干旱区大尺度土壤盐度信息环境建模——以新疆天山南北中低海拔冲积平原为例
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摘要
区域空间信息有助于决策者针对特定潜在和既定的土壤盐渍化区域制定改良和优化政策,以避免灌区水土资源的不合理配置和干旱区土地生态系统持续性退化。然而现存区域尺度土壤盐度数据以矢量方式留存,多边形内部土壤属性无空间变异性,缺乏实时更新,对当下实际指导作用具有一定的局限性。随着人类活动的加剧,土壤及其结构性退化正加速危害土壤质量和健康。对此,急需更新或升级,用于刻画干旱区生态系统中土壤盐度数据,以辅助制定相关政策,减缓土壤盐渍化的危害。针对此问题,本文基于代表性等级的采样设计方法(Integrative Hierarchical Sampling Strategy,IHSS),获取少量典型样点,结合土壤—环境推理模型(soil land inference model,So LIM),尝试推理区域尺度土壤盐分含量信息。研究以新疆天山南北中低海拔冲积平原为案例,仅以23个代表性样本,推理陆表(0~10 cm)土壤盐分含量,源自3个典型绿洲94个野外样本的验证数据显示,依据评判标准,预测结果与实际情况较为相符,与线性回归模型相比,具备处理土壤与环境变量之间非线性关系的So LIM,推理精度更高。所以,研究认为模糊隶属度加权平均的方法(IHSS-So LIM)可以通过较小的建模点得到更好的预测效果,可作为区域尺度土壤盐度推理的备选方案。
Regional information on the spatial distribution of soil salinity can be used as guidance in avoiding the continued degradation of land and water resources. However, most regional soil salinity maps are produced through a conventional direct-linking method derived from historic observations. Such maps lack spatial details and are limited in describing the evolution of soil salinization in particular instances. In anthropogenic regions, soil change, and soil formation and degradation, have accelerated, jeopardizing soil quality and health. The need for up- to- date soil and environmental data that characterize the physicochemical, biological,and hydrological conditions of arid ecosystems across continents has intensified(e.g. soil salinization in arid land). Digital soil mapping(DSM) and modeling techniques have been widely used in the past few decades. To overcome these limitations, we employed a method that included an integrative hierarchical-sampling strategy(IHSS) and the Soil Land Inference Model(So LIM) to map soil salinity over a regional area. This case study, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, demonstrates that the employed method can produce soil salinity maps at a higher level of spatial detail and accuracy. Twenty-three representative points are determined. The results show that:(1) the prediction is accurate in Kuqa Oasis(R~2=0.70,RPD=1.55, RMSE=12.86) and Keriya Oasis(R~2=0.75, RPD=1.66, RMSE=10.92), and performed a little better than in Fukang Oasis(R~2=0.77, RPD=2.01, RMSE=6.32), according to the evaluation criteria.(2) Based on all validation samples from three oases, accuracy estimation shows that the employed method(R~2= 0.74, RPD=1.67, RMSE=11.18) performed better than the multiple linear regression model(R~2=0.60, RPD= 1.47, RMSE=14.45). Finally,this study concludes that the employed method can serve as an alternative model for soil salinity mapping on a large scale.
