Evaluation of a global eddy-permitting hybrid coordinate ocean model
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摘要
本文基于垂直混合坐标模式HYCOM建立一个水平分辨率17–25km的准中尺度涡海洋环流数值系统,利用气候态强迫场进行了百年试验,保证了海洋状态达到平衡,然后利用高频强迫场对过去22年(1993–2014)开展了数值试验,利用观测对试验结构进行了检验。结果表明,对于全球大洋而言,模拟的海表温度要比观测暖0.29°C,模拟的海表温度季节循环稍微偏强;模拟的次表层温盐结构比较合理,但由于海冰模块的缺乏在上层1000m纬向平均的全球海洋引起了一个0.21°C冷偏差和0.16psu的淡水偏差;模拟的赤道太平洋潜流强度要弱于观测,但要优于再分析数据ECCO。能很好地再现与中尺度涡有关的变率位置。总之,该海洋环流数值系统能够比较合理地模拟上层海洋的动力、热力以及变率结构。
A historical run(1993–2014)of a global,eddy-permitting,hybrid coordinate ocean model(HYCOM)is evaluated against observations.The authors evaluate several metrics in the model,including the spatial distribution of sea surface temperature(SST),the zonally averaged seasonal cycle of SST,the variability of the sea level anomaly(SLA),the zonally and meridionally averaged temperature and salinity,and the equatorial undercurrent.It is found that the simulated seasonal cycle of SST is 0.2–0.8 stronger than observed at midlatitudes.The modeled SST is 0.29°C warmer than the observed for the global ocean.the structure of the subsurface temperature and salinity is similar to the observed.moreover,the variability of SLA exhibits the same pattern as observed.The modeled equatorial undercurrent in the pacific ocean is weaker than observed,but stronger than the ecco reanalysis product.overall,the model can reproduce the large-scale ocean states,and is suitable for analyses seeking to better understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of the upper ocean,as well as ocean variability.
A historical run(1993–2014)of a global,eddy-permitting,hybrid coordinate ocean model(HYCOM)is evaluated against observations.The authors evaluate several metrics in the model,including the spatial distribution of sea surface temperature(SST),the zonally averaged seasonal cycle of SST,the variability of the sea level anomaly(SLA),the zonally and meridionally averaged temperature and salinity,and the equatorial undercurrent.It is found that the simulated seasonal cycle of SST is 0.2–0.8 stronger than observed at midlatitudes.The modeled SST is 0.29°C warmer than the observed for the global ocean.the structure of the subsurface temperature and salinity is similar to the observed.moreover,the variability of SLA exhibits the same pattern as observed.The modeled equatorial undercurrent in the pacific ocean is weaker than observed,but stronger than the ecco reanalysis product.overall,the model can reproduce the large-scale ocean states,and is suitable for analyses seeking to better understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of the upper ocean,as well as ocean variability.
引文
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Persechino,A.,R.Marsh,B.Sinha,A.Megann,A.Blaker,and A.New.2012.“Decadal-Timescale Changes of the Atlantic Overturning Circulation and Climate in a Coupled Climate Model with a Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Component.”Climate Dynamics 39(3-4):1021-1042.doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1432-y.
Rattan,S.,P.G.Myers,A.M.Treguier,S.Theetten,A.Biastoch,and C.B?ning.2010.“Towards an Understanding of Labrador Sea Salinity Drift in Eddy-Permitting Simulations.”Ocean Modelling 35(1-2):77-88.doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.06.007.
Reynolds,R.W.,T.M.Smith,C.Y.Liu,D.B.Chelton,K.S.Casey,and M.G.Schlax.2007.“Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature.”Journal of Climate20:5473-5496.doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1.
Sakov,P.,F.Counillon,L.Bertino,K.A.Lis?ter,P.R.Oke,and A.Korablev.2012.“TOPAZ4:An Ocean-Sea Ice Data Assimilation System for the North Atlantic and Arctic.”Ocean Science 8(4):633.doi:10.5194/os-8-633-2012.
Steele,M.,R.Morley,and W.Ermold.2001.“PHC:A Global Ocean Hydrography with A High-Quality Arctic Ocean.”Journal of Climate 14(9):2079-2087.PAGOHW>2.0.CO;2.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2079:.
Wan,L.,J.Zhu,and L.Bertino.2008.“Initial Ensemble Generation and Validation for Ocean Data Assimilation Using HYCOM in the Pacific.”Ocean Dynamics 58:81-99.doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0133-x.
Woloszyn,M.,M.Mazloff,and T.Ito.2011.“Testing an EddyPermitting Model of the Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle against Observations.”Ocean Modelling 39(1-2):170-182.doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.12.004.
Wunsch,C.,P.Heimbach,M.P.Rui,and I.Fukumori.2009.“The Global General Circulation of the Ocean Estimated by the Ecco-Consortium.”Oceanography 22(2):88-103.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.41.
Bertino,L.,K.A.Lis?ter,and S.Scient.2008.“The TOPAZMonitoring and Prediction System for the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 1(2):15-18.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2008.11020098.
Bleck,R.2002.“An Oceanic General Circulation Model Framed in Hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian Coordinates.”Ocean Modelling 4(1):55-88.doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9.
Chassignet,E.P.,H.E.Hurlburt,E.J.Metzger,O.M.Smedstad,J.Cummings,G.R.Halliwell,R.Bleck,et al.2009.“U.S.GODAE:Global Ocean Prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM).”Oceanography 22(2):64-75.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.
