Growth inhibition and oxidative stress in two species of marine diatoms exposed to 1-phenylethanol
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摘要
1-phenylethanol(1-PEA)is a flavor extensively used in the production of co smetics,beverages,and food.The release of 1-PEA into coastal environments has aroused great concern.However,its potential effects on marine organisms are still unknown.In order to provide a better understanding of the ecological risks of 1-PEA in marine environments,this study determined the toxic effects of 1-PEA on two marine diatoms(Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum).The diatoms were grown in culture medium containing different concentrations of 1-PEA for 96 h.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll c,glutathione(GSH),malondialdehyde(MDA),and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathione peroxidase(GPx),were measured at the end of the exposure period.1-PEA was shown to significantly inhibit the growth of diatoms,with 96-h EC_(50) values of 257.14 mg/L and 126.46 mg/L in P.tricornutum and S.costatum,respectively.In P.tricornutum,the levels of SOD,CAT,GPx,GSH,and MDA were stimulated only when 1-PEA concentrations were close to or greater than the 96-h EC_(50)value.However,in S.costatum,the activities of SOD and CAT,and the syntheses of two chlorophylls were inhibited even at an exposure concentration below the 96-h EC_(50) value.Taken together,these findings indicate a potential ecological risk by discharging 1-PEA into coastal areas and its species-specific toxic effects on marine organisms.
1-phenylethanol(1-PEA)is a flavor extensively used in the production of co smetics,beverages,and food.The release of 1-PEA into coastal environments has aroused great concern.However,its potential effects on marine organisms are still unknown.In order to provide a better understanding of the ecological risks of 1-PEA in marine environments,this study determined the toxic effects of 1-PEA on two marine diatoms(Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum).The diatoms were grown in culture medium containing different concentrations of 1-PEA for 96 h.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll c,glutathione(GSH),malondialdehyde(MDA),and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathione peroxidase(GPx),were measured at the end of the exposure period.1-PEA was shown to significantly inhibit the growth of diatoms,with 96-h EC_(50) values of 257.14 mg/L and 126.46 mg/L in P.tricornutum and S.costatum,respectively.In P.tricornutum,the levels of SOD,CAT,GPx,GSH,and MDA were stimulated only when 1-PEA concentrations were close to or greater than the 96-h EC_(50)value.However,in S.costatum,the activities of SOD and CAT,and the syntheses of two chlorophylls were inhibited even at an exposure concentration below the 96-h EC_(50) value.Taken together,these findings indicate a potential ecological risk by discharging 1-PEA into coastal areas and its species-specific toxic effects on marine organisms.
1-phenylethanol(1-PEA)is a flavor extensively used in the production of co smetics,beverages,and food.The release of 1-PEA into coastal environments has aroused great concern.However,its potential effects on marine organisms are still unknown.In order to provide a better understanding of the ecological risks of 1-PEA in marine environments,this study determined the toxic effects of 1-PEA on two marine diatoms(Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum).The diatoms were grown in culture medium containing different concentrations of 1-PEA for 96 h.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll c,glutathione(GSH),malondialdehyde(MDA),and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathione peroxidase(GPx),were measured at the end of the exposure period.1-PEA was shown to significantly inhibit the growth of diatoms,with 96-h EC_(50) values of 257.14 mg/L and 126.46 mg/L in P.tricornutum and S.costatum,respectively.In P.tricornutum,the levels of SOD,CAT,GPx,GSH,and MDA were stimulated only when 1-PEA concentrations were close to or greater than the 96-h EC_(50)value.However,in S.costatum,the activities of SOD and CAT,and the syntheses of two chlorophylls were inhibited even at an exposure concentration below the 96-h EC_(50) value.Taken together,these findings indicate a potential ecological risk by discharging 1-PEA into coastal areas and its species-specific toxic effects on marine organisms.
