地表滴灌条件下土壤湿润体运移量化表征
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摘要
基于非饱和土壤水分运动的Richards方程,采用HYDRUS-2D/3D模拟软件对11种典型土质(美国制土壤质地分类系统)中滴灌湿润体的运动过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,湿润体平均含水率的增量与滴灌流量正相关,与饱和导水率负相关;湿润体垂向迁移距离与滴头流量、饱和导水率和时间呈幂函数关系;湿润体径向迁移距离可用滴头流量、平均含水率的增量、垂向迁移距离和时间来定量表征。据此建立了描述不同土质中湿润体动态变化规律的经验公式,通过与数值模拟结果、文献试验数据等进行对比,表明此经验公式对不同土质中湿润体运移规律的预测效果较好,可为农业生产中地表滴灌设计提供简便实用的计算工具。
Understanding the behavior of soil wetted volume evolution in drip irrigation is essential for improving agricultural water use efficiency and realizing precision irrigation. Based on the Richard equation for water movement in unsaturated soil,the HYDRUS-2 D/3 D model was used to numerically simulate the soil wetting pattern in 11 kinds of typical soils(USST). Results showed that soil water content increment in wetted volume was in a positive correlation with the dripper discharge rate,and in a negative correlation with the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity. The advancement of vertical wetting front can be quantified by the selected influencing factors,i. e.,the dripper discharge,saturated hydraulic conductivity and irrigation time. The horizontal wetting front can be expressed by the dripper discharge,soil water content increment in wetted volume,vertical wetting front and irrigation time. Then two empirical equations were formulated to describe the development of soil wetted volume under different dripper discharge,saturated hydraulic conductivity and irrigation time. By comparing with the numerical simulation results and the experimental data from literatures,it showed that the empirical formulas were reliable for predicting the migration of soil water in drip irrigation for different kinds of soil textures and managing to be a convenient and practical tool for the design of surface drip irrigation in agricultural activity.
Understanding the behavior of soil wetted volume evolution in drip irrigation is essential for improving agricultural water use efficiency and realizing precision irrigation. Based on the Richard equation for water movement in unsaturated soil,the HYDRUS-2 D/3 D model was used to numerically simulate the soil wetting pattern in 11 kinds of typical soils(USST). Results showed that soil water content increment in wetted volume was in a positive correlation with the dripper discharge rate,and in a negative correlation with the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity. The advancement of vertical wetting front can be quantified by the selected influencing factors,i. e.,the dripper discharge,saturated hydraulic conductivity and irrigation time. The horizontal wetting front can be expressed by the dripper discharge,soil water content increment in wetted volume,vertical wetting front and irrigation time. Then two empirical equations were formulated to describe the development of soil wetted volume under different dripper discharge,saturated hydraulic conductivity and irrigation time. By comparing with the numerical simulation results and the experimental data from literatures,it showed that the empirical formulas were reliable for predicting the migration of soil water in drip irrigation for different kinds of soil textures and managing to be a convenient and practical tool for the design of surface drip irrigation in agricultural activity.
引文
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2张林,吴普特,范兴科.多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):40-45.ZHANG Lin,WU Pute,FAN Xingke.Numerical simulation of soil water movement with drip irrigation of multiple point source[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(9):40-45.(in Chinese)
3王允喜,李明思,蓝明菊.膜下滴灌土壤湿润区对田间棉花根系分布及植株生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):31-38.WANG Yunxi,LI Mingsi,LAN Mingju.Effect of soil wetting pattern on cotton-root distribution and plant growth under plastic mulched drip irrigation in field[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):31-38.(in Chinese)
4孙三民,安巧霞,杨培玲,等.间接地下滴灌灌溉深度对枣树根系和水分的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):81-90.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160812&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.08.012.SUN Sanmin,AN Qiaoxia,YANG Peiling,et al.Effect of irrigation depth on root distribution and water use efficiency of jujube under indirect subsurface drip irrigation[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):81-90.(in Chinese)
5朱德兰,汪志农,王得祥,等.不同土壤中滴灌水分分布与设计参数的确定[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2000,28(2):45-49.ZHU Delan,WANG Zhinong,WANG Dexiang,et al.The principles of water distribution and design parameters of drip irrigation in different soils[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2000,28(2):45-49.(in Chinese)
6张振华,蔡焕杰,郭永昌,等.滴灌土壤湿润体影响因素的实验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(2):17-20.ZHANG Zhenhua,CAI Huanjie,GUO Yongchang,et al.Experimental study on factors effecting soil wetted volume of clay loam under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2002,18(2):17-20.(in Chinese)
7张振华,蔡焕杰,杨润亚.地表滴灌土壤湿润体特征值的经验解[J].土壤学报,2004,41(6):870-875.ZHANG Zhenhua,CAI Huanjie,YANG Runya.An empirical solution of characteristic values of wetted solum under surface drip irrigation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(6):870-875.(in Chinese)
8 LI J,ZHANG J,RAO M.Wetting patterns and nitrogen distributions as affected by fertigation strategies from a surface point source[J].Agricultural Water Management,2004,67(2):89-104.
