黑河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响——元分析（英文）
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摘要
Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change, which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance, and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles. The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China, which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC. However, its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors, such as soil layers, LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g. the fixed depth method, FD, and the equivalent mass method, ESM). In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB. We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method, the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%, respectively; while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%, respectively. The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD), which may underestimate the results subsequently. We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC. In particular, when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types, SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses, while other LUCCs had minor influences. Finally, we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage. In summary, we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g. soil layer, the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB, which should be considered in future research.
Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change, which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance, and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles. The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China, which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC. However, its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors, such as soil layers, LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g. the fixed depth method, FD, and the equivalent mass method, ESM). In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB. We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method, the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%, respectively; while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%, respectively. The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD), which may underestimate the results subsequently. We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC. In particular, when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types, SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses, while other LUCCs had minor influences. Finally, we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage. In summary, we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g. soil layer, the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB, which should be considered in future research.
Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change, which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance, and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles. The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China, which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC. However, its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors, such as soil layers, LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g. the fixed depth method, FD, and the equivalent mass method, ESM). In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB. We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method, the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%, respectively; while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%, respectively. The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD), which may underestimate the results subsequently. We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC. In particular, when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types, SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses, while other LUCCs had minor influences. Finally, we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage. In summary, we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g. soil layer, the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB, which should be considered in future research.
引文
Ali A M S,2006.Rice to shrimp:Land use/land cover changes and soil degradation in Southwestern Bangladesh.Land Use Policy,23:421-435.
An P,Li X J,Zheng Y R et al.,2015.Distribution of plant species and species-soil relationship in the east central Gurbantunggut Desert,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(1):101-112.
Batjes N?H,2014.Projected changes in soil organic carbon stocks upon adoption of recommended soil and water conservation practices in the upper Tana River catchment,Kenya.Land Degradation and Development,25(3):278-287.
Chang Y P,Li L,Xu Z L,2017.Estimation of soil organic carbon loss from reclamation of Picea crassifolia forestry in northern slope of Tianshan Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(4):1168-1173.(in Chinese)
Costantini E A C,Branquinho,C,Nunes A et al.,2016.Soil indicators to assess the effectiveness of restoration strategies in dryland ecosystems.Solid Earth,7:397-414.
Covaleda S,Gallardo J F,García-Oliva F et al.,2011.Land-use effects on the distribution of soil organic carbon within particle-size fractions of volcanic soils in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt(Mexico).Soil Use and Management,27:186-194.
Davis M,Nordmeyer A,Henley D et al.,2007.Ecosystem carbon accretion 10 years after afforestation of depleted subhumid grassland planted with three densities of Pinus nigra.Global Change Biology,13(7):1414-1422.
Don A,Schumacher J,Freibauer A,2011.Impact of tropical landuse change on soil organic carbon stocks:Ameta-analysis.Global Change Biology,17:1658-1670.
Ellert B H,Bettany J R,1995.Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,75(4):529-538.
Fallahzade J,Hajabbasi M A,2012.The effects of irrigation and cultivation on the quality of desert soil in central Iran.Land Degradation and Development,23:53-61.
Gamboa A M,Galicia L,2011.Differential influence of land use/cover change on topsoil carbon and microbial activity in low-latitude temperate forests.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,142:280-290.
García-Díaz A,Allas R B,Gristina L et al.,2016.Carbon input threshold for soil carbon budget optimization in eroding vineyards,Geoderma,271:144-149.
Gerard F,Petit S,Smith G et al.,2010.Land cover change in Europe between 1950 and 2000 determined employing aerial photography.Progress in Physical Geography,34:183-205.
Guo L B,Gifford R,2002.Soil carbon stocks and land use change:A meta analysis,Global Change Biology,8:345-360.
Harris N L,Brown S,Hagen S C et al.,2012.Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions.Science,336(6088):1573-1576.
Hedges L V,Gurevitch J,Curtis P S,1999.The meta-analysis of response ration in experimental ecology.Ecology,80(4):1150-1156.
Houghton R A,House J I,Pongratz J et al.,2012.Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change.Biogeosciences,9:5125-5142.
Hu Y,Du Z,Wang Q et al.,2016.Combined deep sampling and mass-based approaches to assess soil carbon and nitrogen losses due to land-use changes in karst area of southwestern China.Solid Earth,7(4):1075-1084.
