基于开垦年龄的新疆盐渍化耕地时空特征分析
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摘要
以新疆2013年绿洲灌区盐渍化土壤数据为基础,结合2000、2005、2010年和2013年4期土地利用数据,定量分析了基于开垦年龄(地龄)和流域分区的2013年新疆盐渍化耕地时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)2013年新疆盐渍化耕地面积为323.45×10~4hm~2,占耕地总面积的37.46%;(2)地龄大于13 a、8~13 a、3~8 a和1~3 a盐渍化耕地分别占同龄耕地的30.26%、45.98%、63.48%和69.05%,表明地龄越小,盐渍化耕地比重越大;(3)随着地龄的减小,耕地盐渍化程度逐渐加重,即轻度盐渍化耕地比重不断下降,中度和重度盐渍化比重不断上升;(4)2000年以来新增耕地来源中,开垦草地的比重不断下降,而未利用土地的开垦比重不断上升,开垦条件渐差;(5)新疆盐渍化耕地分布具有明显的地域性,全疆有9个流域分区耕地中盐渍化比重大于50%,其中7个流域分区的盐渍化耕地面积占新疆盐渍化耕地总面积的66.41%;依据地龄将不同流域分区盐渍化耕地面积的变化归纳为上升型、降低型、先升后降型和先降后升型4种类型。
In this paper,the spatiotemporal distribution of salinized cultivated land with different cultivation years in different drainage basins in Xinjiang in 2013 was quantitatively analyzed. The datasets used in the study included the land use data in four years and the data of saline soil in an irrigated area in 2013. The results are as follows:(1)The area of salinized cultivated land in 2013 was 323. 45 × 10~4hm~2,and the proportion of area of the salinized arable land was 37. 46% of the total area in the irrigated areas in Xinjiang;(2) The proportions of salinized cultivated land with 13,8-13,3-8 and 1-3 cultivation years were 30. 26%,45. 98%,63. 48% and 69. 05% respectively;(3) The salinization level of salinized cultivated land became more serious with the decrease of cultivation years,that means the proportion of slightly salinized cultivated land was continuously decreased,but the proportions of moderately and seriously salinized cultivated land were gradually increased;(4) Since 2000,the proportion of grassland in the new cultivated land was decreased,but that of unused land was increased,and the reclamation conditions became worse;(5) The distribution of salinized cultivated land in Xinjiang was regional,the proportion of salinized cultivated land was higher than 50% in 9 drainage basins,which accounted for 66. 41% of the total salinized land area in Xinjiang. The variation of salinized cultivated land in the study area could be divided into 4 types.
In this paper,the spatiotemporal distribution of salinized cultivated land with different cultivation years in different drainage basins in Xinjiang in 2013 was quantitatively analyzed. The datasets used in the study included the land use data in four years and the data of saline soil in an irrigated area in 2013. The results are as follows:(1)The area of salinized cultivated land in 2013 was 323. 45 × 10~4hm~2,and the proportion of area of the salinized arable land was 37. 46% of the total area in the irrigated areas in Xinjiang;(2) The proportions of salinized cultivated land with 13,8-13,3-8 and 1-3 cultivation years were 30. 26%,45. 98%,63. 48% and 69. 05% respectively;(3) The salinization level of salinized cultivated land became more serious with the decrease of cultivation years,that means the proportion of slightly salinized cultivated land was continuously decreased,but the proportions of moderately and seriously salinized cultivated land were gradually increased;(4) Since 2000,the proportion of grassland in the new cultivated land was decreased,but that of unused land was increased,and the reclamation conditions became worse;(5) The distribution of salinized cultivated land in Xinjiang was regional,the proportion of salinized cultivated land was higher than 50% in 9 drainage basins,which accounted for 66. 41% of the total salinized land area in Xinjiang. The variation of salinized cultivated land in the study area could be divided into 4 types.
引文
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[2]Ghassemi F,Jakeman A J,Nix H A.Salinisation of Land and Water Resources:Human Causes,Extent,Management and Case Studies[M].UK:CAB International,1995:26-29.
[3]王遵亲,祝寿泉,俞仁培,等.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:400-515.[Wang Zunqin,Zhu Shouquan,Yu Renpei,et al.Saline Soil in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993:400-515.]
