新疆地下滴灌棉田一次性滴灌带埋深数值模拟与分析
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摘要
由于灌水频率高、定额小,在新疆地区大面积应用膜下滴灌进行棉花种植时,常出现根系分布浅、植株易早衰等影响产量的问题,灌水湿润区域相对较深的地下滴灌可能是解决上述问题的方法之一。但因顾及机械耕作和多次使用,传统地下滴灌带通常埋深较大,致使苗期灌水及管理维护极其不便。随着工艺水平提高和生产成本降低,地下滴灌生产实际中采用一次性滴灌带已成为可能,本研究通过数值模拟方法来探讨地下滴灌一次性滴灌带的合理埋深问题。为了验证所建立的数值模型和选用的土壤物理参数,首先在新疆玛纳斯地区开展了地下滴灌田间试验,继而采用HYDRUS-2D/3D软件对该试验条件下的土壤水盐动态进行了模拟。结果表明,模拟值与实测值之间整体吻合较好,其中土壤含水量分布的平均绝对误差Me和均方根差Rm分别不高于0.034、0.040 cm~3/cm~3,相关系数R最小值为0.8,Nash效率系数Ns在0.34~0.62之间;含盐量Me、Rm也分别不超过3.31、4.24 g/kg,R最小值为0.6,Ns在-0.06~0.38之间,相关模型和参数较为合理可靠。在此基础上,对该地区不同滴灌带埋深(分别设为5、15、30 cm)情景下灌水过程中的水盐运动规律进行了进一步模拟与分析,结果表明:不同埋深导致土壤淡化和积盐区域分布不同,淡化区域主要集中在滴灌带附近,在远离滴灌带的湿润锋边缘出现积盐;随着滴灌带埋深加大,土面蒸发损失逐渐降低,但对表层土壤供水能力也相应减弱;综合考虑回收利用、棉花苗期水分供应、根区淡化脱盐需求及单方水的淡化脱盐效率等因素,当地地下滴灌棉田一次性滴灌带不宜埋设过深,建议布置在15 cm左右。
The technology of film mulched drip irrigation( FMDI) is applied widely to cotton cultivation in Xinjiang,China. Resulted from its characteristics of high ratio and small amount of irrigation,a problem of shallow roots and weak adversity resistance is often found in practice and thus would limit further development of FMDI. Since the irrigation water is supplied deeper in the root zone, the subsurface drip irrigation( SDI) is easily to be considered as an alternative to solve the problem. To avoid probable damage from mechanical farming and prolong the application duration,the irrigation tape in a traditional SDI system is usually buried in deeper root zone( e. g. beneath 35 cm from the soil surface),which might be extremely inconvenient for seedling irrigation and management maintenance of the irrigation system. In fact,with the technological progress and cost reduction for manufacturing the irrigation tape,the practical use of disposable drip irrigation tape is becoming more and more popular.The objective was to explore the reasonable depth of disposable drip irrigation tape in SDI by using numerical simulation method. The HYDRUS-2D/3D software was used to simulate the dynamics of soil water and salt,and a field experiment was conducted in Manasi County of Xinjiang autonomous region to validate the numerical model and selected hydraulic parameters. Simulated and observed soil watercontent distributions were in good agreement with the maximum mean absolute error( Me) and root mean square error( Rm) of 0. 034 cm~3/cm~3 and 0. 040 cm~3/cm~3,the minimum correlation coefficient( R) of0. 8 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient( Ns) of 0. 34 ~ 0. 62,respectively,between them.Correspondingly for soil salinity distributions,the values of maximum Meand Rmwere 3. 31 g/kg and4. 24 g/kg,the minimum R was 0. 6 and Nswere-0. 06 ~ 0. 38,respectively,which was also in acceptable range. Then the transport processes of soil water and salt under SDI with different burying depths H( 5 cm,15 cm and 30 cm,respectively) for irrigation tape were simulated by using the validated numerical model and hydraulic parameters. The results showed that salt was gradually driven away from the tape by irrigation water,with soil salinity decreased around the tape but increased near the wetting front. While the increase of H resulted in decrease of evaporation loss,the shallow soil layers near surface would be more and more difficult to be wetted by irrigation water. Synthesizing the factors such as recycling convenience of disposable tape,water requirement for cotton seedling,desalination demand of root zone and water use efficiency for desalination,local disposable tape of SDI was recommended to set at about 15 cm,a moderate depth from the soil surface.
