissue:how well do you know your FFPE specimen?[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2014,138(11):1520-1530.
[6]LU XY,XI T,LAU WY,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma expressing cholangiocyte phenotype is a novel subtype with highly aggressive behavior[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(8):2210-2217.
[7]CAI SW,YANG SZ,GAO J,et al.Prognostic significance of mast cell count following curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J].Surgery,2011,149(4):576-584.
[8]YING YH.Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma[M]//TANG ZY.Primary liver cancer.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1981:115-146.(in Chinese)应越英.肝细胞肝癌的病理学[M]//汤钊猷.原发性肝癌.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1981:115-146.
[9]Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China.Diagnosis,management,and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(V2011)[J].J Clin Hepatol,2011,27(11):1141-1159.(in Chinese)中华人民共和国卫生部.原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2011,27(11):1141-1159.
[10]NAKANUMA Y,CURADO MP,FRANCESCHI S,et al.Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[M]//BOSMAN FT,CARNEIRO F,HRUBAN RH,et al.WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system.4th Ed.Lyon:IARC Press,2010:217-227.
[11]CONG WM,WU MC.Small hepatocellular carcinoma:current and future approaches[J].Hepatol Int,2013,7(3):805-812.
[12]LU XY,XI T,LAU WY,et al.Pathobiological features of small hepatocellular carcinoma:correlation between tumor size and biological behavior[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2011,137(4):567-575.
[13]MORIBE T,IIZUKA N,MIURA T,et al.Methylation of multiple genes as molecular markers for diagnosis of a small,well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Int J Cancer,2009,125(2):388-397.
[14]LLOVET JM,CHEN Y,WURMBACH E,et al.A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis[J].Gastroenterology,2006,131(6):1758-1767.
[15]UENO S,KUBO F,SAKODA M,et al.Efficacy of anatomic resection vs nonanatomic resection for small nodular hepatocellular carcinoma based on gross classification[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg,2008,15(5):493-500.
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[19]HU XQ.Histopathological staging and assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis patients[J].Chin J Hepatol,2008,16(3):169-170.(in Chinese)胡锡琪.慢性肝炎肝纤维化病理分期和评估[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2008,16(3):169-170.
[20]DESMET VJ,GERBER M,HOOFNAGLE JH,et al.Classification of chronic hepatitis:diagnosis,grading and staging[J].Hepatology,1994,19(6):1513-1520.
[21]KNODELL RG,ISHAK KG,BLACK WC,et al.Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis[J].Hepatology,1981,1(5):431-435.
[22]SCHEUER PJ.Classification of chronic viral hepatitis:a need for reassessment[J].J Hepatol,1991,13(3):372-374.
[23]BATTS KP,LUDWIG J.Chronic hepatitis.An update on terminology and reporting[J].Am J Surg Pathol,1995,19(12):1409-1417.
[24]BEDOSSA P,POYNARD T.An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C.The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group[J].Hepatology,1996,24(2):289-293.
[25]ISHAK K,BAPTISTA A,BIANCHI L,et al.Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis[J].J Hepatol,1995,22(6):696-699.
[26]Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology,Chinese Society of Hepatology,Chinese Medical Association.Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis[J].Chin J Hepatol,2000,8(6):324-329.(in Chinese)中华医学会传染病与寄生虫病学分会,肝病学分会.病毒性肝炎防治方案[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2000,8(6):324-329.
[27]International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia.Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma:a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia[J].Hepatology,2009,49(2):658-664.
[28]DI TOMMASO L,SANGIOVANNI A,BORZIO M,et al.Advanced precancerous lesions in the liver[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol,2013,27(2):269-284.
[29]TOYOSAKA A,OKAMOTO E,MITSUNOBU M,et al.Pathologic and radiographic studies of intrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma;the role of efferent vessels[J].HPB Surg,1996,10(2):97-103.
[30]TOYOSAKA A,OKAMOTO E,MITSUNOBU M,et al.Intrahepatic metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma:evidence for spread via the portal vein as an efferent vessel[J].Am J Gastroenterol,1996,91(8):1610-1615.
[31]RODRIGUEZ-PERALVAREZ M,LUONG TV,ANDREANA L,et al.A systematic review of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma:diagnostic and prognostic variability[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2013,20(1):325-339.
[32]EGUCHI S,TAKATSUKI M,HIDAKA M,et al.Predictor for histological microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma:a lesson from 229 consecutive cases of curative liver resection[J].World J Surg,2010,34(5):1034-1038.
[33]IGUCHI T,SHIRABE K,AISHIMA S,et al.New pathologic stratification of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma:predicting prognosis after living-donor liver transplantation[J].Transplantation,2014.[Epub ahead of print]
[34]DU M,CHEN L,ZHAO J,et al.Microvascular invasion(MVI)is a poorer prognostic predictor for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2014,14(1):38.