Regional information on the spatial distribution of soil salinity can be used as guidance in avoiding the continued degradation of land and water resources. However, most regional soil salinity maps are produced through a conventional direct-linking method derived from historic observations. Such maps lack spatial details and are limited in describing the evolution of soil salinization in particular instances. In anthropogenic regions, soil change, and soil formation and degradation, have accelerated, jeopardizing soil quality and health. The need for up- to- date soil and environmental data that characterize the physicochemical, biological,and hydrological conditions of arid ecosystems across continents has intensified(e.g. soil salinization in arid land). Digital soil mapping(DSM) and modeling techniques have been widely used in the past few decades. To overcome these limitations, we employed a method that included an integrative hierarchical-sampling strategy(IHSS) and the Soil Land Inference Model(So LIM) to map soil salinity over a regional area. This case study, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, demonstrates that the employed method can produce soil salinity maps at a higher level of spatial detail and accuracy. Twenty-three representative points are determined. The results show that:(1) the prediction is accurate in Kuqa Oasis(R~2=0.70,RPD=1.55, RMSE=12.86) and Keriya Oasis(R~2=0.75, RPD=1.66, RMSE=10.92), and performed a little better than in Fukang Oasis(R~2=0.77, RPD=2.01, RMSE=6.32), according to the evaluation criteria.(2) Based on all validation samples from three oases, accuracy estimation shows that the employed method(R~2= 0.74, RPD=1.67, RMSE=11.18) performed better than the multiple linear regression model(R~2=0.60, RPD= 1.47, RMSE=14.45). Finally,this study concludes that the employed method can serve as an alternative model for soil salinity mapping on a large scale.
引文
[1]Grunwald S,Thompson J,Boettinger J.Digital soil mapping and modeling at continental scales:Finding solutions for global issues.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75(4):1201-1213.
[2]Li Jianguo,Pu Lijie,Zhu Ming,et al.The present situation and hot issues in the salt-affected soil research.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1233-1245.[李建国,濮励杰,朱明,等.土壤盐渍化研究现状及未来研究热点.地理学报,2012,67(9):1233-1245.]
[3]Ghassemi F,Jakeman A J,Nix H A.Salinisation of land and water resources:Human causes,extent,management and case studies.Cab International,1995.
[4]Abrol I P,Yadav J S P,Massoud F I.Salt-affected soils and their management.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:FAO Soils Bulletin,1988.
[5]Yang Lin,Sherif F,Jiao Y J,et al.Updating conventional soil maps using knowledge on soil-environment relationships extracted from the maps.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(6):1039-1049.[杨琳,Sherif F,You J,等.基于土壤—环境关系的更新传统土壤图研究.土壤学报,2010,47(6):1039-1049.]
[6]Ding J L,Yu D L.Monitoring and evaluating spatial variability of soil salinity in dry and wet seasons in the WeriganKuqa oasis,China,using remote sensing and electromagnetic induction instruments.Geoderma,2014,235/236:316-322.
[7]Ilyas N,Abduwasit G,Tashpolat T,et al.Monitoring soil salinization in Keriya River Basin,northwestern China using passive reflective and active microwave remote sensing data.Remote Sensing,2015,7(7):8803-8829.
[8]Wang Fei,Ding Jianli,Wu Manchun.Remote sensing monitoring models of soil salinization based in NDVI-SI feature space.Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(8):168-173.[王飞,丁建丽,伍漫春.基于NDVI-SI特征空间的土壤盐渍化遥感模型.农业工程学报,2010,26(8):168-173.]
[9]Qiao Mu,Zhou Shengbin,Lu Lei,et al.Temporal and spatial changes of soil salinization and improved countermeasures of Tarim Basin Irrigation District in recent 25a.Arid Land Geography,2011,34(4):604-613.[乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.近25a来塔里木盆地灌区土壤盐渍化时空变化特点与改良治理对策.干旱区地理,2011,34(4):604-613.]
[10]Wang Fangfang,Wu Shixin,Qiao Mu,et al.Investigation and analysis on the salinization degree of cultivated land in Xinjiang based on 3S technology.Arid Zone Research,2009,26(3):366-371.[王芳芳,吴世新,乔木,等.基于3S技术的新疆耕地盐渍化状况调查与分析.干旱区研究,2009,26(3):366-371.]
[11]Zhu Axing,Yang Lin,Li Baolin,et al.Construction of membership functions for predictive soil mapping under fuzzy logic.Geoderma,2010,155(3/4):164-174.
[12]Li C F,Zhang C,Luo G P,et al.Carbon stock and its responses to climate change in Central Asia.Clobal Change Biology.2015,21(5):1951-1967.