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[5]李和平,田长彦,乔木,等.新疆耕地盐渍土遥感信息解译标志及指标探讨[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(2):218-223.[Li Heping,Tian Changyan,Qiao Mu,et al.On remote sensing data interpretation key and index of saline soil of arable land in Xinjiang[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(2):218-223.]
[6]王芳芳,吴世新,乔木,等.基于3S技术的新疆耕地盐渍化状况调查与分析[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(3):366-371.[Wang Fangfang,Wu Shixin,Qiao Mu,et al.Investigation and analysis on the salinization degree of cultivated land in Xinjiang based on 3S technology[J].Arid Zone Research,2009,26(3):366-371.]
[7]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.[Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[8]Zhang Z X,Wang X,Zhao X L,et al.2010 update of national land use/cover database of China at 1∶100 000 scale using medium spatial resolution satellite images[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2014,149:142-154.
[9]樊自立,马英杰,马映军.中国西部地区耕地土壤盐渍化评估及发展趋势预测[J].干旱区地理,2002,25(2):97-102.[Fan Zili,Ma Yingjie,Ma Yingjun.Assessment and prediction of developing trend of soil salinization of the cultivated land in West China[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,25(2):97-102.]
[10]田长彦,周宏飞,刘国庆.21世纪新疆盐渍化控制与农业持续发展研究建议[J].干旱区地理,2000,23(2):176-181.[Tian Changyan,Zhou Hongfei,Liu Guoqing.The proposal on control of soil salinizing and agricultural sustaining development in 21’s century in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2000,23(2):176-181.]
[11]吕真真,刘广明,杨劲松.新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤盐分特征研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(2):289-295.[Lv Zhenzhen,Liu Guangming,Yang Jingsong.Soil salinity characteristics of Manas river valley in Xinjiang[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(2):289-295.]
[12]刘庆生,刘高焕,励惠国.辽河三角洲土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):190-196.[Liu Qingsheng,Liu Gaohuan,Li Huiguo.Analysis on characteristics of soil salinization in Liaohe river delta[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):190-196.]
[13]任加国,郑西来,许模,等.新疆叶尔羌河流域土壤盐渍化特征研究[J].土壤,2005,37(6):635-639.[Ren Jiaguo,Zheng Xilai,Xu Mo,et al.Salinization characteristics of the soil in Yeerqiang river valley,Xinjiang[J].Soils,2005,37(6):635-639.]
[14]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,海米提·依米提,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.天山西部伊犁河流域土壤盐分特征[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(6):774-781.[Mamattursun Eziz,Hamid Yimit,Anwar Mohammad,et al.Characteristics of soil salinity in ili river valley,western tianshan mountains[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(6):774-781.]
[15]贡璐,韩丽,任曼丽.塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤水盐空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):1-7.[Gong Lu,Han Li,Ren Manli.Spatial variability of soil water-salt in a typical oasis on the upper reaches of the Tarim river[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):1-7.]
[16]乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):904-910.[Qiao Mu,Zhou Shengbin,Lu Lei,et al.Causes and spatial-temporal changes of soil salinization in Weigan river basin,Xinjiang[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(7):904-910.]
[17]丁建丽,姚远,王飞.干旱区土壤盐渍化特征空间建模[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4 620-4 631.[Ding Jianli,Yao Yuan,Wang Fei.Detecting soil salinization in arid regions using spectral feature space derived from remote sensing data[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(16):4 620-4 631.]
[18]Wang H W,Fan Y H,Tiyip T.The research of soil salinization human impact based on remote sensing classification in oasis irrigationarea[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,10:2 399-2 405.
[19]Ding J L,Wu M C,Tiyip T.Study on soil salinization information in arid region using remote sensing technique[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2011,10(3):404-411.
[20]Sheng J D,Ma L C,Jiang P,et al.Digital soil mapping to enable classification of the salt-affected soils in desert agro-ecological zones[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97:1 944-1 951.
[21]Sidike A,Zhao S H,Wen Y M.Estimating soil salinity in Pingluo County of China using Quick Birddata and soil reflectance spectra[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2014,26:156-175.
[22]Ding J L,Yu D L.Monitoring and evaluating spatial variability of soil salinity in dry and wet seasons in the Werigan-Kuqa Oasis,China,using remote sensing and electromagnetic induction instruments[J].Geoderma,2014,235-236:316-322.