[35]ROAYAIE S,BLUME IN,THUNG SN,et al.A system of classifying microvascular invasion to predict outcome after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Gastroenterology,2009,137(3):850-855.
[36]SUMIE S,NAKASHIMA O,OKUDA K,et al.The significance of classifying microvascular invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2014,21(3):1002-1009.
[37]PAWLIK TM,DELMAN KA,VAUTHEY JN,et al.Tumor size predicts vascular invasion and histologic grade:implications for selection of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Liver Transpl,2005,11(9):1086-1092.
[38]OKUSAKA T,OKADA S,UENO H,et al.Satellite lesions in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma with reference to clinicopathologic features[J].Cancer,2002,95(9):1931-1937.
[39]LIM C,MISE Y,SAKAMOTO Y,et al.Above 5 cm,size does not matter anymore in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Surg,2014,38(11):2910-2918.
[40]SHI M,ZHANG CQ,FENG KT,et al.Micrometastasis distribution in liver tissue surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Chin J Oncol,2002,4(3):257-260.(in Chinese)石明,张昌卿,冯凯涛,等.肝细胞癌周围微小转移分布的研究[J].中华肿瘤杂志,2002,4(3):257-260.
[41]CHICHE L,MENAHEM B,BAZILLE C,et al.Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver after hepatectomy[J].World J Surg,2013,37(10):2410-2418.
[42]MENICONI RL,KOMATSU S,PERDIGAO F,et al.Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma:a western strategy that emphasizes the impact of pathologic profile of the first resection[J].Surgery,2015,157(3):454-462.
[43]ROCKEY DC,CALDWELL SH,GOODMAN ZD,et al.Liver biopsy[J].Hepatology,2009,49(3):1017-1044.
[44]CONG WM,DONG H,XIAN ZH.Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile duct system[M]//.WU BQ,LIU YF.Immunohistochemical pathologic diagnosis.2nd.Beijing:Beijing Science and Technology Press,2013:334-345.(in Chinese)丛文铭,董辉,冼志红.肝脏和肝内胆管系统肿瘤[M]//.吴秉铨,刘彦仿.免疫组织化学病理诊断.2版.北京:北京科学技术出版社,2013:334-345.
[45]ORDONEZ NG.Arginase-1 is a novel immunohistochemical marker of hepatocellular differentiation[J].Adv Anat Pathol,2014,21(4):285-290.
[46]GOVAERE O,KOMUTA M,BERKERS J,et al.Keratin 19:a key role player in the invasion of human hepatocellular carcinomas[J].Gut,2014,63(4):674-685.
[47]XIA L,HUANG W,TIAN D,et al.Upregulated Fox M1 expression induced by hepatitis B virus X protein promotes tumor metastasis and indicates poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2012,57(3):600-612.
[48]ROESSLER S,BUDHU A,WANG XW.Deciphering cancer heterogeneity:the biological space[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2014,2:12.
[49]YANG X,ZHANG XF,LU X,et al.MicroRNA-26a suppresses angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting hepatocyte growth factor-c Met pathway[J].Hepatology,2014,59(5):1874-1885.
[50]WANG B,XIA CY,LAU WY,et al.Determination of clonal origin of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma for personalized therapy and outcomes evaluation:a new strategy for hepatic surgery[J].J Am Coll Surg,2013,217(6):1054-1062.
[51]ZHU YY,GU YJ,LU XY,et al.The clonal characteristics of late recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after resection:a study of 2 cases[J].Chin J Oncol,2014,36(6):450-452.(in Chinese)朱玉瑶,顾怡瑾,陆新元,等.二例术后远期复发性肝细胞癌的克隆特点分析[J].中华肿瘤杂志,2014,36(6):450-452.
[52]MATSUMOTO Y,FUJII H,MATSUDA M,et al.Multicentric occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma:diagnosis and clinical significance[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg,2001,8(5):435-440.
[53]FINKELSTEIN SD,MARSH W,DEMETRIS AJ,et al.Microdissection-based allelotyping discriminates de novo tumor from intrahepatic spread in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Hepatology,2003,37(4):871-879.
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[57]WASHINGTON MK,BERLIN J,BRANTON PA,et al.Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile ducts[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2010,134(4):e14-e18.
[2]KOH C,ZHAO X,SAMALA N,et al.AASLD clinical practice guidelines:a critical review of scientific evidence and evolving recommendations[J].Hepatology,2013,58(6):2142-2152.
