锂离子电池电解液功能性添加剂设计及应用
|
摘要
为提高锂离子电池的电化学性能,开发适合不同电解液的功能性添加剂是重要手段之一。功能性添加剂可以在不增加电池成本的情况下,显著改变电池的电化学性能,如改善循环性能,提高可逆容量和电解液电导率。本文分别从溶剂和添加剂两方面进行系统分析,介绍了锂离子电池电解液功能性添加剂的现状与进展,并提出面临的问题。本文以功能性添加剂的不同官能团为出发点,分析其作用机理,并分类探讨了阻燃添加剂、高电压添加剂等的优缺点、应用和前景。最后对锂离子电池电解液的溶剂及其添加剂的发展进行了展望。
In order to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries, the development of different functional additives is one of the important means. Additives can make a great difference to the electrochemical performance of the battery without increasing the cost of the battery, such as improved cycle performance, increased reversible capacity, and electrolyte conductivity. This paper analyzes the solvent and additives to introduce the current status and progress of lithium-ion battery electrolyte and raise the problems. Starting from the different functional groups of different kinds of additives, the mechanism is analyzed, and the advantages, disadvantages, applications and prospects of flame retardant additives and high-voltage additives and so on are discussed. Finally, the development of solvents and additives for electrolytes is prospected.
In order to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries, the development of different functional additives is one of the important means. Additives can make a great difference to the electrochemical performance of the battery without increasing the cost of the battery, such as improved cycle performance, increased reversible capacity, and electrolyte conductivity. This paper analyzes the solvent and additives to introduce the current status and progress of lithium-ion battery electrolyte and raise the problems. Starting from the different functional groups of different kinds of additives, the mechanism is analyzed, and the advantages, disadvantages, applications and prospects of flame retardant additives and high-voltage additives and so on are discussed. Finally, the development of solvents and additives for electrolytes is prospected.
引文
[1] Yang L, Ravdel B, Lucht B L. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2010, 13(8): A95.
[2] Oh S W, Park S H, Kim J H, Bae Y C, Sun Y K. J. Power Sources, 2006, 157(1): 464.
[3] 黄建(Huang J),梁鑫(Liang X),郑浩(Zheng H),孙毅(Sun Y),项宏发(Xiang H F). 电池工业(Chinese Battery Industry), 2017, 21(4): 1.
[4] Huang S Q, Wang S W, Hu G H, Cheong L Z, Shen C. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 441: 265.
[5] Ren X D, Zhang Y H, Engelhard M H, Li Q Y, Zhang J, Xu W. ACS Energy Lett., 2017, 3(1): 14.
[6] Tsubouchi S, Suzuki S, Nishimura K, Okumura T, Abe T. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2018, 165(3): A680.
[7] Xia J, Ma L, Dahn J R. J. Power Sources, 2015, 287: 377.
[8] Ma L, Xia J, Dahn J R. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, 162(7): A1170.
[9] Kim J, Kim D W, Jung H T, Choi J W. Chem. Mater., 2015, 27(8): 2780.
[10] Zhao W M, Zheng G R, Lin M, Zhao W G, Li D J, Guan X Y, Ji Y J, Ortiz G F, Yang Y. J. Power Sources, 2018, 380: 149.
[11] Ma L, Ellis L, Glazier S L, Ma X W, Liu Q Q, Li J, Dahn J R. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 165(5): A891.
[12] Peebles C, Garcia J, Tornheim A P, Sahore R, Bareňo J, Liao C, Shkrob I A, Iddir H H, Abraham D P. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122(18): 9811.
[13] Mai S W, Xu M Q, Liao X L, Xing L D, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 273: 816.
[14] Beltrop K, Klein S, N?lle R, Wilken A, Lee J J, K?ster T K J, Reiter J, Tao L, Liang C, Winter M, Qi X, Placke T. Chem. Mater., 2018, 30(8): 2726.
[15] Rong H B, Xu M Q, Xie B Y, Huang W Z, Liao X L, Xing L D, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 274: 1155.
[16] Xu M Q, Liang Y, Li B, Xing L D, Wang Y, Li W S. Materials Chemistry & Physics, 2014, 143(3): 1048.