Janzen H H,2015.Beyond carbon sequestration:Soil as conduit of solar energy.European Journal of Soil Science,66:19-32.
Jiang P,Cheng L,Li M et al.,2015.Impacts of LUCC on soil properties in the riparian zones of desert oasis with remote sensing data:A case study of the middle Heihe River basin,China.Science of the Total Environment,506/507:259-271.
Jobbágy E G,Jackson R B,2000.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Ecological Applications,10:423-436.(in Chinese)
Jobbágy E G,Jackson R B,2001.The distribution of soil nutrients with depth:Global patterns and the imprint of plants.Biogeochemistry,53:51-77.
Lal R,2005.Forest soils and carbon sequestration.Forest Ecology and Management,220:242-258.
Lal R,2009.Challenges and opportunities in soil organic matter research.European Journal of Soil Science,60:158-169.
Lee J H,Hopmans J W,Rolston,D E et al.,2009.Determining soil carbon stock changes:Simple bulk density corrections fail.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,134(3):251-256.
Li D,Gao G,LüY et al.,2016.Multi-scale variability of soil carbon and nitrogen in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin,northwestern China.Catena,137:328-339.
Li Y,Shi S,Waqas M A et al.,2018.Long-term(≥20 years)application of fertilizers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage:A meta-analysis.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,23(4):1-17.
Liu S J,Zhang W,Wang K L et al.,2016.Evaluation of carbon sequestration after conversion of cropland to forest and grassland projection in karst peak-cluster depression area of northwest Guangxi,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(17):5528-5536.(in Chinese)
Lozano-García B,Parras-Alcántara L,2014.Variation in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks along a toposequence in a traditional mediterranean olive grove.Land Degradation and Development,25:297-304.
Lv Y,Sun R,Fu B,Wang Y,2012.Carbon retention by check dams:regional scale estimation.Ecological Engeering,44:139-146.(in Chinese)
Lv Y H,Ma Z M,Zhao Z J et al.,2014.Effects of land use change on soil carbon storage and water consumption in an oasis-desert ecotone.Environmental Management,53:1066-1076.
Mendoza M E,Granados E L,Geneletti D et al.,2011.Analysing land cover and land use change processes at watershed level:A multitemporal study in the Lake Cuitzeo Watershed,Mexico(1975-2003).Applied Geography,31:237-250.
Mukhopadhyay S,Masto R E,CerdàA et al.,2016.Rhizosphere soil indicators for carbon sequestration in a reclaimed coal mine spoil.Catena,141:100-108.
Niu R X,Zhao X Y,Liu J L et al.,2013.Effects of land use/cover change in the desert oasis system on topsoil carbon and nitrogen(middle Heihe River Basin,China).Polish Journal of Ecology,61(1):45-54.
Olson K R,Al-Kaisi M M,2015.The importance of soil sampling depth for accurate account of soil organic carbon sequestration,storage,retention and loss.Catena,125:33-37.
Pan G,Li L,Wu L et al.,2004.Storage and sequestration potential of topsoil organic carbon in China’s paddy soils.Global Change Biology,10(1):79-92.
Powlson D S,Stirling C M,Thierfelder C et al.,2016.Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems?Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,220:164-174.
Qi S,Luo F,2007.Environmental degradation problems in the Heihe River Basin,northwest China.Water and Environment Journal,21(2):142-148.
Qi S Z,Li X Y,Duan H P,2007.Oasis land-use change and its environmental impact in Jinta Oasis,arid northwestern China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,134(1-3):313.
Qi S Z,Luo F,2006.Land-use change and its environmental impact in the Heihe river basin,arid northwestern China.Environmental Geology,50:535-540.
Shi S,Peng C,Wang M et al.,2016.A global meta-analysis of changes in soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur,and stoichiometric shifts after forestation.Plant and Soil,407(1/2):1-18.
Shi S,Zhang W,Zhang P et al.,2013.A synthesis of change in deep soil organic carbon stores with afforestation of agricultural soils.Forest Ecology and Management,296(3):53-63.
Shi S W,Peng C H,Wang M et al.,2016.A global meta-analysis of changes in soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur,and stoichiometric shifts after forestation.Plant and Soil,407(1/2):1-18.
Shirvani M,Khalili B,Mohaghegh P et al.,2010.Land-use conversion effects on phosphate sorption characteristics in soils of forest and rangeland sites from Zagros area,western Iran.Arid Land Resesarch and Management,24:223-337.
