渠道渗漏HYDRUS模拟验证及影响因素分析
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摘要
渠道渗漏影响灌溉水利用效率,分析影响渗漏的主要因素,评估各影响因素对渠道渗漏的影响程度,可以为提高灌溉水利用效率提供理论参考。为了得到渠道渗漏的主要影响因素,进行了渠道渗漏室内模拟试验,观测不同边坡系数、入渗水头、渠道底宽下的累积入渗量和湿润锋推进过程,建立试验条件下的土壤水分运动模型,选用HYDRUS-2D软件求解所建模型,并将求解得到的模拟值与实测值进行比较,结果表明,模型模拟R2均高于0.9、均方根误差为0.43~4.99 L,检验了所建模型可以用于模拟渠道渗漏的土壤水分入渗过程。模拟表明,边坡系数对湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量的影响很小,渠道底宽对渠道土壤水分入渗过程的影响较大,通过双因素方差分析,渠道底宽对累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离的影响极显著(P<0.01),而入渗水头对水平距离的影响显著(P<0.05),渠道底宽和入渗水头之间不存在显著的交互影响(P>0.05)。研究结果可以为提高灌溉水利用效率、对灌溉渠道防渗提供技术参考。
Canal leakage is the main factor affecting the efficiency of irrigation water.In this paper,the main factors of canal leakage(referring to infiltration) were analyzed and numerical analysis was carried out.In order to obtain the main factors that affected canal leakage,the indoor leakage simulation experiment was carried out.The experimental site was located in Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin(126°45′32″E、45°44′41″N).The test case was made of Plexiglas material,with the size 60 cm×20 cm×110 cm(length×width×height).Mariotte flask was used to ensure water supply and its diameter was 20 cm and the height was 80 cm.A total of 15 treatments with 3 replicates were conducted.During the experiment,the cumulative infiltration and wet front migration distance of each experiment were recorded.In addition,the soil water characteristic curve of the soil samples was tested and the relevant parameters in the VG model were fitted.The parameters of the fitting and the saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by the ring knife method were input into the HYDRUS-2D software to solve the soil water movement model under the experimental conditions,and the simulate values were obtained.The error analysis of the simulated and measured values was carried out.The root mean square error and the determination coefficient of each experiment were calculated.The results showed that the model was reasonable with the root mean square error of 0.43-4.99 L and the R2 higher than 0.9,and the model could simulate the soil water movement process under the experimental conditions.Based on the measured and simulated values,the influence of the 3 factors on the canal leakage and the influence of these factors on the infiltration process were analyzed.The influence of the slope coefficient on the infiltration process was weak and its influence on the infiltration process could be ignored.Two-way analysis of variance was performed in order to analyze the influence of canal base width and infiltration head and its interaction on cumulative infiltration and wetting front migration distance.The results showed that the statistic value of the canal base width was 55.62 for the cumulative infiltration,59.46 for the horizontal distance of wet front migration,and 7.42 for the vertical distance.All the 3statistic values were greater than the critical value of 4.78 under the significance level of 0.01.It indicated that the canal base width had a significant impact on the cumulative infiltration and the wetting front migration distance.The statistic value of the infiltration head at the cumulative infiltration was 2.612,the statistic value of the horizontal distance of wet front migration was 19.14,and the vertical distance was 3.00.The infiltration head had a significant effect on the horizontal distance.The statistic values of the effects of canal width and infiltration head on the cumulative infiltration and the horizontal and vertical distance were 0.30,0.15 and 0.004,respectively.They were less than the critical value of 3.47,indicating that there was no significant interaction between the canal width and infiltration head(P>0.05).The results of the study can provide technical support for improving the utilization efficiency of irrigation water from the aspect of canal seepage control.