[13]Cheng W,Zhou C,Liu H,et al.The oasis expansion and eco-environment change over the last 50 years in Manas River Valley,Xinjiang.Science in China Series D,2006,49(2):163-175.
[14]Qiao Mu.Soil Salinization and Improved Model in Xinjiang Irrigation Area.Urumqi:Xinjiang Science and Techology Press,2008:56.[乔木.新疆灌区土壤盐渍化及改良模式研究.乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社,2008:56.]
[15]Mc Bratney A B,Santos M L M,Minasny B.On digital soil mapping.Geoderma,2003,117(1):3-52.
[16]Nurdiana A,Setiawan Y,Pawitan H,et al.Land changes monitoring using MODIS time-series imagery in peat lands areas,Muaro Jambi,Jambi Province,Indonesia.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,33:443-449.
[17]Lobell D B,Lesch S M,Corwin D L,et al.Regional-scale assessment of soil salinity in the Red River Valley using multi-year MODIS EVI and NDVI.Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(1):35-41.
[18]Zhu A X,Yang L,Li B,et al.Construction of membership functions for predictive soil mapping under fuzzy logic.Geoderma,2010,155(3):164-174.
[19]Smith M P,Zhu A X,Burt J E,et al.The effects of DEM resolution and neighborhood size on digital soil survey.Geoderma,2006,137(1):58-69.
[20]Martz L W,Garbrecht J.The treatment of flat areas and depressions in automated drainage analysis of raster digital elevation models.Hydrological Processes,1998,12(6):843-855.
[21]Shangguan W,Dai Y,Liu B,et al.A soil particle-size distribution dataset for regional land and climate modelling in China.Geoderma,2012,171:85-91.
[22]Cheng Weiming,Chai Huixia,Zhou Chenghu,et al.The spatial distribution patterns of digital geomorphology in Xinjiang.Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1157-1169.[程维明,柴慧霞,周成虎,等.新疆地貌空间分布格局分析.地理研究,2009,28(5):1157-1169.]
[23]Liu F,Geng X,Zhu A X,et al.Soil texture mapping over low relief areas using land surface feedback dynamic patterns extracted from MODIS.Geoderma,2012,171:44-52.
[24]Sobrino J A,Raissouni N.Toward remote sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring:Application to Morocco.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21(2):353-366.
[25]Momeni M,Saradjian M R.Evaluating NDVI-based emissivities of MODIS bands 31 and 32 using emissivities derived by Day/Night LST algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,106(2):190-198.
[26]Yang Lin,Zhu Axing,Qin Chengzhi,et al.A soil sampling method based on representativeness grade of sampling points.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(5):938-946.[杨琳,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.一种基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样设计方法.土壤学报,2011,48(5):938-946.]
[27]Zhu A X,Hudson B,Burt J,et al.Soil mapping using GIS,expert knowledge,and fuzzy logic.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2001,65(5):1463-1472.
[28]Yang Lin,Zhu Axing,Li Baolin,et al.Extraction of knowledge about soil-environment relationship for soil mapping using fuzzy c-means(FCM)clustering.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(5):784-791.[杨琳,朱阿兴,李宝林,等.应用模糊c均值聚类获取土壤制图所需土壤-环境关系知识的方法研究.土壤学报,2007,44(5):784-791.]
[29]Zhu A X.A similarity model for representing soil spatial information.Geoderma,1997,77(2):217-242.
[30]Farifteh J,V D Meer F,Atzberger C,et al.Quantitative analysis of salt-affected soil reflectance spectra:A comparison of two adaptive methods(PLSR and ANN).Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,110(1):59-78.
[31]Qiao Mu,Zhou Shengbin,et al.Causes and spatial-temporal changes of soil salinization in Weigan River Basin,Xinjiang.Progress in Geography,2012,31(7):904-910.[乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析.地理科学进展,2012,31(7):904-910.]