Song C Q,Yuan L H,Yang X F et al.,2017.Ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment:Past,present and future.Journal of Geographical Sciences,27(12):1577-1594.
Song G,Li L,Pan G et al.,2005.Topsoil organic carbon storage of China and its loss by cultivation.Biogeochemistry,74(1):47-62.
Sonneveld B G J S,Keyzer M A,Ndiaye D,2016.Quantifying the impact of land degradation on crop production:the case of Senegal.Solid Earth,7(2):1797-1825.
Toledo D M,Galantini J,Dalurzo H et al.,2015.Methods for assessing the effects of land use changes on carbon stocks of subtropical oxisols.Soil Science Society of America Journal,77(5):1542-1552.
Vandenbygaart A J,Angers D A,2006.Towards accurate measurments of soil organic carbon stock change in agroecosystems.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,86(3):465-471.
Virto I,BarréP,Burlot A et al.,2012.Carbon input differences as the main factor explaining the variability in soil organic C storage in no-tilled compared to inversion tilled agrosystems.Biogeochemistry,108(1-3):17-26.
Wang G,Liu J,Kubota J et al.,2010.Effects of land-use changes on hydrological processes in the middle basin of the Heihe River,northwest China.Hydrological Processes,21(10):1370-1382.
Wang Y,Feng Q,Si J et al.,2011.The changes of vegetation cover in Ejina oasis based on water resources redistribution in Heihe River.Environmental Earth Sciences,64(7):1965-1973.
Wei X,Shao M,Gale W et al.,2014.Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land.Scientific Reports,4(4):4062.
Wiesmeier M,Lützow M,Sp?rlein P et al.,2016.Land use effects on organic carbon storage in soils of Bavaria:The importance of soil types.Soil and Tillage Research,146:296-302.
Xie L W,Zhong J,Cao F X et al.,2015.Evaluation of soil fertility in the succession of karst rocky desertification using principal component analysis.Solid Earth,6(2):3333-3359.
Yang R,Su Y Z,Gan Y T et al.,2013.Field-scale spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients in a newly reclaimed sandy cropland in the Hexi Corridor of northwest China.Environmental Earth Sciences,70:2987-2996.
Yang Y H,Li W H,Zhu C G et al.,2017.Impact of land use/cover changes on carbon storage in a river valley in arid areas of Northwest China.Journal of Arid Land,9(6):879-887.
Yang Y H,Luo Y Q,Finzi A C,2011.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development:A global synthesis.New Phytologist,190(4):977.
Zhang S,Xu M Q,Zhang Y F et al.,2014.Effects of land use change on soil organic carbon storage in the hilly Loess Plateau.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,34(12):3094-3101.(in Chinese)
Zhang W J,Liao H K,Long J et al.,2015.Effects of planting zanthoxylum on soil organic carbon mineral resources and active organic carbon in karst rocky desertification areas.Environmental Science,(3):1053-1059.
An P,Li X J,Zheng Y R et al.,2015.Distribution of plant species and species-soil relationship in the east central Gurbantunggut Desert,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(1):101-112.
Batjes N?H,2014.Projected changes in soil organic carbon stocks upon adoption of recommended soil and water conservation practices in the upper Tana River catchment,Kenya.Land Degradation and Development,25(3):278-287.
Chang Y P,Li L,Xu Z L,2017.Estimation of soil organic carbon loss from reclamation of Picea crassifolia forestry in northern slope of Tianshan Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(4):1168-1173.(in Chinese)
Costantini E A C,Branquinho,C,Nunes A et al.,2016.Soil indicators to assess the effectiveness of restoration strategies in dryland ecosystems.Solid Earth,7:397-414.
Covaleda S,Gallardo J F,García-Oliva F et al.,2011.Land-use effects on the distribution of soil organic carbon within particle-size fractions of volcanic soils in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt(Mexico).Soil Use and Management,27:186-194.
Davis M,Nordmeyer A,Henley D et al.,2007.Ecosystem carbon accretion 10 years after afforestation of depleted subhumid grassland planted with three densities of Pinus nigra.Global Change Biology,13(7):1414-1422.
Don A,Schumacher J,Freibauer A,2011.Impact of tropical landuse change on soil organic carbon stocks:Ameta-analysis.Global Change Biology,17:1658-1670.
Ellert B H,Bettany J R,1995.Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,75(4):529-538.