引文
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Nakata H,Sasaki H,Takemura A,Yoshioka M,Tanabe S,Kannan K.2007.Bioaccumulation,temporal trend,and geographical distribution of synthetic musks in the marine environment.Environmental Science&Technology,41(7):2 216-2 222.
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Bester K,Hiihnerfuss H,Lange W,Rimkus G G,Theobald N.1998.Results of non target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight II:polycyclic musk fragrances.Water Research,32(6):1 857-1 863.
Blokhina O,Fagerstedt K V.2010.Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in plant mitochondria:origin and redundant regulatory systems.Physiologia Plantarum,138(4):447-462.
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Cheng P,Arthur D M,Sichani H T,Xia Q,Ng J C.2013.Assessing benzene-induced toxicity on wild type Euglena gracilis Z and its mutant strain SMZ.Chemosphere,93(10):2 381-2 389.
Cheng P,Lee J W,Sichani H T,Ng J C.2015.Toxic effects of individual and combined effects of BTEX on Euglena gracilis.Journal of Hazardous Materials,284:10-1 8.
Claessens M,Vanhaecke L,Wille K,Janssen C R.2013.Janssen C R.Emerging contaminants in Belgian marine waters:Single toxicant and mixture risks of pharmaceuticals.Marine Pollution Bulletin,71(1-2):4 1-50.
Dao L,Grigoryeva T,Laikov A,Devjatijarov R,Ilinskaya O.2014.Full-scale bioreactor pretreatment of highly toxic wastewater from styrene and propylene oxide production.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,108:1 95-202.
Davies K J A.1995.Oxidative stress:the paradox of aerobic life.Biochemical Society Symposia,61:1-3 1.
De Zwart L L,Venhorst J,Groot M,Commandeur J N M,Hermanns R C A,Meerman J H N,Van Baar B L M,Vermeulen N P E.1997.Simultaneous determination of eight lipid peroxidation degradation products in urine of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.Journal of Chromatography R Biomedical Sciences and Applications,694(2):277-287.
Duan W Y,Meng F P,Lin Y F,Wang G S.2017.Toxicological effects of phenol on four marine microalgae.Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 52:170-176.
ECOTOX.2018a.ECOTOXicology database:nitrobenzen.Environmental Protection Agency,U.S.https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/search.cfm.
ECOTOX.2018b.ECOTOXicology database:tetrachloroethylene.Environmental Protection Agency,U.S.https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/search.cfm.
ECOTOX.2018c.ECOTOXicology database:dichloromethane.Environmental Protection Agency,U.S.http s://c fpub.epa.gov/ecotox/search.c fm.
ECOTOX.2018d.ECOTOXicology database:2-butanone.Environmental Protection Agency,U.S.https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/search.cfm.
EN International Organization for Standardization(EN ISO).2016.ISO 10253:2016.Water quality—marine algal growth inhibition test with Skeletonema sp.and Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
Engelhardt G.2006.In vivo micronucleus test in mice with1-phenylethanol.Archives of Toxicology,80(12):868-872.
Esterbauer H,Schaur R J,Zollner H.1991.Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal,malonaldehyde and related aldehydes.Free Radical Biology and Medicine,11(1):81-128.
European Chemicals Agency(ECHA).2017.Brief Profile:1-phenylethanol.(2017-09-09).https://echa.europa.eu/brief-profile/-/briefprofile/100.002.46 1.
Everchem.2017.Repsol licenses POSM technology repsol licences PO and styrene technology to Tianjin Bohua.(20 17-01-10).https://everchem.com/repsol-licensesposm-technology.
Fawley M W.1989.A new form of chlorophyll c involved inlight-harvesting.Plant Physiology,91(2):727-732.
Finney D J.1971.Probit Analysis.3~(rd)edn.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Gao Q T,Wong Y S,Tam N F.2017.Antioxidant responses of different microalgal species to nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress.Journal of Applied Phycology,29(3):1 317-1 329.