[23]颜安,蒋平安,盛建东,等.玛纳斯河流域表层土壤盐分空间变异特征研究[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):410-414.[Yan An,Jiang Ping’an,Sheng Jiandong,et al.Spatial variability of surface soil salinity in Manas river basin[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(2):410-414.]
[24]颜安,王泽,盛建东.不同因子对玛纳斯河流域农田土壤盐分的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2013,36(4):329-333.[Yan An,Wang Ze,Sheng Jiandong.Effects different factors on soil salt content of farmland in Manas river basin[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2013,36(4):329-333.]
[25]涂锦娜,王绍明,杨岩,等.玛纳斯河流域下游土壤的盐分特征分析[J].新疆农业科学,2011,48(3):565-571.[Tu Jinna,Wang Shaoming,Yang Yan,et al.The characteristics of soil salinity in downstream Manas river[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2011,48(3):565-571.]
[26]李玉义,张凤华,潘旭东,等.新疆玛纳斯河流域不同地貌类型土壤盐分累积变化[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):60-64.[Li Yuyi,Zhang Fenghua,Pan Xudong,et al.Changes of salt accumulation in soil layers with different landforms in Manas River Valley in Xinjiang Region of China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(2):60-64.]
[27]程维明,柴慧霞,方月,等.基于水资源分区和地貌特征的新疆耕地资源变化分析[J].自然资源学报,2007,27(11):1 810-1 822.[Cheng Weiming,Chai Huixia,Fang Yue,et al.Analysis of cultivated land based on water resources regionalization and geomorphologic characteristics in Xinjiang[J].China Journal of Natural Resources,2007,27(11):1 810-1 822.]
[2]Ghassemi F,Jakeman A J,Nix H A.Salinisation of Land and Water Resources:Human Causes,Extent,Management and Case Studies[M].UK:CAB International,1995:26-29.
[3]王遵亲,祝寿泉,俞仁培,等.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:400-515.[Wang Zunqin,Zhu Shouquan,Yu Renpei,et al.Saline Soil in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993:400-515.]
[4]樊自立,乔木,徐海量,等.合理开发利用地下水是新疆盐渍化耕地改良的重要途径[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(5):737-743.[Fan Zili,Qiao Mu,Xu Hailiang,et al.Rational groundwater exploitation and utilization,an important approach of improving salinized farmland in Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2011,28(5):737-743.]
[5]李和平,田长彦,乔木,等.新疆耕地盐渍土遥感信息解译标志及指标探讨[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(2):218-223.[Li Heping,Tian Changyan,Qiao Mu,et al.On remote sensing data interpretation key and index of saline soil of arable land in Xinjiang[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2009,27(2):218-223.]
[6]王芳芳,吴世新,乔木,等.基于3S技术的新疆耕地盐渍化状况调查与分析[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(3):366-371.[Wang Fangfang,Wu Shixin,Qiao Mu,et al.Investigation and analysis on the salinization degree of cultivated land in Xinjiang based on 3S technology[J].Arid Zone Research,2009,26(3):366-371.]
[7]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.[Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[8]Zhang Z X,Wang X,Zhao X L,et al.2010 update of national land use/cover database of China at 1∶100 000 scale using medium spatial resolution satellite images[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2014,149:142-154.
[9]樊自立,马英杰,马映军.中国西部地区耕地土壤盐渍化评估及发展趋势预测[J].干旱区地理,2002,25(2):97-102.[Fan Zili,Ma Yingjie,Ma Yingjun.Assessment and prediction of developing trend of soil salinization of the cultivated land in West China[J].Arid Land Geography,2002,25(2):97-102.]
[10]田长彦,周宏飞,刘国庆.21世纪新疆盐渍化控制与农业持续发展研究建议[J].干旱区地理,2000,23(2):176-181.[Tian Changyan,Zhou Hongfei,Liu Guoqing.The proposal on control of soil salinizing and agricultural sustaining development in 21’s century in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2000,23(2):176-181.]
[11]吕真真,刘广明,杨劲松.新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤盐分特征研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(2):289-295.[Lv Zhenzhen,Liu Guangming,Yang Jingsong.Soil salinity characteristics of Manas river valley in Xinjiang[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(2):289-295.]