Fallahzade J,Hajabbasi M A,2012.The effects of irrigation and cultivation on the quality of desert soil in central Iran.Land Degradation and Development,23:53-61.
Gamboa A M,Galicia L,2011.Differential influence of land use/cover change on topsoil carbon and microbial activity in low-latitude temperate forests.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,142:280-290.
García-Díaz A,Allas R B,Gristina L et al.,2016.Carbon input threshold for soil carbon budget optimization in eroding vineyards,Geoderma,271:144-149.
Gerard F,Petit S,Smith G et al.,2010.Land cover change in Europe between 1950 and 2000 determined employing aerial photography.Progress in Physical Geography,34:183-205.
Guo L B,Gifford R,2002.Soil carbon stocks and land use change:A meta analysis,Global Change Biology,8:345-360.
Harris N L,Brown S,Hagen S C et al.,2012.Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions.Science,336(6088):1573-1576.
Hedges L V,Gurevitch J,Curtis P S,1999.The meta-analysis of response ration in experimental ecology.Ecology,80(4):1150-1156.
Houghton R A,House J I,Pongratz J et al.,2012.Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change.Biogeosciences,9:5125-5142.
Hu Y,Du Z,Wang Q et al.,2016.Combined deep sampling and mass-based approaches to assess soil carbon and nitrogen losses due to land-use changes in karst area of southwestern China.Solid Earth,7(4):1075-1084.
Janzen H H,2015.Beyond carbon sequestration:Soil as conduit of solar energy.European Journal of Soil Science,66:19-32.
Jiang P,Cheng L,Li M et al.,2015.Impacts of LUCC on soil properties in the riparian zones of desert oasis with remote sensing data:A case study of the middle Heihe River basin,China.Science of the Total Environment,506/507:259-271.
Jobbágy E G,Jackson R B,2000.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Ecological Applications,10:423-436.(in Chinese)
Jobbágy E G,Jackson R B,2001.The distribution of soil nutrients with depth:Global patterns and the imprint of plants.Biogeochemistry,53:51-77.
Lal R,2005.Forest soils and carbon sequestration.Forest Ecology and Management,220:242-258.
Lal R,2009.Challenges and opportunities in soil organic matter research.European Journal of Soil Science,60:158-169.
Lee J H,Hopmans J W,Rolston,D E et al.,2009.Determining soil carbon stock changes:Simple bulk density corrections fail.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,134(3):251-256.
Li D,Gao G,LüY et al.,2016.Multi-scale variability of soil carbon and nitrogen in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin,northwestern China.Catena,137:328-339.
Li Y,Shi S,Waqas M A et al.,2018.Long-term(≥20 years)application of fertilizers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage:A meta-analysis.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,23(4):1-17.
Liu S J,Zhang W,Wang K L et al.,2016.Evaluation of carbon sequestration after conversion of cropland to forest and grassland projection in karst peak-cluster depression area of northwest Guangxi,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(17):5528-5536.(in Chinese)
Lozano-García B,Parras-Alcántara L,2014.Variation in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks along a toposequence in a traditional mediterranean olive grove.Land Degradation and Development,25:297-304.
Lv Y,Sun R,Fu B,Wang Y,2012.Carbon retention by check dams:regional scale estimation.Ecological Engeering,44:139-146.(in Chinese)
Lv Y H,Ma Z M,Zhao Z J et al.,2014.Effects of land use change on soil carbon storage and water consumption in an oasis-desert ecotone.Environmental Management,53:1066-1076.
Mendoza M E,Granados E L,Geneletti D et al.,2011.Analysing land cover and land use change processes at watershed level:A multitemporal study in the Lake Cuitzeo Watershed,Mexico(1975-2003).Applied Geography,31:237-250.
Mukhopadhyay S,Masto R E,CerdàA et al.,2016.Rhizosphere soil indicators for carbon sequestration in a reclaimed coal mine spoil.Catena,141:100-108.
Niu R X,Zhao X Y,Liu J L et al.,2013.Effects of land use/cover change in the desert oasis system on topsoil carbon and nitrogen(middle Heihe River Basin,China).Polish Journal of Ecology,61(1):45-54.
Olson K R,Al-Kaisi M M,2015.The importance of soil sampling depth for accurate account of soil organic carbon sequestration,storage,retention and loss.Catena,125:33-37.