Canal leakage is the main factor affecting the efficiency of irrigation water.In this paper,the main factors of canal leakage(referring to infiltration) were analyzed and numerical analysis was carried out.In order to obtain the main factors that affected canal leakage,the indoor leakage simulation experiment was carried out.The experimental site was located in Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin(126°45′32″E、45°44′41″N).The test case was made of Plexiglas material,with the size 60 cm×20 cm×110 cm(length×width×height).Mariotte flask was used to ensure water supply and its diameter was 20 cm and the height was 80 cm.A total of 15 treatments with 3 replicates were conducted.During the experiment,the cumulative infiltration and wet front migration distance of each experiment were recorded.In addition,the soil water characteristic curve of the soil samples was tested and the relevant parameters in the VG model were fitted.The parameters of the fitting and the saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by the ring knife method were input into the HYDRUS-2D software to solve the soil water movement model under the experimental conditions,and the simulate values were obtained.The error analysis of the simulated and measured values was carried out.The root mean square error and the determination coefficient of each experiment were calculated.The results showed that the model was reasonable with the root mean square error of 0.43-4.99 L and the R2 higher than 0.9,and the model could simulate the soil water movement process under the experimental conditions.Based on the measured and simulated values,the influence of the 3 factors on the canal leakage and the influence of these factors on the infiltration process were analyzed.The influence of the slope coefficient on the infiltration process was weak and its influence on the infiltration process could be ignored.Two-way analysis of variance was performed in order to analyze the influence of canal base width and infiltration head and its interaction on cumulative infiltration and wetting front migration distance.The results showed that the statistic value of the canal base width was 55.62 for the cumulative infiltration,59.46 for the horizontal distance of wet front migration,and 7.42 for the vertical distance.All the 3statistic values were greater than the critical value of 4.78 under the significance level of 0.01.It indicated that the canal base width had a significant impact on the cumulative infiltration and the wetting front migration distance.The statistic value of the infiltration head at the cumulative infiltration was 2.612,the statistic value of the horizontal distance of wet front migration was 19.14,and the vertical distance was 3.00.The infiltration head had a significant effect on the horizontal distance.The statistic values of the effects of canal width and infiltration head on the cumulative infiltration and the horizontal and vertical distance were 0.30,0.15 and 0.004,respectively.They were less than the critical value of 3.47,indicating that there was no significant interaction between the canal width and infiltration head(P>0.05).The results of the study can provide technical support for improving the utilization efficiency of irrigation water from the aspect of canal seepage control.
引文
[1]孙美,毛晓敏,陈剑,等.夹砂层状土条件下渠道渗漏的室内试验和数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(8):33-38.Sun Mei,Mao Xiaomin,Chan Jian,et al.Laboratory experiment and simulation on canal seepage through sand interlayer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(8):33-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]张锐,闫超,刘博,等.入渗水头及土壤体积质量对垄作沟灌土壤水分入渗和分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(6):37-41.Zhang Rui,Yan Chao,Liu Bo,et al.Effects of infiltration heads and soil volume-quality on soil water infiltratrion and distribution under ridge tillage furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2016,35(6):37-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Zhang Yongyong,Wu Pute,Zhao Xining,et al.Simulation of soil water dynamics for uncropped ridges and furrows under irrigation conditions[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2013,93(1):85-98.
[4]Phogat V,Malik R S,Kumar S.Modelling the effect of canal bed elevation on seepage and water table rise in a sand box filled with loamy soil[J].Irrigation Science,2009,27(3):191-200.
[5]冀荣华,王婷婷,祁力钧,等.基于HYDRUS-2D的负压灌溉土壤水分入渗数值模拟[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):113-119.Ji Ronghua,Wang Tingting,Qi Lijun,et al.Numerical simulation of soil moisture infiltration under negative pressure irrigation based on HYDRUS-2D[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(4):113-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]聂卫波,马孝义,王术礼.沟灌土壤水分运动数值模拟与入渗模型[J].水科学进展,2009,20(5):668-676.Nie Weibo,Ma Xiaoyi,Wang Shuli.Infiltration model and numerical simulation of the soil water movement in furrow irrigation[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(5):668-676.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Deb S K,Shukla M K,Mexal J G,et al.Evaluation of spatial and temporal root water uptake patterns of a flood-irrigated pecan tree using the HYDRUS(2D/3D)model[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2013,139(8):599-611.
