六套海洋模式模拟热带西太平洋深层环流结果的对比分析
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摘要
借助于六套海洋模式资料,本文初步分析了热带西太平洋深层环流的基本特征。与气候态数据集WOA13相比,水深3000m层除HYCOM以正温度偏差为主外,其余模式均为负温度偏差,且随着深度增加偏差幅度变大。盐度偏差方面,HYCOM和OFES以正偏差为主,其余模式以负偏差为主。温盐偏差在各个深海海盆中的时间变化趋势不尽相同,且与实际观测结果存在较大差异。水深1000—3000m以纬向东西向交替变化的射流为主。3000—5000m的纬向流速减小,形成海盆内环流,不同海盆之间可通过深水通道进行海水交换。3000m以深的关键深海通道的输运通量存在明显的季节变化,甚至不同季节流向也不一致,而海盆内的环流形态受制于位涡收支积分约束方程,进而也表征出季节变化的特征,即不同季节海盆内的环流主要旋转形态不同。在分析了初始温盐场、潮汐及其他要素对深海环流的影响后,本文为日后构建适合热带西太平洋深海环流研究的模式提供了建议。
We conducted a preliminary analysis on deep-layer circulation in the tropical western Pacific using six ocean models outputs. In comparison with WOA13, the HYCOM's deep temperature deviation at 3000 m is mainly positive, while other five models' are negative. The deep temperature deviations increase with depth. The deep salinity deviations of HYCOM and OFES are mainly positive, while other models' are mainly negative. Both the temporal trends of mean temperature and salinity deviations are different from the observations. The currents between 1000 and 3000 m are dominated by alternating westward and eastward zonal jets. The zonal velocity decreases quickly below 3000 m, and the circulations are separated by different basins between 3000 and 5000 m, but the seawater exchange can take place through deep-layer passages among basins. The transport in deep-layer passages shows seasonal variability; moreover, the direction of current in some deep layers could be opposite in different seasons. The pattern of circulation is controlled by potential vorticity constraint equation, and thus also shows seasonal variation, indicating temporal difference in the form of major rotations in these basins. In addition, we discussed the impacts of T/S initial value, tide, and other factors on the deep circulations, and proposed suggestions for future improvement in the modeling.
We conducted a preliminary analysis on deep-layer circulation in the tropical western Pacific using six ocean models outputs. In comparison with WOA13, the HYCOM's deep temperature deviation at 3000 m is mainly positive, while other five models' are negative. The deep temperature deviations increase with depth. The deep salinity deviations of HYCOM and OFES are mainly positive, while other models' are mainly negative. Both the temporal trends of mean temperature and salinity deviations are different from the observations. The currents between 1000 and 3000 m are dominated by alternating westward and eastward zonal jets. The zonal velocity decreases quickly below 3000 m, and the circulations are separated by different basins between 3000 and 5000 m, but the seawater exchange can take place through deep-layer passages among basins. The transport in deep-layer passages shows seasonal variability; moreover, the direction of current in some deep layers could be opposite in different seasons. The pattern of circulation is controlled by potential vorticity constraint equation, and thus also shows seasonal variation, indicating temporal difference in the form of major rotations in these basins. In addition, we discussed the impacts of T/S initial value, tide, and other factors on the deep circulations, and proposed suggestions for future improvement in the modeling.
引文
吴新荣,王喜冬,李威等,2015.海洋数据同化与数据融合技术应用综述.海洋技术学报,34(3):97-103
谢强,肖劲根,王东晓等,2013.基于8个准全球模式模拟的南海深层与底层环流特征分析.科学通报,58(20):1984-1996
Barnier B,Madec G,Penduff T et al,2006.Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy permitting resolution.Ocean Dynamics,56(5-6):543-567,doi:10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1
Brandt P,Funk A,Hormann V et al,2011.Interannual atmospheric variability forced by the deep equatorial Atlantic Ocean.Nature,473(7348):497-500,doi:10.1038/nature10013
Carnes M R,2009.Description and Evaluation of GDEM-V 3.0.Naval Research Lab Stennis Space Center,NRL/MR/7330-09-9165,24 pp,Washington,D.C.