[32]Bouaziz M,Matschullat J,Gloaguen R.Improved remote sensing detection of soil salinity from a semi-arid climate in Northeast Brazil.Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2011,343(11):795-803.
[33]Melendez-Pastor I,Navarro-Pedre?o J,Gómez I,et al.Identifying optimal spectral bands to assess soil properties with VNIR radiometry in semi-arid soils.Geoderma,2008,147(3/4):126-132.
[34]Metternicht G I,Zinck J A.Remote sensing of soil salinity:potentials and constraints.Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,85(1):1-20.
[35]Zhang F,Tiyip T,Ding J L,et al.Spectral reflectance properties of major objects in desert oasis:A case study of the Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis in Xinjiang,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(8):5105-5119.
[36]Wang F,Chen X,Luo G,et al.Detecting soil salinity with arid fraction integrated index and salinity index in feature space using Landsat TM imagery.Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):340-353.
[37]Gobin A,Campling P,Feyen J.Soil-landscape modelling to quantify spatial variability of soil texture.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Part B:Hydrology,Oceans and Atmosphere,2001,26(1):41-45.
[38]Metternicht G I.Fuzzy classification of JERS-1 SAR data:An evaluation of its performance for soil salinity mapping.Ecological Modelling,1998,111(1):61-74.
[39]Ekwue E I,Bartholomew J.Electrical conductivity of some soils in Trinidad as affected by density,water and peat content.Biosystems Engineering,2011,108(2):95-103.
[40]Mc Bratney A B,Mendon?a M L Santos,Minasny B.On digital soil mapping.Geoderma,2003,117(1-2):3-52.
[41]Alavi Panah S,Barzegar F,Ahmadi H,et al.Study of Yardang Lut Desert based on image processing.Academic Research,University of Tehran,2002:150.
[42]Masoud A A,Koike K.Arid land salinization detected by remotely-sensed landcover changes:A case study in the Siwa region,NW Egypt.Journal of Arid Environments,2006,66(1):151-167.
[43]Wang H,Jia G.Satellite-based monitoring of decadal soil salinization and climate effects in a semi-arid region of China.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2012,29(5):1089-1099.
[44]Sandholt I,Rasmussen K,Andersen J.A simple interpretation of the surface temperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status.Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,79(2/3):213-224.
[45]Tilley D R,Ahmed M,J Son H,et al.Hyperspectral reflectance response of freshwater macrophytes to salinity in a brackish subtropical marsh.Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(3):780-789.
[2]Li Jianguo,Pu Lijie,Zhu Ming,et al.The present situation and hot issues in the salt-affected soil research.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1233-1245.[李建国,濮励杰,朱明,等.土壤盐渍化研究现状及未来研究热点.地理学报,2012,67(9):1233-1245.]
[3]Ghassemi F,Jakeman A J,Nix H A.Salinisation of land and water resources:Human causes,extent,management and case studies.Cab International,1995.
[4]Abrol I P,Yadav J S P,Massoud F I.Salt-affected soils and their management.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:FAO Soils Bulletin,1988.
[5]Yang Lin,Sherif F,Jiao Y J,et al.Updating conventional soil maps using knowledge on soil-environment relationships extracted from the maps.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(6):1039-1049.[杨琳,Sherif F,You J,等.基于土壤—环境关系的更新传统土壤图研究.土壤学报,2010,47(6):1039-1049.]
[6]Ding J L,Yu D L.Monitoring and evaluating spatial variability of soil salinity in dry and wet seasons in the WeriganKuqa oasis,China,using remote sensing and electromagnetic induction instruments.Geoderma,2014,235/236:316-322.
[7]Ilyas N,Abduwasit G,Tashpolat T,et al.Monitoring soil salinization in Keriya River Basin,northwestern China using passive reflective and active microwave remote sensing data.Remote Sensing,2015,7(7):8803-8829.