[12]刘庆生,刘高焕,励惠国.辽河三角洲土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):190-196.[Liu Qingsheng,Liu Gaohuan,Li Huiguo.Analysis on characteristics of soil salinization in Liaohe river delta[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):190-196.]
[13]任加国,郑西来,许模,等.新疆叶尔羌河流域土壤盐渍化特征研究[J].土壤,2005,37(6):635-639.[Ren Jiaguo,Zheng Xilai,Xu Mo,et al.Salinization characteristics of the soil in Yeerqiang river valley,Xinjiang[J].Soils,2005,37(6):635-639.]
[14]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,海米提·依米提,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.天山西部伊犁河流域土壤盐分特征[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(6):774-781.[Mamattursun Eziz,Hamid Yimit,Anwar Mohammad,et al.Characteristics of soil salinity in ili river valley,western tianshan mountains[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(6):774-781.]
[15]贡璐,韩丽,任曼丽.塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤水盐空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):1-7.[Gong Lu,Han Li,Ren Manli.Spatial variability of soil water-salt in a typical oasis on the upper reaches of the Tarim river[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):1-7.]
[16]乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):904-910.[Qiao Mu,Zhou Shengbin,Lu Lei,et al.Causes and spatial-temporal changes of soil salinization in Weigan river basin,Xinjiang[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(7):904-910.]
[17]丁建丽,姚远,王飞.干旱区土壤盐渍化特征空间建模[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4 620-4 631.[Ding Jianli,Yao Yuan,Wang Fei.Detecting soil salinization in arid regions using spectral feature space derived from remote sensing data[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(16):4 620-4 631.]
[18]Wang H W,Fan Y H,Tiyip T.The research of soil salinization human impact based on remote sensing classification in oasis irrigationarea[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,10:2 399-2 405.
[19]Ding J L,Wu M C,Tiyip T.Study on soil salinization information in arid region using remote sensing technique[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2011,10(3):404-411.
[20]Sheng J D,Ma L C,Jiang P,et al.Digital soil mapping to enable classification of the salt-affected soils in desert agro-ecological zones[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97:1 944-1 951.
[21]Sidike A,Zhao S H,Wen Y M.Estimating soil salinity in Pingluo County of China using Quick Birddata and soil reflectance spectra[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2014,26:156-175.
[22]Ding J L,Yu D L.Monitoring and evaluating spatial variability of soil salinity in dry and wet seasons in the Werigan-Kuqa Oasis,China,using remote sensing and electromagnetic induction instruments[J].Geoderma,2014,235-236:316-322.
[23]颜安,蒋平安,盛建东,等.玛纳斯河流域表层土壤盐分空间变异特征研究[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):410-414.[Yan An,Jiang Ping’an,Sheng Jiandong,et al.Spatial variability of surface soil salinity in Manas river basin[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(2):410-414.]
[24]颜安,王泽,盛建东.不同因子对玛纳斯河流域农田土壤盐分的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2013,36(4):329-333.[Yan An,Wang Ze,Sheng Jiandong.Effects different factors on soil salt content of farmland in Manas river basin[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2013,36(4):329-333.]
[25]涂锦娜,王绍明,杨岩,等.玛纳斯河流域下游土壤的盐分特征分析[J].新疆农业科学,2011,48(3):565-571.[Tu Jinna,Wang Shaoming,Yang Yan,et al.The characteristics of soil salinity in downstream Manas river[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2011,48(3):565-571.]
[26]李玉义,张凤华,潘旭东,等.新疆玛纳斯河流域不同地貌类型土壤盐分累积变化[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):60-64.[Li Yuyi,Zhang Fenghua,Pan Xudong,et al.Changes of salt accumulation in soil layers with different landforms in Manas River Valley in Xinjiang Region of China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(2):60-64.]
[27]程维明,柴慧霞,方月,等.基于水资源分区和地貌特征的新疆耕地资源变化分析[J].自然资源学报,2007,27(11):1 810-1 822.[Cheng Weiming,Chai Huixia,Fang Yue,et al.Analysis of cultivated land based on water resources regionalization and geomorphologic characteristics in Xinjiang[J].China Journal of Natural Resources,2007,27(11):1 810-1 822.]