巴基斯坦部落区改革与中国的作用
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摘要
巴基斯坦境内的部落区体制形成于英印政府时期。巴基斯坦独立时,为争取该地区加入巴基斯坦,承诺当地的体制不变。1973年巴基斯坦宪法对部落区的行政区划、管理体制作了清晰的阐述及规定。"9·11"事件后,该地区引起国际社会的广泛关注,部落区体制的存废引起各方讨论。2011年8月巴基斯坦政府推出部落区改革方案,逐步推行部落区体制改革。在合作建设中巴经济走廊中,中国可以对巴部落区的改革、发展发挥一定帮助作用。
When the Partition of the sub-continent in 1947, the independent Pakistan promised not to change the then institu- tions that took shape under the British Raj.The 1973Constitution defines clearly administrative division and management systems of tribal areas.With the growing global focus on the region after 9 / 11, the future of tribal areas institutions be- came a hotpoint of debate again.Pakistan promulgated the package of FATA Reform in August 2011, involving the sys- tem reform in the tribal areas.According to the author, with the kickstart of joint construction of the China-Pakistan eco- nomic corridor, China is able to play a constructive role to help reform and develop the tribal areas.
When the Partition of the sub-continent in 1947, the independent Pakistan promised not to change the then institu- tions that took shape under the British Raj.The 1973Constitution defines clearly administrative division and management systems of tribal areas.With the growing global focus on the region after 9 / 11, the future of tribal areas institutions be- came a hotpoint of debate again.Pakistan promulgated the package of FATA Reform in August 2011, involving the sys- tem reform in the tribal areas.According to the author, with the kickstart of joint construction of the China-Pakistan eco- nomic corridor, China is able to play a constructive role to help reform and develop the tribal areas.
引文
①Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah,“Political Reforms in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan(FATA):Will it End the Current Militancy?,January 2012,http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/13063/1 /Heidelberg_Papers_64 _Ali_Shah.pdf,p.6.
①Balochistan:Civil-Military Relation,PILDAT,March 2012,http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/balochistanconflict/IssuePaperBalochistanConflictCMR.pdf,p.13.
②Muhammad Yusuf,Pakistan:Milestones Chronology March 1940-Augusr2010,Mr.Books,2011,p.133.
③Shaukat Mahmood,Constituting of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973,Lahore:Legal Research Centre,1973,p.513.
④Constitution of 1956,http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/archives/56 _05 .htm.
①Navid Iqbal Khan,“Tehreek-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Muhammadi in Malakand Division(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa):A Case Study of the Process of“State Inversion”,http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/6 .%20Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-%20Muhammadi,%20Navid%20iqbal.pdf.
②Ijaz Khan,Pakistan`s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making:a Study of Pakistan`s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change,New York Nova Science Publishers,Inc.2007,p.99.
③Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah,“Political Reforms in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan(FATA):Will it End the Current Militancy?”,January 2012,http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/13063/1 /Heidelberg_Papers_64 _Ali_Shah.pdf,p.8.
④FATA:Development(2000-2015),http://www.embassyofpakistanusa.org/forms/FATA%20 Development%20Program%202008.pdf,p.9.
⑤FATA:A Profile of Socio-Economic Development,http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff94.pdf,p.95.
①Irfan Ghauri,Political Reforms:A Century Iater,Some Rights for The tribals,The Express Tribune,Aug.13 ,2011.
②Baseer Qalandar,“FATA Stands at the Ready for Historic polls”,May 10,2013,http://tribune.com.pk/story/546689/the-final-touches-fata-stands-at-the-ready-for-historic-polls/.
③“Text of the Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009”,http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5 C04%5C15%5Cstory_15 -4-2009_pg7_51 ,Apr.15,2009.
④Yasir Rehman,“Radio Pakistan Programme to Create Social Awareness”,http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/newsbriefs/2012/08 /14 /newsbrief-02,2012-08-14.
①“Tribal Areas Rural to Urban Centres Conversion Initiative,FATA Secretariat,Peshawar,Pakistan,”http://fata.gov.pk/downloads/tarucci%20final.pdf.
②Intikhab Amir,“FATA Development Project Launched,”http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/newsbriefs/2012/06 /29 /newsbrief-02,2012-06-29.
③Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,VOLUME II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.27.
④Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,VOLUME II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.27.
⑤‘The year of fata’:Jirga demands abolition of FCR,The Express Tribune,January 2nd,2012.
⑥Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,VOLUME II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.27.
①“Text of the Charter of Democracy”,http://beta.dawn.com/news/192460/text-of-the-charter-of-democracy/?commentPage=1&storyPage=1,May 15,2006.