The technology of film mulched drip irrigation( FMDI) is applied widely to cotton cultivation in Xinjiang,China. Resulted from its characteristics of high ratio and small amount of irrigation,a problem of shallow roots and weak adversity resistance is often found in practice and thus would limit further development of FMDI. Since the irrigation water is supplied deeper in the root zone, the subsurface drip irrigation( SDI) is easily to be considered as an alternative to solve the problem. To avoid probable damage from mechanical farming and prolong the application duration,the irrigation tape in a traditional SDI system is usually buried in deeper root zone( e. g. beneath 35 cm from the soil surface),which might be extremely inconvenient for seedling irrigation and management maintenance of the irrigation system. In fact,with the technological progress and cost reduction for manufacturing the irrigation tape,the practical use of disposable drip irrigation tape is becoming more and more popular.The objective was to explore the reasonable depth of disposable drip irrigation tape in SDI by using numerical simulation method. The HYDRUS-2D/3D software was used to simulate the dynamics of soil water and salt,and a field experiment was conducted in Manasi County of Xinjiang autonomous region to validate the numerical model and selected hydraulic parameters. Simulated and observed soil watercontent distributions were in good agreement with the maximum mean absolute error( Me) and root mean square error( Rm) of 0. 034 cm~3/cm~3 and 0. 040 cm~3/cm~3,the minimum correlation coefficient( R) of0. 8 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient( Ns) of 0. 34 ~ 0. 62,respectively,between them.Correspondingly for soil salinity distributions,the values of maximum Meand Rmwere 3. 31 g/kg and4. 24 g/kg,the minimum R was 0. 6 and Nswere-0. 06 ~ 0. 38,respectively,which was also in acceptable range. Then the transport processes of soil water and salt under SDI with different burying depths H( 5 cm,15 cm and 30 cm,respectively) for irrigation tape were simulated by using the validated numerical model and hydraulic parameters. The results showed that salt was gradually driven away from the tape by irrigation water,with soil salinity decreased around the tape but increased near the wetting front. While the increase of H resulted in decrease of evaporation loss,the shallow soil layers near surface would be more and more difficult to be wetted by irrigation water. Synthesizing the factors such as recycling convenience of disposable tape,water requirement for cotton seedling,desalination demand of root zone and water use efficiency for desalination,local disposable tape of SDI was recommended to set at about 15 cm,a moderate depth from the soil surface.
引文
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2刘梅先,杨劲松,李晓明,等.滴灌模式对棉花根系分布和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊1):98-105.LIU Meixian,YANG Jingsong,LI Xiaoming,et al.Effects of drip irrigation strategy on cotton root distribution and water use efficiency[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(Supp.1):98-105.(in Chinese)
3李显溦,石建初,左强.新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术存在的问题及改进措施---双层可降解膜覆盖与地下滴灌技术结合应用探讨[J].农业工程,2012,2(10):29-35.LI Xianwei,SHI Jianchu,ZUO Qiang.Problems and improvements of plastic mulched drip irrigation for cotton plantation in Xinjiang feasibility of application for combining double degradable films mulch with subsurface drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Engineering,2012,2(10):29-35.(in Chinese)
4仵峰,宰松梅,丛佩娟.国内外地下滴灌研究及应用现状[J].节水灌溉,2004(1):25-28.
5 ELMALOGLOU S,DIAMANTOPOULOS E.Simulation of soil water dynamics under subsurface drip irrigation from line sources[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(11):1587-1595.
6 KANDELOUS M M,SIMUNEK J.Numerical simulations of water movement in a subsurface drip irrigation system under field and laboratory conditions using HYDRUS-2D[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(7):1070-1076.