9胡和平,高龙,田富强.地表滴灌条件下土壤湿润体运移经验方程[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2010,50(6):839-843.HU Heping,GAO Long,TIAN Fuqiang.Empirical equation for development of soil wetted body under surface drip irrigation condition[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2010,50(6):839-843.(in Chinese)
10李就好,谭颖,张志斌,等.滴灌条件下砖红壤水分运动试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(6):36-39.LI Jiuhao,TAN Ying,ZHANG Zhibin,et al.Experimental study on water movement of latosol under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(6):36-39.(in Chinese)
11 COTE C M,BRISTOW K L,CHARLESWORTH P B,et al.Analysis of soil wetting and solute transport in subsurface trickle irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2003,22(3-4):143-156.
12李光永,曾德超.滴灌土壤湿润体特征值的数值算法[J].水利学报,1997,28(7):1-6.LI Guangyong,ZENG Dechao.The mathematical method for calculating the characteristic value of wetted volume under surface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997,28(7):1-6.(in Chinese)
13雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
14 VAN GENUCHTEN M T.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
15 BHATNAGAR P R,CHAUHAN H S.Soil water movement under a single surface trickle source[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(7):799-808.
16 WOODING R A.Steady infiltration from a shallow circular pond[J].Water Resources Research,1968,4(4):1259-1273.
17 BRESLER E.Analysis of trickle irrigation with application to design problems[J].Irrigation Science,1978,1(1):3-17.
18 SIMUNEK J,SEJNA M,VAN GENUCHTEN M T.The HYDRUS-2D software package for simulating the two-dimensional movement of water,heat,and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media[M/OL].California:U.S.Salinity Laboratory,Agricultural Research Service,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Riverside,1999.http:∥pc-progress.com/Downloads/Pgm_Hydrus2D/HYDRUS2D.PDF.
19李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌施肥灌溉的水氮运移数学模拟及试验验证[J].水利学报,2005,36(8):932-938.LI Jiusheng,ZHANG Jianjun,RAO Minjie.Model verification of water and nitrate transport from a surface point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(8):932-938.(in Chinese)
20 SCHAAP M G,LEIJ F J,VAN GENUCHTEN M T.ROSETTA:a computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,251(3-4):163-176.
21 SKAGGS T H,TROUT T J,SIMUNEK J,et al.Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2004,130(4):304-310.
22汪志荣,王文焰,王全九,等.点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究[J].水利学报,2000,31(6):39-44.WANG Zhirong,WANG Wenyan,WANG Quanjiu,et al.Experimental study on soil water movement from a point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,31(6):39-44.(in Chinese)
23 KHAN A A,YITAYEW M,WARRICK A W.Field evaluation of water and solute distribution from a point source[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1994,122(4):221-227.
