探讨澳门性教育发展趋势
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摘要
青少年踏入青春期,他们无论在生理、心理及行为上都有很大的改变;而这些改变往往导致他们容易作出偏差行为,这些行为对青少年期甚至日后的健康都有深远的影响。澳门性教育越来越受重视,过往学校多以讲座形式讲授,健康相关社团提供专业技术支持,性教育由各校零散进行到澳门教青局把它纳入政策和工作重点,并于2005年澳门教青局成立德育中心,开办课程培训性教育导师,并提供教材教具之支持,组织推广活动;性教育开始多样化,由传统知识灌输到学习者主动参与,由学校组织到青少年、家长、社区参与。内容包含青春期性知识、价值观、技能等。尽管如此,目前的性教育仍有改善空间,一套全面的性教育对青少年是必要的。根据联合国教科文组织所指,性教育应根据不同年龄段设定相应具体的学习目标,全面性教育需包含"关系""价值观、态度和技能""文化、社会和人权""人体发育""性行为"及"性和生殖健康"6方面。澳门中小学应推行全面的性教育,以增强初中生对性的知识,建立良好的价值观和态度,作出合乎自己意愿的抉择,提升沟通技巧和减低风险的能力。
Adolescents experience enormous physiological,psychological and behavioural changes upon the transition to puberty. These changes are often the cause for risky behaviours of adolescents and which might pose profound impact on their health during adolescence or even in the future. There is a growing attention to sexuality education in Macao. In the past,sexuality education was given in the form of lectures at schools with the professional support of health associations. The Youth and Education Affairs Bureau of Macao established the Centre of Moral Education in 2005 to organize training programs for tutors of sexuality education,provide support on teaching materials and aids,as well as to organize promotion activities. However,a systematic sexuality education curriculum is still not available. Indeed,an all-round sexuality education for adolescents is indispensable. According to the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,specific learning goals of sexuality education should be set for different age ranges. A set of comprehensive sexuality education should include six aspects,namely "relationships","values,attitudes and skills","culture,society and human rights","human development","sexual behaviours"and"sexual and reproductive health". Primary and secondary schools of Macao should implement comprehensive sexuality education to enhance students' sexual knowledge for the development of appropriate values,attitudes,decision-making,communication and risk reduction skills.
Adolescents experience enormous physiological,psychological and behavioural changes upon the transition to puberty. These changes are often the cause for risky behaviours of adolescents and which might pose profound impact on their health during adolescence or even in the future. There is a growing attention to sexuality education in Macao. In the past,sexuality education was given in the form of lectures at schools with the professional support of health associations. The Youth and Education Affairs Bureau of Macao established the Centre of Moral Education in 2005 to organize training programs for tutors of sexuality education,provide support on teaching materials and aids,as well as to organize promotion activities. However,a systematic sexuality education curriculum is still not available. Indeed,an all-round sexuality education for adolescents is indispensable. According to the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,specific learning goals of sexuality education should be set for different age ranges. A set of comprehensive sexuality education should include six aspects,namely "relationships","values,attitudes and skills","culture,society and human rights","human development","sexual behaviours"and"sexual and reproductive health". Primary and secondary schools of Macao should implement comprehensive sexuality education to enhance students' sexual knowledge for the development of appropriate values,attitudes,decision-making,communication and risk reduction skills.
引文
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[11]张转澄,黄德麒.父母婚姻型态及其轮班工作与澳门青少年的性知识、性态度及性相关行为研究[C].澳门:第四届海峡两岸暨港澳地区青少年性与生殖健康研讨会大会,2015:45-50.
[12]余惠莺,黄翠萍,尹一桥.澳门中学生性教育现状与对策初探[J].中国性科学,2014,23(9):85-87.
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[14] Fonner VA,Armstrong KS,Kennedy CE,et al. School based sex education and HIV prevention in low-and middle-income countries:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Plo S one,2014,9(3):e89692-e89692.
[15] Picot J,Shepherd J,Kavanagh J,et al. Behavioural interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in young people aged13-19 years:A systematic review[J]. Health Education Research,2012,27(3):495-512.