[3]WILLIAM H,RALPH H,TIMOTHY H,et al.Surgical pathology dissection:an illustrated guide[M].New York:Springer,2003:7-9.
[4]Chinese Medical Association.Clinical operation norm:pathology[M].Beijing:People's Military Medical Press,2004:27-41.(in Chinese)中华医学会.临床技术操作规范·病理学分册[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2004:27-41.
[5]BASS BP,ENGEL KB,GREYTAK SR,et al.A review of preanalytical factors affecting molecular,protein,and morphological analysis of formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded(FFPE)tissue:how well do you know your FFPE specimen?[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2014,138(11):1520-1530.
[6]LU XY,XI T,LAU WY,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma expressing cholangiocyte phenotype is a novel subtype with highly aggressive behavior[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(8):2210-2217.
[7]CAI SW,YANG SZ,GAO J,et al.Prognostic significance of mast cell count following curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J].Surgery,2011,149(4):576-584.
[8]YING YH.Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma[M]//TANG ZY.Primary liver cancer.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1981:115-146.(in Chinese)应越英.肝细胞肝癌的病理学[M]//汤钊猷.原发性肝癌.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1981:115-146.
[9]Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China.Diagnosis,management,and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(V2011)[J].J Clin Hepatol,2011,27(11):1141-1159.(in Chinese)中华人民共和国卫生部.原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2011,27(11):1141-1159.
[10]NAKANUMA Y,CURADO MP,FRANCESCHI S,et al.Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[M]//BOSMAN FT,CARNEIRO F,HRUBAN RH,et al.WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system.4th Ed.Lyon:IARC Press,2010:217-227.
[11]CONG WM,WU MC.Small hepatocellular carcinoma:current and future approaches[J].Hepatol Int,2013,7(3):805-812.
[12]LU XY,XI T,LAU WY,et al.Pathobiological features of small hepatocellular carcinoma:correlation between tumor size and biological behavior[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2011,137(4):567-575.
[13]MORIBE T,IIZUKA N,MIURA T,et al.Methylation of multiple genes as molecular markers for diagnosis of a small,well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Int J Cancer,2009,125(2):388-397.
[14]LLOVET JM,CHEN Y,WURMBACH E,et al.A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis[J].Gastroenterology,2006,131(6):1758-1767.
[15]UENO S,KUBO F,SAKODA M,et al.Efficacy of anatomic resection vs nonanatomic resection for small nodular hepatocellular carcinoma based on gross classification[J].J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg,2008,15(5):493-500.
[16]FARINATI F,SERGIO A,BALDAN A,et al.Early and very early hepatocellular carcinoma:when and how much do staging and choice of treatment really matter?A multi-center study[J].BMC Cancer,2009,9:33.
[17]WU MC.Strengthening to diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Natl Med J China,2007,87(30):2089-2091.(in Chinese)吴孟超.应重视小肝癌的诊断与治疗[J].中华医学杂志,2007,87(30):2089-2091.
[18]THEISE ND,CURADO MP,FRANCESCHI S,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma[M]//BOSMAN FT,CARNEIRO F,HRUBAN RH,et al.WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system.4th Ed.Lyon:IARC Press,2010:205-216.
[19]HU XQ.Histopathological staging and assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis patients[J].Chin J Hepatol,2008,16(3):169-170.(in Chinese)胡锡琪.慢性肝炎肝纤维化病理分期和评估[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2008,16(3):169-170.
[20]DESMET VJ,GERBER M,HOOFNAGLE JH,et al.Classification of chronic hepatitis:diagnosis,grading and staging[J].Hepatology,1994,19(6):1513-1520.
[21]KNODELL RG,ISHAK KG,BLACK WC,et al.Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis[J].Hepatology,1981,1(5):431-435.
[22]SCHEUER PJ.Classification of chronic viral hepatitis:a need for reassessment[J].J Hepatol,1991,13(3):372-374.
[23]BATTS KP,LUDWIG J.Chronic hepatitis.An update on terminology and reporting[J].Am J Surg Pathol,1995,19(12):1409-1417.
[24]BEDOSSA P,POYNARD T.An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C.The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group[J].Hepatology,1996,24(2):289-293.
[25]ISHAK K,BAPTISTA A,BIANCHI L,et al.Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis[J].J Hepatol,1995,22(6):696-699.
[26]Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology,Chinese Society of Hepatology,Chinese Medical Association.Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis[J].Chin J Hepatol,2000,8(6):324-329.(in Chinese)中华医学会传染病与寄生虫病学分会,肝病学分会.病毒性肝炎防治方案[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2000,8(6):324-329.
[27]International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia.Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma:a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia[J].Hepatology,2009,49(2):658-664.