Carton J A,Giese B S,2008.A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA).Monthly Weather Review,136(8):2999-3017,doi:10.1175/2007MWR1978.1
Chen X Y,Tung K K,2014.Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration.Science,345(6199):897-903,doi:10.1126/science.1254937
Cravatte S,Kessler W S,Marin F,2012.Intermediate zonal jets in the tropical Pacific Ocean observed by Argo float.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(9):1475-1485,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0206.1
Freeland H,2001.Observations of the flow of abyssal water through the Samoa Passage.Journal of Physical Oceanography,31(8):2273-2279,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<2273:OOTFOA>2.0.CO;2
Heywood K J,Garabato A C N,Stevens D P,2002.High mixing rates in the abyssal Southern Ocean.Nature,415(6875):1011-1014,doi:10.1038/4151011a
Johnson G C,Toole J M,1993.Flow of deep and bottom waters in the Pacific at 10oN.Deep-sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,40(2):371-394,doi:10.1016/0967-0637(93)90009-R
Johnson G C,Sloyan B M,Kessler W S et al,2002.Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific during the 1990s.Progress in Oceanography,52(1):31-61,doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00021-6
Kawabe M,Fujio S,Yanagimoto D,2003.Deep-water circulation at low latitudes in the western North Pacific.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Paper,50(5):631-656,doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00040-2
Lagerloef G S E,Mitchum G T,Lukas R B et al,1999.Tropical Pacific near surface current estimated from altimeter,wind,and drifter data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,104(C10):23313-23326,doi:10.1029/1999JC900197
Lebedev K V,Yoshinari H,Maximenko N A et al,2007.Velocity data assessed from trajectories of Argo float at parking level and at the sea surface.IPRC Technical Note,4(2):16
Levitus S,Antonov J I,Boyer T P et al,2009.Global ocean heat content 1955-2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems.Geophysical Research Letter,36(7):L07608,doi:10.1029/2008GL037155
Masumoto Y,Sasaki H,Kagimoto T et al,2004.A fifty-year eddy-resolving simulation of the world ocean-preliminary outcomes of OFES(OGCM for the Earth Simulator).Journal of Earth Simulator,1:35-56
Meehl G A,Arblaster J M,Fasullo J T et al,2011.Model-based evidence of deep-ocean heat uptake during surfacetemperature hiatus periods.Nature Climate Change,1(7):360-364,doi:10.1038/nclimate1229
Menemenlis D,Hill C,Adcroft A et al,2005.NASAsupercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research.EOS Transactions AGU,86(9):86-89
Morris M Y,Hall M M,Laurent L C St et al,2001.Abyssal mixing in the Brazil Basin.Journal of Physical Oceanography,31(11):3331-3348,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3331:AMITBB>2.0.CO;2
Roemmich D,Hautala S,Rudnick D,1996.Northward abyssal transport through the Samoan Passage and adjacent regions.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C6):14039-14056,doi:10.1029/96JC00797
Rowe G D,Firing E,Johnson G C,2000.Pacific equatorial subsurface countercurrent velocity,transport,and potential vorticity.Journal of Physical Oceanography,30(6):1172-1187,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1172:PESCVT>2.0.CO;2
Rudnick D L,1997.Direct velocity measurement in the Samoan Passage.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,102(C2):3293-3302,doi:10.1029/96JC03286
Schiller A,Oke P R,Brassington G B et al,2008.Eddy-resolving ocean circulation in the Asian-Australian region inferred from an ocean reanalysis effort.Progress in Oceanography,76(3):334-365,doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.003
Siedler G,Holfort J,Zenk W et al,2004.Deep-water flow in the Mariana and Caroline Basins.Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(3):566-581,doi:10.1175/2511.1
Stramma L,Schmidtko S,Levin L A et al,2010.Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,57(4):587-595,doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.01.005
Sudre J,Morrow R A,2008.Global surface current:a high-resolution product for investigating ocean dynamics.Ocean Dynamics,58(2):101-118,doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0134-9
Taft B T,Hayes S P,Friedrich G E et al,1991.Flow of abyssal waters in the Samoan Passage.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,38(S1):S103-S128,doi:10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80007-0
Teramoto T,1993.Deep Ocean Circulation,Physical and Chemical Aspects.Amsterdam:Elsevier Scientific Publ,382
Thoppil P G,Richman J G,Hogan P J,2011.Energetics of a global ocean circulation model compared to observations.Geophysical Research Letter,38(15):L15607,doi:10.1029/2011GL048347
Wang G H,Xie S P,Qu T D et al,2011.Deep South China Sea circulation.Geophysical Research Letter,38(5):L05601,doi:10.1029/2010GL046626
Wijffels S E,Toole J M,Bryden H L et al,1996.The water masses and circulation at 10oN in the Pacific.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,43(4):501-544,doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00006-4
Yang J Y,Price J F,2000.Water-mass formation and potential vorticity balance in an abyssal ocean circulation.Journal of Marine Research,58(5):789-808,doi:10.1357/002224000321358918
谢强,肖劲根,王东晓等,2013.基于8个准全球模式模拟的南海深层与底层环流特征分析.科学通报,58(20):1984-1996
Barnier B,Madec G,Penduff T et al,2006.Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy permitting resolution.Ocean Dynamics,56(5-6):543-567,doi:10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1
Brandt P,Funk A,Hormann V et al,2011.Interannual atmospheric variability forced by the deep equatorial Atlantic Ocean.Nature,473(7348):497-500,doi:10.1038/nature10013
Carnes M R,2009.Description and Evaluation of GDEM-V 3.0.Naval Research Lab Stennis Space Center,NRL/MR/7330-09-9165,24 pp,Washington,D.C.