[17] Fan X L, Chen L, Borodin O, Ji X, Chen J, Hou S, Deng T, Zheng J, Yang C Y, Liou S, Amine K, Xu K, Wang C S. Nature Nanotech., 2018, 13(8): 715.
[18] Zhu Y M, Luo X Y, Zhi H Z, Liao Y H, Xing L D, Xu M Q, Liu X, Xu K, Li W S. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6(23).
[19] Zhou D Y, Li W S, Tan C L, Zuo X X, Huang Y J. J. Power Sources, 2008, 184(2): 589.
[20] 陈仕玉(Chen S Y), 王兆翔(Wang Z X), 赵海雷(Zhao H L), 陈立泉(Chen L Q). 化学进展(Progress In Chemistry), 2009, 21(4): 629.
[21] Zhu X M, Jiang X Y, Al X P, Yang H X, Cao Y L. Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 165: 67.
[22] Baginska M, Sottos N R, White S R. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(2): 1609.
[23] Verma P, Maire P, Novák P. Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55(22): 6332.
[24] Johnson B A, White R E. J. Power Sources, 1998, 70(1): 48.
[25] Aurbach D, Gamolsky K, Markovsky B, Gofer Y, Schmidt M, Heider U. Electrochim. Acta, 2003, 47(9): 1423.
[26] 武山(Wu S),庄全超(Zhuang Q C). 化学研究与应用(Chemical Research and Application), 2005, 17(4): 433.
[27] Liu Y H, Takeda S, Kaneko I, Yoshitake H, Mukai T, Yanagida M, Saito Y, Sakai T. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122(11): 5864.
[28] 刘中奎(Liu Z K),王晨旭(Wang C X). 安徽大学学报(自科版)(Journal of Anhui University(Natural Science Edition)), 2017, 41(4): 91.
[29] Hamenu L, Madzvamuse A, Mohammed L, Lee Y M, Ko J M, Bon C Y, Kim S J, Cho W I, Baek Y G, Park J. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2017, 53: 241.
[30] Lee Y J, Jung C. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 265: 662.
[31] Yao K, Zheng J P, Liang R. J. Power Sources, 2018, 381: 164.
[32] Ma X W, Li J, Glazier S L, Ma L, Gering K L, Dahn J R. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 270: 215.
[33] 郭梦雅(Guo M Y),宗成星(Zong C X),艾淑娟(Ai S J),付凤至(Fu F Z),王琪(Wang Q),刘靖(Liu J),孙冬兰(Sun D L),郭艳玲(Guo Y L),郭也平(Guo Y P). 高等学校化学学报(Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities), 2017,(10): 1857.
[34] Eli Y E, Thomas S R, Koch V R. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1997, 144(4): 1159.
[35] Wagner M W, Liebenow C, Besenhard J O. J. Power Sources, 1997, 68(2): 328.
[36] Ein-Eli Y. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2002, 531(1): 95.
[37] Bi T Y, Wei H Q, Fu S L, Li C. J. Power Sources, 2006, 158(2): 1373.
[38] Xu X Y, Ai Q, Pan L, Ma X X, Zhai W, An Y L, Hou G M, Chen J H, Zhang L, Si P C, Lou J, Feng J K, Ci L J. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 276: 325.
[39] Zhang B, Laszczynski N, Lucht B L. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 281: 405.
[40] Wang K, Xing L D, Zhi H Z, Cai Y X, Yan Z M, Cai D D, Zhou H B, Li W S. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 262: 226.
[41] Wan G J, Guo F H, Li H, Cao Y L, Ai X P, Qian J F, Li Y X, Yang H X. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2017, 10(1): 593.
[42] Huang W N, Xing L D, Zhang R Q, Wang X S, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 293: 71.
[43] 李霞(Li X),骆宏钧(Luo H J),赵世勇(Zhao S Y),许坚(Xu J). 电池工业(Chinese Battery Industry), 2008, 13(3): 199.
[44] 左晓希(Zuo X X),刘建生(Liu J S),李伟善(Li W S),南俊民(Nan J M),袁中直(Yuan Z Z). 电池(Battery Bimonthly), 2002, 32(6): 358.
[45] 高菲(Gao F),戴永年(Dai Y N),姚耀春(Yao Y C). 电池工业(Chinese Battery Industry), 2005, 10(5): 309.
[46] Chen Z T, Wang X S, Wang C, Xing L D, Tu W Q, Zhu Y M, Li W S. Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 249: 353.