[8]Han Ming,Zhao Chengyi,Feng Gary,et al.Evaluating the effects of mulch and irrigation amount on soil water distribution and root zone water balance using HYDRUS-2D[J].Water,2015,7(6):2622-2640.
[9]Saso J K,Parkin G W,Drury C F,et al.Chloride leaching in two Ontario soils:Measurement and prediction using HYDRUS-1D[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2016,92(2):285-296.
[10]李耀刚,王文娥,胡笑涛.基于HYDRUS-3D的涌泉根灌土壤入渗数值模拟[J].排灌机械工程学报,2013,31(6):546-552.Li Yaogang,Wang Wen?e,Hu Xiaotao.Numerical simulation of soil water infiltration under bubbled root irrigation based on HYDRUS-3D[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2013,31(6):546-552.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]潘红霞,付恒阳,贺屹.基于HYDRUS-2D的地下滴灌下水分运移数值模拟研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(3):52-55.Pan Hongxia,Fu Hengyang,He Yi.Numerica simulation of water movement under subsurface drip irrigation using HYDRUS-2D[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(3):52-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]El-Nesr M N,Alazba A A,?im?nek J.HYDRUS simulations of the effects of dual-drip subsurface irrigation and a physical barrier on water movement and solute transport in soils[J].Irrigation Science,2014,32(2):111-125.
[13]Bufon V B,Lascano R J,Bednarz C,et al.Soil water content on drip irrigated cotton:Comparison of measured and simulated values obtained with the Hydrus 2D model[J].Irrigation Science,2012,30(4):259-273.
[14]Kandelous M M,?im?nek J.Numerical simulations of water movement in a subsurface drip irrigation system under field and laboratory conditions using HYDRUS-2D[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(7):1070-1076.
[15]张勇勇.垄沟灌溉土壤水分入渗模拟研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.Zhang Yongyong.Simulation Research on Soil Water Infiltration under Ridge-furrow Irrigation[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Science.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]张锐.垄作沟灌土壤水分入渗规律的试验研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.Zhang Rui.Research on the Infiltration Law of Ridge Tillage Furrow Irrigation Soil Water[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]孙美,毛晓敏,陈剑.渠道渗漏室内试验土壤水分运动数值模拟[C].纪念中国农业工程学会成立30周年暨中国农业工程学会2009年学术年会,2009.
[18]付强,侯仁杰,王子龙,等.冻融期积雪覆盖下土壤水热交互效应[J].农业工程学报2015,31(15):101-107.Fu Qiang,Hou Renjie,Wang Zilong,et al.Soil moisture thermal interaction effects under snow cover during freezing and thawing period[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(15):101-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]聂卫波.畦沟灌溉水流运动模型与数值模拟研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.Nie Weibo.Research on Water Flow Model and Numerical Simulation for Border and Furrow Irrigation[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:北京清华大学出版社,1988.
[21]Genuchten M T V.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[22]Mualem Y.A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J].Water Resources Research,1976,12(3):513-522.
[23]彭建平,邵爱军.用Matlab确定土壤水分特征曲线参数[J].土壤,2007,39(3):433-438.Peng Jianping,Shao Aijun.Determination of parameters of soil water characteristic carve by Matlab[J].Soils,2007,39(3):433-438.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]杨改强,霍丽娟,杨国义,等.利用MATLAB拟合van Genuchten方程参数的研究[J].土壤,2010,42(2):268-274.Yang Gaiqiang,Huo Lijuan,Yang Guoyi,et al.Research on fitting van Genuchten equation parameter with MATLABSoftware[J].Soils,2010,42(2):268-274.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]付强,蒋睿奇,王子龙,等.基于改进萤火虫算法的土壤水分特征曲线参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):117-122.Fu Qiang,Jiang Ruiqi,Wang Zilong,et al.Optimization of soil water characteristic curves parameters by modified firefly algorithm[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(11):117-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘洪波,张江辉,虎胆·吐马尔白,等.土壤水分特征曲线VG模型参数求解对比分析[J].新疆农业大学学报,2011,34(5):437-441.Liu Hongbo,Zhang Jianghui,Hudan Tuma'erbai,et al.Contrast analysis on soil water characteristic curve of VGmodel parameters[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2011,34(5):437-441.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Iqbal S,Guber A K,Khan H Z.Estimating nitrogen leaching losses after compost application in furrow irrigated soils of Pakistan using HYDRUS-2D software[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,168:85-95.