Pan G,Li L,Wu L et al.,2004.Storage and sequestration potential of topsoil organic carbon in China’s paddy soils.Global Change Biology,10(1):79-92.
Powlson D S,Stirling C M,Thierfelder C et al.,2016.Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems?Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,220:164-174.
Qi S,Luo F,2007.Environmental degradation problems in the Heihe River Basin,northwest China.Water and Environment Journal,21(2):142-148.
Qi S Z,Li X Y,Duan H P,2007.Oasis land-use change and its environmental impact in Jinta Oasis,arid northwestern China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,134(1-3):313.
Qi S Z,Luo F,2006.Land-use change and its environmental impact in the Heihe river basin,arid northwestern China.Environmental Geology,50:535-540.
Shi S,Peng C,Wang M et al.,2016.A global meta-analysis of changes in soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur,and stoichiometric shifts after forestation.Plant and Soil,407(1/2):1-18.
Shi S,Zhang W,Zhang P et al.,2013.A synthesis of change in deep soil organic carbon stores with afforestation of agricultural soils.Forest Ecology and Management,296(3):53-63.
Shi S W,Peng C H,Wang M et al.,2016.A global meta-analysis of changes in soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur,and stoichiometric shifts after forestation.Plant and Soil,407(1/2):1-18.
Shirvani M,Khalili B,Mohaghegh P et al.,2010.Land-use conversion effects on phosphate sorption characteristics in soils of forest and rangeland sites from Zagros area,western Iran.Arid Land Resesarch and Management,24:223-337.
Song C Q,Yuan L H,Yang X F et al.,2017.Ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment:Past,present and future.Journal of Geographical Sciences,27(12):1577-1594.
Song G,Li L,Pan G et al.,2005.Topsoil organic carbon storage of China and its loss by cultivation.Biogeochemistry,74(1):47-62.
Sonneveld B G J S,Keyzer M A,Ndiaye D,2016.Quantifying the impact of land degradation on crop production:the case of Senegal.Solid Earth,7(2):1797-1825.
Toledo D M,Galantini J,Dalurzo H et al.,2015.Methods for assessing the effects of land use changes on carbon stocks of subtropical oxisols.Soil Science Society of America Journal,77(5):1542-1552.
Vandenbygaart A J,Angers D A,2006.Towards accurate measurments of soil organic carbon stock change in agroecosystems.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,86(3):465-471.
Virto I,BarréP,Burlot A et al.,2012.Carbon input differences as the main factor explaining the variability in soil organic C storage in no-tilled compared to inversion tilled agrosystems.Biogeochemistry,108(1-3):17-26.
Wang G,Liu J,Kubota J et al.,2010.Effects of land-use changes on hydrological processes in the middle basin of the Heihe River,northwest China.Hydrological Processes,21(10):1370-1382.
Wang Y,Feng Q,Si J et al.,2011.The changes of vegetation cover in Ejina oasis based on water resources redistribution in Heihe River.Environmental Earth Sciences,64(7):1965-1973.
Wei X,Shao M,Gale W et al.,2014.Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land.Scientific Reports,4(4):4062.
Wiesmeier M,Lützow M,Sp?rlein P et al.,2016.Land use effects on organic carbon storage in soils of Bavaria:The importance of soil types.Soil and Tillage Research,146:296-302.
Xie L W,Zhong J,Cao F X et al.,2015.Evaluation of soil fertility in the succession of karst rocky desertification using principal component analysis.Solid Earth,6(2):3333-3359.
Yang R,Su Y Z,Gan Y T et al.,2013.Field-scale spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients in a newly reclaimed sandy cropland in the Hexi Corridor of northwest China.Environmental Earth Sciences,70:2987-2996.
Yang Y H,Li W H,Zhu C G et al.,2017.Impact of land use/cover changes on carbon storage in a river valley in arid areas of Northwest China.Journal of Arid Land,9(6):879-887.
Yang Y H,Luo Y Q,Finzi A C,2011.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development:A global synthesis.New Phytologist,190(4):977.
Zhang S,Xu M Q,Zhang Y F et al.,2014.Effects of land use change on soil organic carbon storage in the hilly Loess Plateau.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,34(12):3094-3101.(in Chinese)
Zhang W J,Liao H K,Long J et al.,2015.Effects of planting zanthoxylum on soil organic carbon mineral resources and active organic carbon in karst rocky desertification areas.Environmental Science,(3):1053-1059.