[47] Lin Y L, Li J H, Xing L D, Liao Y H, Xu M Q, Liu X, Li W S. Ionics, 2018, 24(3): 661.
[48] Li J H, Xing L D, Zhang R Q, Chen M, Wang Z S, Xu M Q, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 285: 360.
[49] Chen R J, Liu F, Chen Y, Ye Y S, Huang Y X, Wu F, Li L. J. Power Sources, 2016, 306: 70.
[50] Liu J W, Song X, Zhou L, Wang S Q, Song W, Liu W, Long H L, Zhou L X, Wu H M, Feng C Q, Guo Z P. Nano Energy, 2018, 46: 404.
[51] Huang W N, Xing L D, Wang Y T, Xu M Q, Li W S, Xie F C, Xia S A. J. Power Sources, 2014, 267: 560.
[52] 任宁(Ren N), 卢世刚(Lu S G). 电源技术(Chinese Journal of Power Sources), 2016, 40(9): 1753.
[53] Liu Y, Sun D D, Zhou J J, Qin Y P, Wang D Y, Guo B K. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10(13): 11305.
[54] Zheng Q F, Xing L D, Yang X R, Li X F, Ye C C, Wang K, Huang Q M, Li W S. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10(19): 16843.
[55] Momota K. Battery Technology, 1996, 8: 108.
[56] Sharova V, Moretti A, Diemant T, Varzi A, Behm R J, Passerini S. J. Power Sources, 2018, 375: 43.
[57] Zheng X W, Wang X S, Xia C, Xing L D, Xu M Q, Liao Y H, Li X P, Li W S. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2016, 8(44): 30116.
[58] Watanabe Y, Kinoshita S I, Wada S, Hoshino K, Morimoto H, Tobishima S I. J. Power Sources, 2008, 179(2): 770.
[59] Li C L, Zhao Y Y, Zhang H M, Liu J L, Jing J, Cui X L, Li S Y. Electrochim. Acta, 2013, 104(8): 134.
[60] Cui X L, Zhang H M, Li S Y, Zhao Y Y, Mao L P, Zhao W, Li Y L, Ye X S. J. Power Sources, 2013, 240: 476.
[61] Galasiu I, Galasiu R, Thonstad J. Nonaqueous Electrochemistry(Eds. Aurbach D), New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, 461.
[62] Ulihin A S, Slobodyuk A B, Uvarov N F, Kharlamova O A, Isupov V P, Kavun V Y. Solid State Ionics, 2008, 179(27): 1740.
[63] Tiautit N, Puratane C, Panpinit S, Saengsuwan S, Tiautit N, Puratane C, Panpinit S. Energy Procedia, 2014, 56(56): 378.
[64] Shimamoto K, Tadanaga K, Tatsumisago M. J. Power Sources, 2014, 248(7): 396.
[65] Kurc B. Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 125(12): 415.
[66] Li Y H, Li Q, Cao L J, Cui X, Yang Y, Xiao P, Zhang Y H. Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 178: 171.
[67] Dong Y D, Xing L, Fang H, Umar A, Xiang W. Materials Research Bulletin, 2018, 107: 391.
[68] Xu H W, Shi J L, Hu G S, He Y, Xia Y G, Yin S S, Liu Z P. J. Power Sources, 2018, 391: 113.
[69] Latifatu M, Hu M, Kim S J, Bon C Y, Kang C, Cho W I, Ko J M. Solid State Ionics, 2018, 319: 7.
[70] Chen J H, Zhang H, Wang M L, Liu J H, Li C H, Zhang P X. J. Power Sources, 2016, 303: 41.
[71] 张耀法(Zhang Y F),杨炎革(Yang Y G),韩崇(Han C). 河南科技(Henan Science & Technology), 2016,(19): 140.
[72] Xu Q, Yang Y F, Shao H X. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 271: 617.
[73] Wang J H, Yamada Y, Sodeyama K, Watanabe E, Takada K, Tateyama Y, Yamada A. Nat. Energy, 2018, 3(1): 22.
[74] Yatabe K, Horiba T, Kubota K, Fukunishi M, Yabuuchi N, Oji H, Son J, Cui Y, Yasuno S, Komaba S. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 270: 120.