[28]李睿冉.HYDRUS-2D模型在渠道渗漏数值模拟中的应用[J].节水灌溉,2012(11):71-74.
[29]毛晓敏,姚立强,冯绍元,等.层状土条件下混凝土衬砌渠道渗漏及土壤水分分布的数值模拟[J].水利学报,2011,42(8):949-955.Mao Xiaomin,Yao Liqiang,Feng Shaoyuan,et al.Numerical simulation on canal seepage and soil water distribution for concrete lining canal with layered soil structure[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(8):949-955.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Singh D K,Rajput T B S,Singh D K,et al.Simulation of soil wetting pattern with subsurface drip irrigation from line source[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,83(12):130-134.
[2]张锐,闫超,刘博,等.入渗水头及土壤体积质量对垄作沟灌土壤水分入渗和分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(6):37-41.Zhang Rui,Yan Chao,Liu Bo,et al.Effects of infiltration heads and soil volume-quality on soil water infiltratrion and distribution under ridge tillage furrow irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2016,35(6):37-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Zhang Yongyong,Wu Pute,Zhao Xining,et al.Simulation of soil water dynamics for uncropped ridges and furrows under irrigation conditions[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2013,93(1):85-98.
[4]Phogat V,Malik R S,Kumar S.Modelling the effect of canal bed elevation on seepage and water table rise in a sand box filled with loamy soil[J].Irrigation Science,2009,27(3):191-200.
[5]冀荣华,王婷婷,祁力钧,等.基于HYDRUS-2D的负压灌溉土壤水分入渗数值模拟[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):113-119.Ji Ronghua,Wang Tingting,Qi Lijun,et al.Numerical simulation of soil moisture infiltration under negative pressure irrigation based on HYDRUS-2D[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(4):113-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]聂卫波,马孝义,王术礼.沟灌土壤水分运动数值模拟与入渗模型[J].水科学进展,2009,20(5):668-676.Nie Weibo,Ma Xiaoyi,Wang Shuli.Infiltration model and numerical simulation of the soil water movement in furrow irrigation[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(5):668-676.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Deb S K,Shukla M K,Mexal J G,et al.Evaluation of spatial and temporal root water uptake patterns of a flood-irrigated pecan tree using the HYDRUS(2D/3D)model[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2013,139(8):599-611.
[8]Han Ming,Zhao Chengyi,Feng Gary,et al.Evaluating the effects of mulch and irrigation amount on soil water distribution and root zone water balance using HYDRUS-2D[J].Water,2015,7(6):2622-2640.
[9]Saso J K,Parkin G W,Drury C F,et al.Chloride leaching in two Ontario soils:Measurement and prediction using HYDRUS-1D[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2016,92(2):285-296.
[10]李耀刚,王文娥,胡笑涛.基于HYDRUS-3D的涌泉根灌土壤入渗数值模拟[J].排灌机械工程学报,2013,31(6):546-552.Li Yaogang,Wang Wen?e,Hu Xiaotao.Numerical simulation of soil water infiltration under bubbled root irrigation based on HYDRUS-3D[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2013,31(6):546-552.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]潘红霞,付恒阳,贺屹.基于HYDRUS-2D的地下滴灌下水分运移数值模拟研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(3):52-55.Pan Hongxia,Fu Hengyang,He Yi.Numerica simulation of water movement under subsurface drip irrigation using HYDRUS-2D[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(3):52-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]El-Nesr M N,Alazba A A,?im?nek J.HYDRUS simulations of the effects of dual-drip subsurface irrigation and a physical barrier on water movement and solute transport in soils[J].Irrigation Science,2014,32(2):111-125.