Carton J A,Giese B S,2008.A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA).Monthly Weather Review,136(8):2999-3017,doi:10.1175/2007MWR1978.1
Chen X Y,Tung K K,2014.Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration.Science,345(6199):897-903,doi:10.1126/science.1254937
Cravatte S,Kessler W S,Marin F,2012.Intermediate zonal jets in the tropical Pacific Ocean observed by Argo float.Journal of Physical Oceanography,42(9):1475-1485,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0206.1
Freeland H,2001.Observations of the flow of abyssal water through the Samoa Passage.Journal of Physical Oceanography,31(8):2273-2279,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<2273:OOTFOA>2.0.CO;2
Heywood K J,Garabato A C N,Stevens D P,2002.High mixing rates in the abyssal Southern Ocean.Nature,415(6875):1011-1014,doi:10.1038/4151011a
Johnson G C,Toole J M,1993.Flow of deep and bottom waters in the Pacific at 10oN.Deep-sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,40(2):371-394,doi:10.1016/0967-0637(93)90009-R
Johnson G C,Sloyan B M,Kessler W S et al,2002.Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific during the 1990s.Progress in Oceanography,52(1):31-61,doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00021-6
Kawabe M,Fujio S,Yanagimoto D,2003.Deep-water circulation at low latitudes in the western North Pacific.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Paper,50(5):631-656,doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00040-2
Lagerloef G S E,Mitchum G T,Lukas R B et al,1999.Tropical Pacific near surface current estimated from altimeter,wind,and drifter data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,104(C10):23313-23326,doi:10.1029/1999JC900197
Lebedev K V,Yoshinari H,Maximenko N A et al,2007.Velocity data assessed from trajectories of Argo float at parking level and at the sea surface.IPRC Technical Note,4(2):16
Levitus S,Antonov J I,Boyer T P et al,2009.Global ocean heat content 1955-2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems.Geophysical Research Letter,36(7):L07608,doi:10.1029/2008GL037155
Masumoto Y,Sasaki H,Kagimoto T et al,2004.A fifty-year eddy-resolving simulation of the world ocean-preliminary outcomes of OFES(OGCM for the Earth Simulator).Journal of Earth Simulator,1:35-56
Meehl G A,Arblaster J M,Fasullo J T et al,2011.Model-based evidence of deep-ocean heat uptake during surfacetemperature hiatus periods.Nature Climate Change,1(7):360-364,doi:10.1038/nclimate1229
Menemenlis D,Hill C,Adcroft A et al,2005.NASAsupercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research.EOS Transactions AGU,86(9):86-89
Morris M Y,Hall M M,Laurent L C St et al,2001.Abyssal mixing in the Brazil Basin.Journal of Physical Oceanography,31(11):3331-3348,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3331:AMITBB>2.0.CO;2
Roemmich D,Hautala S,Rudnick D,1996.Northward abyssal transport through the Samoan Passage and adjacent regions.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C6):14039-14056,doi:10.1029/96JC00797
Rowe G D,Firing E,Johnson G C,2000.Pacific equatorial subsurface countercurrent velocity,transport,and potential vorticity.Journal of Physical Oceanography,30(6):1172-1187,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1172:PESCVT>2.0.CO;2
Rudnick D L,1997.Direct velocity measurement in the Samoan Passage.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,102(C2):3293-3302,doi:10.1029/96JC03286
Schiller A,Oke P R,Brassington G B et al,2008.Eddy-resolving ocean circulation in the Asian-Australian region inferred from an ocean reanalysis effort.Progress in Oceanography,76(3):334-365,doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.003
Siedler G,Holfort J,Zenk W et al,2004.Deep-water flow in the Mariana and Caroline Basins.Journal of Physical Oceanography,34(3):566-581,doi:10.1175/2511.1
Stramma L,Schmidtko S,Levin L A et al,2010.Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,57(4):587-595,doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.01.005
Sudre J,Morrow R A,2008.Global surface current:a high-resolution product for investigating ocean dynamics.Ocean Dynamics,58(2):101-118,doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0134-9
Taft B T,Hayes S P,Friedrich G E et al,1991.Flow of abyssal waters in the Samoan Passage.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,38(S1):S103-S128,doi:10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80007-0
Teramoto T,1993.Deep Ocean Circulation,Physical and Chemical Aspects.Amsterdam:Elsevier Scientific Publ,382
Thoppil P G,Richman J G,Hogan P J,2011.Energetics of a global ocean circulation model compared to observations.Geophysical Research Letter,38(15):L15607,doi:10.1029/2011GL048347
Wang G H,Xie S P,Qu T D et al,2011.Deep South China Sea circulation.Geophysical Research Letter,38(5):L05601,doi:10.1029/2010GL046626
Wijffels S E,Toole J M,Bryden H L et al,1996.The water masses and circulation at 10oN in the Pacific.Deep-Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,43(4):501-544,doi:10.1016/0967-0637(96)00006-4
Yang J Y,Price J F,2000.Water-mass formation and potential vorticity balance in an abyssal ocean circulation.Journal of Marine Research,58(5):789-808,doi:10.1357/002224000321358918