②俾路支斯坦的普什图人要求在俾路支斯坦北部地区建立普什图省;开伯尔———普赫图赫瓦省的哈扎拉人要求建立独立的哈扎拉省;联邦直辖部落区要求将联邦直辖部落区建成独立省份的要求。
③New Provinces Row:Nawaz Calls for Hazara,FATA Provinces,The Express Tribune,June 2,2012.
①Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,“UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas”,Vol.II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.122.
②Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,“UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas”,Vol.II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.142.
③“中国成巴基斯坦大理石主要进口国”,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/j/201109/20110907748328.html,2011年09 月20 日。
④Kazim Alam,“Below Potential:Despite Rising Marble Exports,Industry Remains Unsatisfied”,http://tribune.com.pk/story/449245/below-potential-despite-rising-marble-exports-industry-remains-unsatisfied/,October 10,2012.
①Balochistan:Civil-Military Relation,PILDAT,March 2012,http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/balochistanconflict/IssuePaperBalochistanConflictCMR.pdf,p.13.
②Muhammad Yusuf,Pakistan:Milestones Chronology March 1940-Augusr2010,Mr.Books,2011,p.133.
③Shaukat Mahmood,Constituting of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973,Lahore:Legal Research Centre,1973,p.513.
④Constitution of 1956,http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/archives/56 _05 .htm.
①Navid Iqbal Khan,“Tehreek-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Muhammadi in Malakand Division(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa):A Case Study of the Process of“State Inversion”,http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/6 .%20Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-%20Muhammadi,%20Navid%20iqbal.pdf.
②Ijaz Khan,Pakistan`s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making:a Study of Pakistan`s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change,New York Nova Science Publishers,Inc.2007,p.99.
③Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah,“Political Reforms in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan(FATA):Will it End the Current Militancy?”,January 2012,http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/13063/1 /Heidelberg_Papers_64 _Ali_Shah.pdf,p.8.
④FATA:Development(2000-2015),http://www.embassyofpakistanusa.org/forms/FATA%20 Development%20Program%202008.pdf,p.9.
⑤FATA:A Profile of Socio-Economic Development,http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff94.pdf,p.95.
①Irfan Ghauri,Political Reforms:A Century Iater,Some Rights for The tribals,The Express Tribune,Aug.13 ,2011.
②Baseer Qalandar,“FATA Stands at the Ready for Historic polls”,May 10,2013,http://tribune.com.pk/story/546689/the-final-touches-fata-stands-at-the-ready-for-historic-polls/.
③“Text of the Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009”,http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5 C04%5C15%5Cstory_15 -4-2009_pg7_51 ,Apr.15,2009.
④Yasir Rehman,“Radio Pakistan Programme to Create Social Awareness”,http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/newsbriefs/2012/08 /14 /newsbrief-02,2012-08-14.
①“Tribal Areas Rural to Urban Centres Conversion Initiative,FATA Secretariat,Peshawar,Pakistan,”http://fata.gov.pk/downloads/tarucci%20final.pdf.
②Intikhab Amir,“FATA Development Project Launched,”http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/newsbriefs/2012/06 /29 /newsbrief-02,2012-06-29.
③Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,VOLUME II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.27.
④Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,VOLUME II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.27.
⑤‘The year of fata’:Jirga demands abolition of FCR,The Express Tribune,January 2nd,2012.
⑥Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,VOLUME II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.27.
①“Text of the Charter of Democracy”,http://beta.dawn.com/news/192460/text-of-the-charter-of-democracy/?commentPage=1&storyPage=1,May 15,2006.
②俾路支斯坦的普什图人要求在俾路支斯坦北部地区建立普什图省;开伯尔———普赫图赫瓦省的哈扎拉人要求建立独立的哈扎拉省;联邦直辖部落区要求将联邦直辖部落区建成独立省份的要求。
③New Provinces Row:Nawaz Calls for Hazara,FATA Provinces,The Express Tribune,June 2,2012.
①Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,“UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas”,Vol.II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.122.
②Naveed Ahmad Shinwari,“UNDERSTANDING FATA 2011:Attitudes towards Governance,Religion and Society in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas”,Vol.II,http://www.understandingfata.org/uf-volume-v/Understanding_FATA_Vol-V-11.pdf,p.142.
③“中国成巴基斯坦大理石主要进口国”,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/j/201109/20110907748328.html,2011年09 月20 日。
④Kazim Alam,“Below Potential:Despite Rising Marble Exports,Industry Remains Unsatisfied”,http://tribune.com.pk/story/449245/below-potential-despite-rising-marble-exports-industry-remains-unsatisfied/,October 10,2012.