Chassignet,E.P.,H.E.Hurlburt,O.M.Smedstad,G.R.Halliwell,P.J.Hogan,A.J.Wallcraft,R.Baraille,and R.Bleck.2007.“The HYCOM(Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model)Data Assimilative System.”Journal of Marine System 65(1-4):60-83.doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.09.016.
Curry,J.A.,A.Bentamy,M.A.Bourassa,D.Bourras,E.F.Bradley,M.Brunke,S.Castro,et al.2015.“Seaflux.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85(3):409-424.doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-3-409.
Dee,D.P.,S.M.Uppala,A.J.Simmons,P.Berrisford,P.Poli,S.Kobayashi,U.Andrae,et al.2011.“The ERA-Interim Reanalysis:Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System.”Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 137:553-597.doi:10.1002/qj.828.
Drange,H.,and K.Simonsen.1996.“Formulation of Air-Sea Fluxes in the ESOP2 Version of MICOM.”Technical Report125,pp 23.Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center,Norway,Bergen.
Ducet,N.,P.Y.Traon,and G.Reverdin.2000.“Global HighResolution Mapping of Ocean Circulation from TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-1 And-2.”Journal of Geophysics Research-Oceans 105:19477-19498.doi:10.1029/2000JC900063.
Jansen,M.F.,I.M.Held,A.Adcroft,and R.Hallberg.2015.“Energy Budget-Based Backscatter in an Eddy Permitting Primitive Equation Model.”Ocean Modelling 94:15-26.doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.015.
Kara,A.B.,E.J.Metzger,H.E.Hurlburt,A.J.Wallcraft,and E.P.Chassignet.2008.“Multistatistics Metric Evaluation of Ocean General Circulation Model Sea Surface Temperature:Application to 0.08 Degree Pacific Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model Simulations.”Arthritis&Rheumatology 113(C12):16.doi:10.1029/2008JC004878.
Kuroda,Y.2002.“TRITON,Present Status and Future Plan.Report for the International Workshop for Review of the Tropical Moored Buoy Network.”JAMSTEC,Yokosuka,Japan,77 Pp.doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01)
Lai,C.C.A.,W.Qian,and S.M.Glenn.1994.“Data Assimilation and Model Evaluation Experiment Datasets.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society75(5):793-809.DAAMEE>2.0.CO;2.doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<0793:.
Large,W.G.,J.C.McWilliams,and S.C.Doney.1994.“Oceanic Vertical Mixing:A Review and a Model with a Nonlocal Boundary Layer Parameterization.”Reviews of Geophysics32:363-403.doi:10.1029/94RG01872.
McPhaden,M.J.,A.J.Busalacchi,R.Cheney,J.Donguy,K.S.Gage,D.Halpern,M.Ji,et al.1998.“The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Observing System.A Decade of Progress.”Journal of Geophysical Research 103:14169-14240.
Metzger,E.J.,H.E.Hurlburt,X.Xu,J.F.Shriver,A.L.Gordon,J.Sprintall,R.D.Susanto,and H.M.Van Aken.2010.“Simulated and Observed Circulation in the Indonesian Seas:1/12°Global HYCOM and the INSTANT Observations.”Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 50(2):275-300.doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.04.002.
Metzger,E.J.,O.M.Smedstad,P.G.Thoppil,H.E.Hurlburt,J.A.Cummings,A.J.Wallcraft,L.Zamudio,et al.2014.“US Navy Operational Global Ocean and Arctic Ice Prediction Systems.”Oceanography 27(3):32-43.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2014.66.
NOAA,1988.“Data Announcement 88-MGG-02,Digital Relief of the Surface of the Earth.”NOAA,National Geophysical Data Center,Boulder,CO,U.S.A.doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79586-7
Persechino,A.,R.Marsh,B.Sinha,A.Megann,A.Blaker,and A.New.2012.“Decadal-Timescale Changes of the Atlantic Overturning Circulation and Climate in a Coupled Climate Model with a Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Component.”Climate Dynamics 39(3-4):1021-1042.doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1432-y.
Rattan,S.,P.G.Myers,A.M.Treguier,S.Theetten,A.Biastoch,and C.B?ning.2010.“Towards an Understanding of Labrador Sea Salinity Drift in Eddy-Permitting Simulations.”Ocean Modelling 35(1-2):77-88.doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.06.007.
Reynolds,R.W.,T.M.Smith,C.Y.Liu,D.B.Chelton,K.S.Casey,and M.G.Schlax.2007.“Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature.”Journal of Climate20:5473-5496.doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1.
Sakov,P.,F.Counillon,L.Bertino,K.A.Lis?ter,P.R.Oke,and A.Korablev.2012.“TOPAZ4:An Ocean-Sea Ice Data Assimilation System for the North Atlantic and Arctic.”Ocean Science 8(4):633.doi:10.5194/os-8-633-2012.
Steele,M.,R.Morley,and W.Ermold.2001.“PHC:A Global Ocean Hydrography with A High-Quality Arctic Ocean.”Journal of Climate 14(9):2079-2087.PAGOHW>2.0.CO;2.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2079:.
Wan,L.,J.Zhu,and L.Bertino.2008.“Initial Ensemble Generation and Validation for Ocean Data Assimilation Using HYCOM in the Pacific.”Ocean Dynamics 58:81-99.doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0133-x.
Woloszyn,M.,M.Mazloff,and T.Ito.2011.“Testing an EddyPermitting Model of the Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle against Observations.”Ocean Modelling 39(1-2):170-182.doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.12.004.
Wunsch,C.,P.Heimbach,M.P.Rui,and I.Fukumori.2009.“The Global General Circulation of the Ocean Estimated by the Ecco-Consortium.”Oceanography 22(2):88-103.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.41.