[75] Zheng H, Xie Y, Xiang H, Shi P, Liang X, Xu W. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 270: 62.
[76] Wang F R, Li L B, Yang X Y, You J, Xu Y P, Wang H, Ma Y, Gao G X. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2018, 2(2): 492.
[77] Wu F X, Lee J T, Nitta N, Kim H, Borodin O, Yushin G. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27(1): 101.
[78] Liu S, Li G, Gao X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8(12): 7783.
[79] Hu M, Wei J P, Zhou Z. J. Appl. Electrochem., 2012, 42(5): 291.
[80] Xing L Y, Hu M, Tang Q, Wei J P, Qin X, Zhou Z. Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 59(4): 172.
[81] Hu M, Wei J P, Xing L, Zhou Z. J. Power Sources, 2013, 222(2): 373.
[82] Qian J F, Xu W, Bhattacharya P, Engelhard M, Henderson W A, Zhang Y H, Zhang J G. Nano Energy, 2015, 15: 135.
[2] Oh S W, Park S H, Kim J H, Bae Y C, Sun Y K. J. Power Sources, 2006, 157(1): 464.
[3] 黄建(Huang J),梁鑫(Liang X),郑浩(Zheng H),孙毅(Sun Y),项宏发(Xiang H F). 电池工业(Chinese Battery Industry), 2017, 21(4): 1.
[4] Huang S Q, Wang S W, Hu G H, Cheong L Z, Shen C. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 441: 265.
[5] Ren X D, Zhang Y H, Engelhard M H, Li Q Y, Zhang J, Xu W. ACS Energy Lett., 2017, 3(1): 14.
[6] Tsubouchi S, Suzuki S, Nishimura K, Okumura T, Abe T. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2018, 165(3): A680.
[7] Xia J, Ma L, Dahn J R. J. Power Sources, 2015, 287: 377.
[8] Ma L, Xia J, Dahn J R. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, 162(7): A1170.
[9] Kim J, Kim D W, Jung H T, Choi J W. Chem. Mater., 2015, 27(8): 2780.
[10] Zhao W M, Zheng G R, Lin M, Zhao W G, Li D J, Guan X Y, Ji Y J, Ortiz G F, Yang Y. J. Power Sources, 2018, 380: 149.
[11] Ma L, Ellis L, Glazier S L, Ma X W, Liu Q Q, Li J, Dahn J R. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 165(5): A891.
[12] Peebles C, Garcia J, Tornheim A P, Sahore R, Bareňo J, Liao C, Shkrob I A, Iddir H H, Abraham D P. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122(18): 9811.
[13] Mai S W, Xu M Q, Liao X L, Xing L D, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 273: 816.
[14] Beltrop K, Klein S, N?lle R, Wilken A, Lee J J, K?ster T K J, Reiter J, Tao L, Liang C, Winter M, Qi X, Placke T. Chem. Mater., 2018, 30(8): 2726.
[15] Rong H B, Xu M Q, Xie B Y, Huang W Z, Liao X L, Xing L D, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 274: 1155.
[16] Xu M Q, Liang Y, Li B, Xing L D, Wang Y, Li W S. Materials Chemistry & Physics, 2014, 143(3): 1048.
[17] Fan X L, Chen L, Borodin O, Ji X, Chen J, Hou S, Deng T, Zheng J, Yang C Y, Liou S, Amine K, Xu K, Wang C S. Nature Nanotech., 2018, 13(8): 715.
[18] Zhu Y M, Luo X Y, Zhi H Z, Liao Y H, Xing L D, Xu M Q, Liu X, Xu K, Li W S. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6(23).
[19] Zhou D Y, Li W S, Tan C L, Zuo X X, Huang Y J. J. Power Sources, 2008, 184(2): 589.
[20] 陈仕玉(Chen S Y), 王兆翔(Wang Z X), 赵海雷(Zhao H L), 陈立泉(Chen L Q). 化学进展(Progress In Chemistry), 2009, 21(4): 629.
[21] Zhu X M, Jiang X Y, Al X P, Yang H X, Cao Y L. Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 165: 67.
[22] Baginska M, Sottos N R, White S R. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(2): 1609.
[23] Verma P, Maire P, Novák P. Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55(22): 6332.
[24] Johnson B A, White R E. J. Power Sources, 1998, 70(1): 48.