Gatermann R,Biselli S,Hühnerfuss H,Rimkus G G,Hecker M,Karbe L.2002.Synthetic musks in the environment.Part 1:species-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in freshwater fish and mussels.Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,42(4):437-446.
Homstrom E.1990.Toxicity test with algae—a discussion on the batch method.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,20(3):343-353.
Janero D R.1990.Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acidreactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury.Free Radical Biology and Medicine,9(6):5 1 5-540.
Jeffrey S W,Humphrey G F.1975.New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a,b,c_1 and c_2 in higher plants,algae and natural phytoplankton.Biochemie Und Physiologie der Pflanzen,167(2):1 91-1 94.
Lemmer S,Klomp R,Ruemekorf R,Scholz R.2001.Preconcentration of wastewater through the Niro freeze concentration process.Chemical Engineering&Technology,24(5):485-488.
Libralato G,Ghirardini A V,Avezzu F.2010.Seawater ecotoxicity of monoethanolamine,diethanolamine and triethanolamine.Journal of Hazardous Materials,176(1-3):535-539.
Livingstone D R.2001.Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms.Marine Pollution Bulletin,42(8):656-666.
Lobo V,Patil A,Phatak A,Chandra N.2010.Free radicals,antioxidants and functional foods:impact on human health.Pharmacognosy Reviews,4(8):1 18.
Michiels C,Raes M,Toussaint O,Remacle J.1994.Importance of Se-glutathione peroxidase,catalase,and Cu/Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative stress.Free Radical Biology and Medicine,17(3):235-248.
Morelli E,Scarano G.2004.Copper-induced changes of nonprotein thiols and antioxidant enzymes in the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum.Plant Science,167(2):289-296.
Nakata H,Sasaki H,Takemura A,Yoshioka M,Tanabe S,Kannan K.2007.Bioaccumulation,temporal trend,and geographical distribution of synthetic musks in the marine environment.Environmental Science&Technology,41(7):2 216-2 222.
Nakata H.2005.Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in marine mammals and sharks from Japanese coastal waters.Environmental Science&Technology, 39(10):3 430-3 434.
Nie X P,Liu B Y,Yu H J,Liu W Q,Yang Y F.2013.Toxiceffects of erythromycin,ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole exposure to the antioxidant system in Pseudokirchneriella subcapita ta.Environmental Pollution,172:23-32.
Niedernhofer L J,Daniels J S,Rouzer C A,Greene R E,Mamett L J. 2003.Malondialdehyde,a product of lipid peroxidation,is mutagenic in human cells.Journal of Biological Chemistry,278(33):3 1 426-3 1 433.
Pavlic Z,Vidakovic-Cifrek Z,Puntaric D.2005.Toxicity of surfactants to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum.Chemosphere,61(8):1 061-1 068.
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Rimkus G G,Wolf M.1995.Nitro musk fragrances in biota from freshwater and marine environment.Chemosphere,30(4):641-651.
Roy G,Sarma B K,Phadnis P P,Mugesh G.2005.Seleniumcontaining enzymes in mammals:Chemical perspectives.Journal of Chemical Sciences,117(4):287-303.
Ruas C B G,Carvalho C S D,De Araujo H S S,Espimdola E L G,Fernandes M N.2008.Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure in the blood of cichlid species from a metalcontaminated river.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,71(1):86-93.
Sabatini S E,Juarez A B,Eppis M R,Bianchi L,Luquet C M,De Molina M D C R.2009.Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in two green microalgae exposed to copper.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,72(4):1 200-1 206.
Sahoo A,Chainy G B N.1997.Alterations in the activities of cerebral antioxidant enzymes of rat are related to aging.International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience,15(8):939-948.
SIDS Initial Assessment Profile(SIAM).2003.OECD Existing Chemicals Database.https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/UI/handler.axd?id=7f6b4807-5217-4626-b47c-e13 9327a4 12b.
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