[8]Wang Fei,Ding Jianli,Wu Manchun.Remote sensing monitoring models of soil salinization based in NDVI-SI feature space.Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(8):168-173.[王飞,丁建丽,伍漫春.基于NDVI-SI特征空间的土壤盐渍化遥感模型.农业工程学报,2010,26(8):168-173.]
[9]Qiao Mu,Zhou Shengbin,Lu Lei,et al.Temporal and spatial changes of soil salinization and improved countermeasures of Tarim Basin Irrigation District in recent 25a.Arid Land Geography,2011,34(4):604-613.[乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.近25a来塔里木盆地灌区土壤盐渍化时空变化特点与改良治理对策.干旱区地理,2011,34(4):604-613.]
[10]Wang Fangfang,Wu Shixin,Qiao Mu,et al.Investigation and analysis on the salinization degree of cultivated land in Xinjiang based on 3S technology.Arid Zone Research,2009,26(3):366-371.[王芳芳,吴世新,乔木,等.基于3S技术的新疆耕地盐渍化状况调查与分析.干旱区研究,2009,26(3):366-371.]
[11]Zhu Axing,Yang Lin,Li Baolin,et al.Construction of membership functions for predictive soil mapping under fuzzy logic.Geoderma,2010,155(3/4):164-174.
[12]Li C F,Zhang C,Luo G P,et al.Carbon stock and its responses to climate change in Central Asia.Clobal Change Biology.2015,21(5):1951-1967.
[13]Cheng W,Zhou C,Liu H,et al.The oasis expansion and eco-environment change over the last 50 years in Manas River Valley,Xinjiang.Science in China Series D,2006,49(2):163-175.
[14]Qiao Mu.Soil Salinization and Improved Model in Xinjiang Irrigation Area.Urumqi:Xinjiang Science and Techology Press,2008:56.[乔木.新疆灌区土壤盐渍化及改良模式研究.乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社,2008:56.]
[15]Mc Bratney A B,Santos M L M,Minasny B.On digital soil mapping.Geoderma,2003,117(1):3-52.
[16]Nurdiana A,Setiawan Y,Pawitan H,et al.Land changes monitoring using MODIS time-series imagery in peat lands areas,Muaro Jambi,Jambi Province,Indonesia.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,33:443-449.
[17]Lobell D B,Lesch S M,Corwin D L,et al.Regional-scale assessment of soil salinity in the Red River Valley using multi-year MODIS EVI and NDVI.Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(1):35-41.
[18]Zhu A X,Yang L,Li B,et al.Construction of membership functions for predictive soil mapping under fuzzy logic.Geoderma,2010,155(3):164-174.
[19]Smith M P,Zhu A X,Burt J E,et al.The effects of DEM resolution and neighborhood size on digital soil survey.Geoderma,2006,137(1):58-69.
[20]Martz L W,Garbrecht J.The treatment of flat areas and depressions in automated drainage analysis of raster digital elevation models.Hydrological Processes,1998,12(6):843-855.
[21]Shangguan W,Dai Y,Liu B,et al.A soil particle-size distribution dataset for regional land and climate modelling in China.Geoderma,2012,171:85-91.
[22]Cheng Weiming,Chai Huixia,Zhou Chenghu,et al.The spatial distribution patterns of digital geomorphology in Xinjiang.Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1157-1169.[程维明,柴慧霞,周成虎,等.新疆地貌空间分布格局分析.地理研究,2009,28(5):1157-1169.]
[23]Liu F,Geng X,Zhu A X,et al.Soil texture mapping over low relief areas using land surface feedback dynamic patterns extracted from MODIS.Geoderma,2012,171:44-52.
[24]Sobrino J A,Raissouni N.Toward remote sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring:Application to Morocco.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2000,21(2):353-366.
[25]Momeni M,Saradjian M R.Evaluating NDVI-based emissivities of MODIS bands 31 and 32 using emissivities derived by Day/Night LST algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,106(2):190-198.