[25] Aurbach D, Gamolsky K, Markovsky B, Gofer Y, Schmidt M, Heider U. Electrochim. Acta, 2003, 47(9): 1423.
[26] 武山(Wu S),庄全超(Zhuang Q C). 化学研究与应用(Chemical Research and Application), 2005, 17(4): 433.
[27] Liu Y H, Takeda S, Kaneko I, Yoshitake H, Mukai T, Yanagida M, Saito Y, Sakai T. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122(11): 5864.
[28] 刘中奎(Liu Z K),王晨旭(Wang C X). 安徽大学学报(自科版)(Journal of Anhui University(Natural Science Edition)), 2017, 41(4): 91.
[29] Hamenu L, Madzvamuse A, Mohammed L, Lee Y M, Ko J M, Bon C Y, Kim S J, Cho W I, Baek Y G, Park J. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2017, 53: 241.
[30] Lee Y J, Jung C. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 265: 662.
[31] Yao K, Zheng J P, Liang R. J. Power Sources, 2018, 381: 164.
[32] Ma X W, Li J, Glazier S L, Ma L, Gering K L, Dahn J R. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 270: 215.
[33] 郭梦雅(Guo M Y),宗成星(Zong C X),艾淑娟(Ai S J),付凤至(Fu F Z),王琪(Wang Q),刘靖(Liu J),孙冬兰(Sun D L),郭艳玲(Guo Y L),郭也平(Guo Y P). 高等学校化学学报(Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities), 2017,(10): 1857.
[34] Eli Y E, Thomas S R, Koch V R. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1997, 144(4): 1159.
[35] Wagner M W, Liebenow C, Besenhard J O. J. Power Sources, 1997, 68(2): 328.
[36] Ein-Eli Y. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2002, 531(1): 95.
[37] Bi T Y, Wei H Q, Fu S L, Li C. J. Power Sources, 2006, 158(2): 1373.
[38] Xu X Y, Ai Q, Pan L, Ma X X, Zhai W, An Y L, Hou G M, Chen J H, Zhang L, Si P C, Lou J, Feng J K, Ci L J. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 276: 325.
[39] Zhang B, Laszczynski N, Lucht B L. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 281: 405.
[40] Wang K, Xing L D, Zhi H Z, Cai Y X, Yan Z M, Cai D D, Zhou H B, Li W S. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 262: 226.
[41] Wan G J, Guo F H, Li H, Cao Y L, Ai X P, Qian J F, Li Y X, Yang H X. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2017, 10(1): 593.
[42] Huang W N, Xing L D, Zhang R Q, Wang X S, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 293: 71.
[43] 李霞(Li X),骆宏钧(Luo H J),赵世勇(Zhao S Y),许坚(Xu J). 电池工业(Chinese Battery Industry), 2008, 13(3): 199.
[44] 左晓希(Zuo X X),刘建生(Liu J S),李伟善(Li W S),南俊民(Nan J M),袁中直(Yuan Z Z). 电池(Battery Bimonthly), 2002, 32(6): 358.
[45] 高菲(Gao F),戴永年(Dai Y N),姚耀春(Yao Y C). 电池工业(Chinese Battery Industry), 2005, 10(5): 309.
[46] Chen Z T, Wang X S, Wang C, Xing L D, Tu W Q, Zhu Y M, Li W S. Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 249: 353.
[47] Lin Y L, Li J H, Xing L D, Liao Y H, Xu M Q, Liu X, Li W S. Ionics, 2018, 24(3): 661.
[48] Li J H, Xing L D, Zhang R Q, Chen M, Wang Z S, Xu M Q, Li W S. J. Power Sources, 2015, 285: 360.
[49] Chen R J, Liu F, Chen Y, Ye Y S, Huang Y X, Wu F, Li L. J. Power Sources, 2016, 306: 70.
[50] Liu J W, Song X, Zhou L, Wang S Q, Song W, Liu W, Long H L, Zhou L X, Wu H M, Feng C Q, Guo Z P. Nano Energy, 2018, 46: 404.
[51] Huang W N, Xing L D, Wang Y T, Xu M Q, Li W S, Xie F C, Xia S A. J. Power Sources, 2014, 267: 560.
[52] 任宁(Ren N), 卢世刚(Lu S G). 电源技术(Chinese Journal of Power Sources), 2016, 40(9): 1753.