7 BEDNARZ C W,RITCHIE G L,WHITAKER J R,et al.Cotton subsurface drip and overhead irrigation efficiency,maturity,yield,and quality[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(6):1763-1768.
8宰松梅,仵峰,范永申,等.不同滴灌形式对棉田土壤理化性状的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(12):84-89.ZAI Songmei,WU Feng,FAN Yongshen,et al.Effects of drip irrigation patterns on soil properties in cotton field[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(12):84-89.(in Chinese)
9王振华,吕德生,温新明.地下滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移特点的试验研究[J].石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2005,23(1):85-87.WANG Zhenhua,LV Desheng,WEN Xinming.Experimental research on characteristic of soil water and salt transport under subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Shihezi University:Natural Science,2005,23(1):85-87.(in Chinese)
10吕宁,侯振安,龚江.不同滴灌方式下咸水灌溉对棉花根系分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(5):58-62.LNing,HOU Zhen'an,GONG Jiang.Effects on cotton root distribution under different drip irrigation with saline-water[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2007,26(5):58-62.(in Chinese)
11王振华,吕德生,温新明,等.地下滴灌对棉花生理性状及产量影响的研究[J].节水灌溉,2006(4):11-13.WANG Zhenhua,LV Desheng,WEN Xinming,et al.Research on influence of subsurface drip irrigation on cotton physiology character and yield in Xinjiang[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2006(4):11-13.(in Chinese)
12周建伟,何帅,李杰,等.棉花地下滴灌灌溉效应研究[J].新疆农业科学,2005,42(1):41-44.ZHOU Jianwei,HE Shuai,LI Jie,et al.Effect of underground drip irrigation on cotton[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2005,42(1):41-44.(in Chinese)
13范永申,仵峰,张银炎,等.地下滴灌条件下棉花土壤水分运移田间试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(4):1-3.FAN Yongshen,WU Feng,ZHANG Yinyan,et al.Changing of soil moisture in cotton field under subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2007,26(4):1-3.(in Chinese)
14宰松梅,仵峰,温季,等.不同滴灌方式对棉田土壤盐分的影响[J].水利学报,2011,42(12):1496-1503.ZAI Songmei,WU Feng,WEN Ji,et al.Effect of drip fertigation on soil salinity of cotton field in Northwest China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(12):1496-1503.(in Chinese)
15安俊波,王振华,温新明,等.不同栽培方式对地下滴灌棉花形态指标及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(1):93-96.AN Junbo,WANG Zhenhua,WEN Xinming,et al.Test research on influence of different cultivation patterns on growth parameter and yield of subsurface drip irrigation cottons[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(1):93-96.(in Chinese)
16仵峰,吴普特,宰松梅,等.基于田间定位观测的地下滴灌毛管性能评价[J].水利学报,2009,40(5):556-563.WU Feng,WU Pute,ZAI Songmei,et al.Field investigation and evaluation of drip line performance in subsurface drip irrigation system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(5):556-563.(in Chinese)
17 CAMP C R.Subsurface drip irrigation:a review[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1998,41(5):1355-1367.
18 SKAGGS T H,TROUT T J,SIMUNEK J,et al.Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2004,130(4):304-310.
19 SCHWARTZMAN M,ZUR B.Emitter spacing and geometry of wetted soil volume[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1986,112(3):242-253.
20 KANDELOUS M M,SIMUNEK J.Comparison of numerical,analytical,and empirical models to estimate wetting patterns for surface and subsurface drip irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2010,28(5):435-444.
21 ELMALOGLOU S,SOULIS K X,DERCAS N.Simulation of soil water dynamics under surface drip irrigation from equidistant line sources[J].Water Resources Management,2013,27(12):4131-4148.
22李道西,彭世彰.地下滴灌灌水设计参数对土壤水分分布影响的计算机模拟[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(5-6):507-509.LI Daoxi,PENG Shizhang.Computer simulation on soil-water movement under the condition of different irrigation design parameters in subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2004,35(5-6):507-509.(in Chinese)
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