[28]DI TOMMASO L,SANGIOVANNI A,BORZIO M,et al.Advanced precancerous lesions in the liver[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol,2013,27(2):269-284.
[29]TOYOSAKA A,OKAMOTO E,MITSUNOBU M,et al.Pathologic and radiographic studies of intrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma;the role of efferent vessels[J].HPB Surg,1996,10(2):97-103.
[30]TOYOSAKA A,OKAMOTO E,MITSUNOBU M,et al.Intrahepatic metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma:evidence for spread via the portal vein as an efferent vessel[J].Am J Gastroenterol,1996,91(8):1610-1615.
[31]RODRIGUEZ-PERALVAREZ M,LUONG TV,ANDREANA L,et al.A systematic review of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma:diagnostic and prognostic variability[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2013,20(1):325-339.
[32]EGUCHI S,TAKATSUKI M,HIDAKA M,et al.Predictor for histological microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma:a lesson from 229 consecutive cases of curative liver resection[J].World J Surg,2010,34(5):1034-1038.
[33]IGUCHI T,SHIRABE K,AISHIMA S,et al.New pathologic stratification of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma:predicting prognosis after living-donor liver transplantation[J].Transplantation,2014.[Epub ahead of print]
[34]DU M,CHEN L,ZHAO J,et al.Microvascular invasion(MVI)is a poorer prognostic predictor for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2014,14(1):38.
[35]ROAYAIE S,BLUME IN,THUNG SN,et al.A system of classifying microvascular invasion to predict outcome after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Gastroenterology,2009,137(3):850-855.
[36]SUMIE S,NAKASHIMA O,OKUDA K,et al.The significance of classifying microvascular invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2014,21(3):1002-1009.
[37]PAWLIK TM,DELMAN KA,VAUTHEY JN,et al.Tumor size predicts vascular invasion and histologic grade:implications for selection of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Liver Transpl,2005,11(9):1086-1092.
[38]OKUSAKA T,OKADA S,UENO H,et al.Satellite lesions in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma with reference to clinicopathologic features[J].Cancer,2002,95(9):1931-1937.
[39]LIM C,MISE Y,SAKAMOTO Y,et al.Above 5 cm,size does not matter anymore in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Surg,2014,38(11):2910-2918.
[40]SHI M,ZHANG CQ,FENG KT,et al.Micrometastasis distribution in liver tissue surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Chin J Oncol,2002,4(3):257-260.(in Chinese)石明,张昌卿,冯凯涛,等.肝细胞癌周围微小转移分布的研究[J].中华肿瘤杂志,2002,4(3):257-260.
[41]CHICHE L,MENAHEM B,BAZILLE C,et al.Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver after hepatectomy[J].World J Surg,2013,37(10):2410-2418.
[42]MENICONI RL,KOMATSU S,PERDIGAO F,et al.Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma:a western strategy that emphasizes the impact of pathologic profile of the first resection[J].Surgery,2015,157(3):454-462.
[43]ROCKEY DC,CALDWELL SH,GOODMAN ZD,et al.Liver biopsy[J].Hepatology,2009,49(3):1017-1044.
[44]CONG WM,DONG H,XIAN ZH.Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile duct system[M]//.WU BQ,LIU YF.Immunohistochemical pathologic diagnosis.2nd.Beijing:Beijing Science and Technology Press,2013:334-345.(in Chinese)丛文铭,董辉,冼志红.肝脏和肝内胆管系统肿瘤[M]//.吴秉铨,刘彦仿.免疫组织化学病理诊断.2版.北京:北京科学技术出版社,2013:334-345.
[45]ORDONEZ NG.Arginase-1 is a novel immunohistochemical marker of hepatocellular differentiation[J].Adv Anat Pathol,2014,21(4):285-290.
[46]GOVAERE O,KOMUTA M,BERKERS J,et al.Keratin 19:a key role player in the invasion of human hepatocellular carcinomas[J].Gut,2014,63(4):674-685.
[47]XIA L,HUANG W,TIAN D,et al.Upregulated Fox M1 expression induced by hepatitis B virus X protein promotes tumor metastasis and indicates poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2012,57(3):600-612.
[48]ROESSLER S,BUDHU A,WANG XW.Deciphering cancer heterogeneity:the biological space[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2014,2:12.
[49]YANG X,ZHANG XF,LU X,et al.MicroRNA-26a suppresses angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting hepatocyte growth factor-c Met pathway[J].Hepatology,2014,59(5):1874-1885.
[50]WANG B,XIA CY,LAU WY,et al.Determination of clonal origin of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma for personalized therapy and outcomes evaluation:a new strategy for hepatic surgery[J].J Am Coll Surg,2013,217(6):1054-1062.
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