[53] Liu Y, Sun D D, Zhou J J, Qin Y P, Wang D Y, Guo B K. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10(13): 11305.
[54] Zheng Q F, Xing L D, Yang X R, Li X F, Ye C C, Wang K, Huang Q M, Li W S. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10(19): 16843.
[55] Momota K. Battery Technology, 1996, 8: 108.
[56] Sharova V, Moretti A, Diemant T, Varzi A, Behm R J, Passerini S. J. Power Sources, 2018, 375: 43.
[57] Zheng X W, Wang X S, Xia C, Xing L D, Xu M Q, Liao Y H, Li X P, Li W S. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2016, 8(44): 30116.
[58] Watanabe Y, Kinoshita S I, Wada S, Hoshino K, Morimoto H, Tobishima S I. J. Power Sources, 2008, 179(2): 770.
[59] Li C L, Zhao Y Y, Zhang H M, Liu J L, Jing J, Cui X L, Li S Y. Electrochim. Acta, 2013, 104(8): 134.
[60] Cui X L, Zhang H M, Li S Y, Zhao Y Y, Mao L P, Zhao W, Li Y L, Ye X S. J. Power Sources, 2013, 240: 476.
[61] Galasiu I, Galasiu R, Thonstad J. Nonaqueous Electrochemistry(Eds. Aurbach D), New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, 461.
[62] Ulihin A S, Slobodyuk A B, Uvarov N F, Kharlamova O A, Isupov V P, Kavun V Y. Solid State Ionics, 2008, 179(27): 1740.
[63] Tiautit N, Puratane C, Panpinit S, Saengsuwan S, Tiautit N, Puratane C, Panpinit S. Energy Procedia, 2014, 56(56): 378.
[64] Shimamoto K, Tadanaga K, Tatsumisago M. J. Power Sources, 2014, 248(7): 396.
[65] Kurc B. Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 125(12): 415.
[66] Li Y H, Li Q, Cao L J, Cui X, Yang Y, Xiao P, Zhang Y H. Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 178: 171.
[67] Dong Y D, Xing L, Fang H, Umar A, Xiang W. Materials Research Bulletin, 2018, 107: 391.
[68] Xu H W, Shi J L, Hu G S, He Y, Xia Y G, Yin S S, Liu Z P. J. Power Sources, 2018, 391: 113.
[69] Latifatu M, Hu M, Kim S J, Bon C Y, Kang C, Cho W I, Ko J M. Solid State Ionics, 2018, 319: 7.
[70] Chen J H, Zhang H, Wang M L, Liu J H, Li C H, Zhang P X. J. Power Sources, 2016, 303: 41.
[71] 张耀法(Zhang Y F),杨炎革(Yang Y G),韩崇(Han C). 河南科技(Henan Science & Technology), 2016,(19): 140.
[72] Xu Q, Yang Y F, Shao H X. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 271: 617.
[73] Wang J H, Yamada Y, Sodeyama K, Watanabe E, Takada K, Tateyama Y, Yamada A. Nat. Energy, 2018, 3(1): 22.
[74] Yatabe K, Horiba T, Kubota K, Fukunishi M, Yabuuchi N, Oji H, Son J, Cui Y, Yasuno S, Komaba S. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 270: 120.
[75] Zheng H, Xie Y, Xiang H, Shi P, Liang X, Xu W. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 270: 62.
[76] Wang F R, Li L B, Yang X Y, You J, Xu Y P, Wang H, Ma Y, Gao G X. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2018, 2(2): 492.
[77] Wu F X, Lee J T, Nitta N, Kim H, Borodin O, Yushin G. Adv. Mater., 2015, 27(1): 101.
[78] Liu S, Li G, Gao X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8(12): 7783.
[79] Hu M, Wei J P, Zhou Z. J. Appl. Electrochem., 2012, 42(5): 291.
[80] Xing L Y, Hu M, Tang Q, Wei J P, Qin X, Zhou Z. Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 59(4): 172.
[81] Hu M, Wei J P, Xing L, Zhou Z. J. Power Sources, 2013, 222(2): 373.
[82] Qian J F, Xu W, Bhattacharya P, Engelhard M, Henderson W A, Zhang Y H, Zhang J G. Nano Energy, 2015, 15: 135.