利用局部地球重力测量进行绝对地震仪灵敏度校准的改进
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摘要
确定地震绝对振幅和相对振幅的能力都受到科学家对校准测震仪敏感度和特性精确度及准确性的限制。目前,在全球地震台网(GSN)中,中频带灵敏度的误差在95%置信区间超过3%,是地震记录系统中受限最小的响应参数。我们探索了一种利用精确的地球绝对重力测量来确定地震仪器中频带灵敏度的新方法。我们首先通过在阿尔伯克基地震实验室(ASL)的已知重力场中进行反演,确定在99%的置信区间内力平衡式加速度计的绝对灵敏度为0.06%。对加速度计校准后,我们将其安装在宽带地震仪旁边的正常配置中,并使传感器进行相同的地面运动,以执行宽带传感器的相对校准。利用这种技术,我们在99%的置信区间内能够确定加拿大Nanometrics公司的Trillium Compact地震仪的垂直分量的绝对中频带灵敏度在0.11%以内、斯特雷凯逊STS-2地震仪在0.14%以内。该技术能够根据可追溯至美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)测量的最早原理进行绝对校准,同时提供比步骤表校准高近乎一个数量级的精度。
引文
Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory/U.S.Geological Survey(ASL/USGS)(1980).U.S.Geological Survey Networks,International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks,Other/Seismic Network,doi:10.7914/SN/GS.
Anthony,R.E.(2016).Studies of oceanic,atmospheric,cryospheric,and fluvial processes through spectral analysis of seismic noise,Ph.D.Dissertation,Dept.of Geosciences,Colorado State University,Fort Collins,Colorado.
Aster,R.C.,B.Borchers,and C.H.Thurber(2005).Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems,First Ed.,Elsevier Academic Press,Burlington,Massachusetts.
Aster,R.C.,D.E.McNamara,and P.Bromirkski(2010).Global trends in extremal microseism intensity,Geophys.Res.Lett.37,L14303,doi:10.1029/2010GL043472.
Berger,J.D.,C.Agnew,R.L.Parker,and W.E.Farrell(1979).Seismic system calibration:2.Crossspectral calibration using binary random telegraph signals,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.69,271-288.
Bernard,P.,J-.F.Karczewski,M.Morand,B.Dole,and B.Romanowicz(1991).The G-calibration:A new method for an absolute in situ calibration of long-period accelerometers tested on the Streckeisen instruments of the GEOSCOPE network,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.81,1360-1372.
Beyreuther,M.,R.Barsch,L.Krischer,T.Megies,Y.Behr,and J.Wassermann(2010).ObsPy:Apython toolbox for seismology,Seismol.Res.Lett.81,530-533.
Butler,R.,K.Creager,P.Earl,K.Fischer,J.Gaherty,G.Laske,W.Leith,J.Park,M.Ritzwolle,J.Tromp,et al.(2004).The Global Seismographic Network surpasses its design goal,Eos Trans.AGU85,225-232.
Dalton,C.A.,G.Ekstrom,and A.M.Dziewoński(2008).The global attenuation structure of the upper mantle,J.Geophys.Res.113,no.B09303,doi:10.1029/2007JB005429.
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Davis,P.,M.Ishii,and G.Masters(2005).An assessment of the accuracy of GSN sensor response information,Seismol.Res.Lett.76,678-683.
Donner,S.,C.Lin,C.Hadziioannou,A.Gebauer,F.Vernon,D.C.Agnew,H.Igel,U.Schreiber,and J.Wassermann(2017).Comparing direct observation of strain,rotation,and displacement with array estimates at Pion Flat Observatory,California,Seismol.Res.Lett.88,1107-1116.
Ekstrom,G.,C.A.Dalton,and M.Nettles(2006).Observations of timedependent errors in longperiod instrument gain at global seismic stations,Seismol.Res.Lett.77,12-22.
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Fels,J.F.,and J.Berger(1994).Parametric analysis and calibration of the STS-1seismometer of the IRIS/IDA seismographic network,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84,580-592.
Hasselmann,K.(1963).A statistical analysis of the generation of microseisms,Rev.Geophys.1,177-210.
Hutt,C.R.,and A.T.Ringler(2011).Some possible causes of and corrections for STS-1response changes in the Global Seismic Network,Seismol.Res.Lett.82,560-571.
Hutt,C.R.,J.R.Evans,F.Followill,R.L.Nigbor,and E.Wielandt(2009).Guidelines for the standardized testing of broadband seismometers and accelerometers,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-File Rept.2009-1295,60pp.
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Klopping,F.,G.Sasagawa,D.Winester,H.Wilmes,B.Richter,M.Murakami,N.Courtier,D.Stiza,L.Weingarth,J.Liard,et al.(1997).Report of the1995 Table-Mountain international absolutegravitymeter intercomparison,in International Association of Geodesy Symposia,J.Segawa,H.Fujimoto,and S.Okubo(Editors),Vol.117,Springer,Berlin,Germany,40-46.