[26]Yang Lin,Zhu Axing,Qin Chengzhi,et al.A soil sampling method based on representativeness grade of sampling points.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(5):938-946.[杨琳,朱阿兴,秦承志,等.一种基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样设计方法.土壤学报,2011,48(5):938-946.]
[27]Zhu A X,Hudson B,Burt J,et al.Soil mapping using GIS,expert knowledge,and fuzzy logic.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2001,65(5):1463-1472.
[28]Yang Lin,Zhu Axing,Li Baolin,et al.Extraction of knowledge about soil-environment relationship for soil mapping using fuzzy c-means(FCM)clustering.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(5):784-791.[杨琳,朱阿兴,李宝林,等.应用模糊c均值聚类获取土壤制图所需土壤-环境关系知识的方法研究.土壤学报,2007,44(5):784-791.]
[29]Zhu A X.A similarity model for representing soil spatial information.Geoderma,1997,77(2):217-242.
[30]Farifteh J,V D Meer F,Atzberger C,et al.Quantitative analysis of salt-affected soil reflectance spectra:A comparison of two adaptive methods(PLSR and ANN).Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,110(1):59-78.
[31]Qiao Mu,Zhou Shengbin,et al.Causes and spatial-temporal changes of soil salinization in Weigan River Basin,Xinjiang.Progress in Geography,2012,31(7):904-910.[乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析.地理科学进展,2012,31(7):904-910.]
[32]Bouaziz M,Matschullat J,Gloaguen R.Improved remote sensing detection of soil salinity from a semi-arid climate in Northeast Brazil.Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2011,343(11):795-803.
[33]Melendez-Pastor I,Navarro-Pedre?o J,Gómez I,et al.Identifying optimal spectral bands to assess soil properties with VNIR radiometry in semi-arid soils.Geoderma,2008,147(3/4):126-132.
[34]Metternicht G I,Zinck J A.Remote sensing of soil salinity:potentials and constraints.Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,85(1):1-20.
[35]Zhang F,Tiyip T,Ding J L,et al.Spectral reflectance properties of major objects in desert oasis:A case study of the Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis in Xinjiang,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(8):5105-5119.
[36]Wang F,Chen X,Luo G,et al.Detecting soil salinity with arid fraction integrated index and salinity index in feature space using Landsat TM imagery.Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(3):340-353.
[37]Gobin A,Campling P,Feyen J.Soil-landscape modelling to quantify spatial variability of soil texture.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Part B:Hydrology,Oceans and Atmosphere,2001,26(1):41-45.
[38]Metternicht G I.Fuzzy classification of JERS-1 SAR data:An evaluation of its performance for soil salinity mapping.Ecological Modelling,1998,111(1):61-74.
[39]Ekwue E I,Bartholomew J.Electrical conductivity of some soils in Trinidad as affected by density,water and peat content.Biosystems Engineering,2011,108(2):95-103.
[40]Mc Bratney A B,Mendon?a M L Santos,Minasny B.On digital soil mapping.Geoderma,2003,117(1-2):3-52.
[41]Alavi Panah S,Barzegar F,Ahmadi H,et al.Study of Yardang Lut Desert based on image processing.Academic Research,University of Tehran,2002:150.
[42]Masoud A A,Koike K.Arid land salinization detected by remotely-sensed landcover changes:A case study in the Siwa region,NW Egypt.Journal of Arid Environments,2006,66(1):151-167.
[43]Wang H,Jia G.Satellite-based monitoring of decadal soil salinization and climate effects in a semi-arid region of China.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2012,29(5):1089-1099.
[44]Sandholt I,Rasmussen K,Andersen J.A simple interpretation of the surface temperature/vegetation index space for assessment of surface moisture status.Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,79(2/3):213-224.
[45]Tilley D R,Ahmed M,J Son H,et al.Hyperspectral reflectance response of freshwater macrophytes to salinity in a brackish subtropical marsh.Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(3):780-789.