[16]澳门中华学生联合总会,澳门青年研究协会.澳门中学生对性教育的看法调查研究报告[M].澳门:澳门中华学生联合总会,澳门青年研究协会,2013.
[17] Keeney GB,Cassata L,Mc Elmurry BJ. Adolescent health and development in nursing and midwifery education[M]. New York:World Health Organization,2004.
[18]统计暨普查局.医疗统计2013[M].澳门:统计暨普查局,2013.
[19] De Wit SC,O'Neill PA. Fundamental concepts and skills for nursing[J]. St. Louis:Elsevier Health Sciences,2013.
[20] World Health Organization. Sexual health,retrieved August 10,2017.[EB/OL].[2017-08-31]. http://www. who. int/topics/sexual_health/en/
[2] United Nations Population Fund. Adolescent and youth demographics:a brief overview.[EB/OL].[2017-08-31]. https://www. unfpa.org/resources/adolescent-and-youth-demographicsa-brief-overview.
[3] World Health Organization. Adolescent health.[EB/OL].[2017-08-31]. http://www. who. int/topics/adolescent_health/en/.
[4] Anthony D. The state of the world's children 2011-adolescence:An age of opportunity[M]. New york:United Nations Children's Fund(UNICEF),2011.
[5] Eaton DK,Kann L,Kinchen S,et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States,2011[J]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report:Surveillance Summaries,2012,61(4):1-162.
[6] Mahalik JR,Coley RL,Lombardi CM,et al. Changes in health risk behaviors for males and females from early adolescence through early adulthood[J]. Health Psychology,2013,32(6):685-694.
[7] Ong J,Wong W,Lee A,et al. Sexual activity and adolescent health risk behaviours amongst high school students in three ethnic Chinese urban populations[J]. Journal of clinical nursing,2013,22(23-24):3270-3279.
[8] Ecker N,Kirby D,Gordon P. International technical guidance on sexuality education:An evidence-informed approach for schools,Teachers,and health educators[M]. Paris:United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO),2009.
[9] United Nations Population Fund. Comprehensive sexuality education,Retrieved August 07,2017.[EB/OL].[2017-08-31]. http://www.unfpa. org/comprehensive-sexuality-education
[10]香港中文大学.『澳门性教育课程』研究报告[M].澳门:澳门教育暨青年局,2009.
[11]圣公会澳门社会服务处.澳门青年指标2012社会调查报告书[M].澳门:圣公会澳门社会服务处,2013.
[11]张转澄,黄德麒.父母婚姻型态及其轮班工作与澳门青少年的性知识、性态度及性相关行为研究[C].澳门:第四届海峡两岸暨港澳地区青少年性与生殖健康研讨会大会,2015:45-50.
[12]余惠莺,黄翠萍,尹一桥.澳门中学生性教育现状与对策初探[J].中国性科学,2014,23(9):85-87.
[13] Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States.Sexuality Education Q&A,Retrieved August 10,2017.[EB/OL].[2017-08-31]. http://www. siecus. org/index. cfm? fuseaction=page. viewpage&pageid=521&grandparentID=477&parentID=514
[14] Fonner VA,Armstrong KS,Kennedy CE,et al. School based sex education and HIV prevention in low-and middle-income countries:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Plo S one,2014,9(3):e89692-e89692.
[15] Picot J,Shepherd J,Kavanagh J,et al. Behavioural interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in young people aged13-19 years:A systematic review[J]. Health Education Research,2012,27(3):495-512.
[16]澳门中华学生联合总会,澳门青年研究协会.澳门中学生对性教育的看法调查研究报告[M].澳门:澳门中华学生联合总会,澳门青年研究协会,2013.
[17] Keeney GB,Cassata L,Mc Elmurry BJ. Adolescent health and development in nursing and midwifery education[M]. New York:World Health Organization,2004.
[18]统计暨普查局.医疗统计2013[M].澳门:统计暨普查局,2013.
[19] De Wit SC,O'Neill PA. Fundamental concepts and skills for nursing[J]. St. Louis:Elsevier Health Sciences,2013.
[20] World Health Organization. Sexual health,retrieved August 10,2017.[EB/OL].[2017-08-31]. http://www. who. int/topics/sexual_health/en/