[13]Bufon V B,Lascano R J,Bednarz C,et al.Soil water content on drip irrigated cotton:Comparison of measured and simulated values obtained with the Hydrus 2D model[J].Irrigation Science,2012,30(4):259-273.
[14]Kandelous M M,?im?nek J.Numerical simulations of water movement in a subsurface drip irrigation system under field and laboratory conditions using HYDRUS-2D[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(7):1070-1076.
[15]张勇勇.垄沟灌溉土壤水分入渗模拟研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.Zhang Yongyong.Simulation Research on Soil Water Infiltration under Ridge-furrow Irrigation[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Science.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]张锐.垄作沟灌土壤水分入渗规律的试验研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.Zhang Rui.Research on the Infiltration Law of Ridge Tillage Furrow Irrigation Soil Water[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]孙美,毛晓敏,陈剑.渠道渗漏室内试验土壤水分运动数值模拟[C].纪念中国农业工程学会成立30周年暨中国农业工程学会2009年学术年会,2009.
[18]付强,侯仁杰,王子龙,等.冻融期积雪覆盖下土壤水热交互效应[J].农业工程学报2015,31(15):101-107.Fu Qiang,Hou Renjie,Wang Zilong,et al.Soil moisture thermal interaction effects under snow cover during freezing and thawing period[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(15):101-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]聂卫波.畦沟灌溉水流运动模型与数值模拟研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.Nie Weibo.Research on Water Flow Model and Numerical Simulation for Border and Furrow Irrigation[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:北京清华大学出版社,1988.
[21]Genuchten M T V.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
[22]Mualem Y.A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media[J].Water Resources Research,1976,12(3):513-522.
[23]彭建平,邵爱军.用Matlab确定土壤水分特征曲线参数[J].土壤,2007,39(3):433-438.Peng Jianping,Shao Aijun.Determination of parameters of soil water characteristic carve by Matlab[J].Soils,2007,39(3):433-438.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]杨改强,霍丽娟,杨国义,等.利用MATLAB拟合van Genuchten方程参数的研究[J].土壤,2010,42(2):268-274.Yang Gaiqiang,Huo Lijuan,Yang Guoyi,et al.Research on fitting van Genuchten equation parameter with MATLABSoftware[J].Soils,2010,42(2):268-274.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]付强,蒋睿奇,王子龙,等.基于改进萤火虫算法的土壤水分特征曲线参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):117-122.Fu Qiang,Jiang Ruiqi,Wang Zilong,et al.Optimization of soil water characteristic curves parameters by modified firefly algorithm[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(11):117-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘洪波,张江辉,虎胆·吐马尔白,等.土壤水分特征曲线VG模型参数求解对比分析[J].新疆农业大学学报,2011,34(5):437-441.Liu Hongbo,Zhang Jianghui,Hudan Tuma'erbai,et al.Contrast analysis on soil water characteristic curve of VGmodel parameters[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2011,34(5):437-441.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Iqbal S,Guber A K,Khan H Z.Estimating nitrogen leaching losses after compost application in furrow irrigated soils of Pakistan using HYDRUS-2D software[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,168:85-95.
[28]李睿冉.HYDRUS-2D模型在渠道渗漏数值模拟中的应用[J].节水灌溉,2012(11):71-74.
[29]毛晓敏,姚立强,冯绍元,等.层状土条件下混凝土衬砌渠道渗漏及土壤水分分布的数值模拟[J].水利学报,2011,42(8):949-955.Mao Xiaomin,Yao Liqiang,Feng Shaoyuan,et al.Numerical simulation on canal seepage and soil water distribution for concrete lining canal with layered soil structure[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(8):949-955.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Singh D K,Rajput T B S,Singh D K,et al.Simulation of soil wetting pattern with subsurface drip irrigation from line source[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,83(12):130-134.