24 HILLEL D.Environmental soil physics[M].Academic Press:Oval Road,London,1998.
2张林,吴普特,范兴科.多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):40-45.ZHANG Lin,WU Pute,FAN Xingke.Numerical simulation of soil water movement with drip irrigation of multiple point source[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(9):40-45.(in Chinese)
3王允喜,李明思,蓝明菊.膜下滴灌土壤湿润区对田间棉花根系分布及植株生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):31-38.WANG Yunxi,LI Mingsi,LAN Mingju.Effect of soil wetting pattern on cotton-root distribution and plant growth under plastic mulched drip irrigation in field[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):31-38.(in Chinese)
4孙三民,安巧霞,杨培玲,等.间接地下滴灌灌溉深度对枣树根系和水分的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):81-90.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160812&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.08.012.SUN Sanmin,AN Qiaoxia,YANG Peiling,et al.Effect of irrigation depth on root distribution and water use efficiency of jujube under indirect subsurface drip irrigation[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):81-90.(in Chinese)
5朱德兰,汪志农,王得祥,等.不同土壤中滴灌水分分布与设计参数的确定[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2000,28(2):45-49.ZHU Delan,WANG Zhinong,WANG Dexiang,et al.The principles of water distribution and design parameters of drip irrigation in different soils[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2000,28(2):45-49.(in Chinese)
6张振华,蔡焕杰,郭永昌,等.滴灌土壤湿润体影响因素的实验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(2):17-20.ZHANG Zhenhua,CAI Huanjie,GUO Yongchang,et al.Experimental study on factors effecting soil wetted volume of clay loam under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2002,18(2):17-20.(in Chinese)
7张振华,蔡焕杰,杨润亚.地表滴灌土壤湿润体特征值的经验解[J].土壤学报,2004,41(6):870-875.ZHANG Zhenhua,CAI Huanjie,YANG Runya.An empirical solution of characteristic values of wetted solum under surface drip irrigation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(6):870-875.(in Chinese)
8 LI J,ZHANG J,RAO M.Wetting patterns and nitrogen distributions as affected by fertigation strategies from a surface point source[J].Agricultural Water Management,2004,67(2):89-104.
9胡和平,高龙,田富强.地表滴灌条件下土壤湿润体运移经验方程[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2010,50(6):839-843.HU Heping,GAO Long,TIAN Fuqiang.Empirical equation for development of soil wetted body under surface drip irrigation condition[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2010,50(6):839-843.(in Chinese)
10李就好,谭颖,张志斌,等.滴灌条件下砖红壤水分运动试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(6):36-39.LI Jiuhao,TAN Ying,ZHANG Zhibin,et al.Experimental study on water movement of latosol under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(6):36-39.(in Chinese)
11 COTE C M,BRISTOW K L,CHARLESWORTH P B,et al.Analysis of soil wetting and solute transport in subsurface trickle irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2003,22(3-4):143-156.
12李光永,曾德超.滴灌土壤湿润体特征值的数值算法[J].水利学报,1997,28(7):1-6.LI Guangyong,ZENG Dechao.The mathematical method for calculating the characteristic value of wetted volume under surface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997,28(7):1-6.(in Chinese)
13雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
14 VAN GENUCHTEN M T.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
15 BHATNAGAR P R,CHAUHAN H S.Soil water movement under a single surface trickle source[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(7):799-808.
16 WOODING R A.Steady infiltration from a shallow circular pond[J].Water Resources Research,1968,4(4):1259-1273.
17 BRESLER E.Analysis of trickle irrigation with application to design problems[J].Irrigation Science,1978,1(1):3-17.
18 SIMUNEK J,SEJNA M,VAN GENUCHTEN M T.The HYDRUS-2D software package for simulating the two-dimensional movement of water,heat,and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media[M/OL].California:U.S.Salinity Laboratory,Agricultural Research Service,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Riverside,1999.http:∥pc-progress.com/Downloads/Pgm_Hydrus2D/HYDRUS2D.PDF.
19李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌施肥灌溉的水氮运移数学模拟及试验验证[J].水利学报,2005,36(8):932-938.LI Jiusheng,ZHANG Jianjun,RAO Minjie.Model verification of water and nitrate transport from a surface point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(8):932-938.(in Chinese)
20 SCHAAP M G,LEIJ F J,VAN GENUCHTEN M T.ROSETTA:a computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,251(3-4):163-176.
21 SKAGGS T H,TROUT T J,SIMUNEK J,et al.Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2004,130(4):304-310.
22汪志荣,王文焰,王全九,等.点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究[J].水利学报,2000,31(6):39-44.WANG Zhirong,WANG Wenyan,WANG Quanjiu,et al.Experimental study on soil water movement from a point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,31(6):39-44.(in Chinese)
23 KHAN A A,YITAYEW M,WARRICK A W.Field evaluation of water and solute distribution from a point source[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1994,122(4):221-227.
24 HILLEL D.Environmental soil physics[M].Academic Press:Oval Road,London,1998.