Lay,T.,J.Berger,R.Buland,R.Butler,G.Ekstrom,C.R.Hutt,and B.Romanowicz(2002).Global Seismic Network Design Goals Update 2002,I-RIS,Washington,D.C.
Oppenheim,A.V.,and R.Schafer(1975).Digital Signal Processing,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey,585pp.
Park,J.,T-.R.A.Song,J.Tromp,E.Okal,S.Stein,G.Roult,E.Clévédé,G.Laske,H.Kanamori,P.Davis,et al.(2005).Earths free oscillations excited by the 26December 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake,Science 308,1139-1144.
Pavlis,G.L.,and F.L.Vernon(1994).Calibration of seismometers using ground noise,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84,1243-1255.
Peterson,J.(1993).Observation and modeling of seismic background noise,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-File Rept.93-322,94pp.
Poppeliers,C.,and E.V.Evans(2015).The effects of measurement uncertainties in seismic-wave gradiometry,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.105,3143-3155.
Ringler,A.T.,and C.R.Hutt(2010).Self-noise models of seismic instruments,Seismol.Res.Lett.81,972-983.
Ringler,A.T.,J.R.Evans,and C.R.Hutt(2015).Selfnoise models of five commercial strong-motion accelerometers,Seismol.Res.Lett.86,1143-1147.
Ringler,A.T.,A.A.Holland,and D.C.Wilson(2017).Repeatability of testing a small broadband sensor in the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory underground vault,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.107,1557-1563.
Ringler,A.T.,C.R.Hutt,R.Aster,H.Boulton,L.S.Gee,and T.Storm(2012).Estimating pole/zero errors in the GSN-IRIS/USGS network calibration metadata,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.102,836-841.
Ringler,A.T.,C.R.Hutt,L.S.Gee,L.D.Sandoval,and D.Wilson(2014).Obtaining changes in calibration-coil to seismometer output constants using sine waves,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.104,582-586.
Ringler,A.T.,T.Storm,L.S.Gee,C.R.Hutt,and D.Wilson(2015).Uncertainty estimates in broadband seismometer sensitivities using microseisms,J.Seismol.19,317-327.
Tarbeyev,Y.V.,Y.P.Krivtsoc,A.Y.Sinelnikov,and A.A.Yankovsky(1994).A new method for absolute calibration of high-sensitivity accelerometers and other graviinertial devices,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84,438-443.
Taylor,B.N.,and C.E.Kuyatt(1994).Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results,US Department of Commerce,Technology Administration,National Institute of Standards and Technology,Washington,D.C.,25pp.
Tsai,V.C.,and G.Ekstrom(2007).Analysis of glacial earthquakes,J.Geophys.Res.112,no.F03S22,doi:10.1029/2006JF000596.
Wielandt,E.(2012).Seismic sensors and their calibration,in New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2(NMSOP-2),P.Bormann(Editor),GeoForschungsZentrum,Potsdam,Germany,1-139.
Wielandt,E.,and J.M.Steim(1986).A digital very broadband seismograph,Ann.Geophys.4B,no.3,227-232.
Anthony,R.E.(2016).Studies of oceanic,atmospheric,cryospheric,and fluvial processes through spectral analysis of seismic noise,Ph.D.Dissertation,Dept.of Geosciences,Colorado State University,Fort Collins,Colorado.
Aster,R.C.,B.Borchers,and C.H.Thurber(2005).Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems,First Ed.,Elsevier Academic Press,Burlington,Massachusetts.
Aster,R.C.,D.E.McNamara,and P.Bromirkski(2010).Global trends in extremal microseism intensity,Geophys.Res.Lett.37,L14303,doi:10.1029/2010GL043472.
Berger,J.D.,C.Agnew,R.L.Parker,and W.E.Farrell(1979).Seismic system calibration:2.Crossspectral calibration using binary random telegraph signals,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.69,271-288.
Bernard,P.,J-.F.Karczewski,M.Morand,B.Dole,and B.Romanowicz(1991).The G-calibration:A new method for an absolute in situ calibration of long-period accelerometers tested on the Streckeisen instruments of the GEOSCOPE network,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.81,1360-1372.
Beyreuther,M.,R.Barsch,L.Krischer,T.Megies,Y.Behr,and J.Wassermann(2010).ObsPy:Apython toolbox for seismology,Seismol.Res.Lett.81,530-533.
Butler,R.,K.Creager,P.Earl,K.Fischer,J.Gaherty,G.Laske,W.Leith,J.Park,M.Ritzwolle,J.Tromp,et al.(2004).The Global Seismographic Network surpasses its design goal,Eos Trans.AGU85,225-232.
Dalton,C.A.,G.Ekstrom,and A.M.Dziewoński(2008).The global attenuation structure of the upper mantle,J.Geophys.Res.113,no.B09303,doi:10.1029/2007JB005429.
Davis,P.,and J.Berger(2007).Calibration of the Global Seismic Network using tides,Seismol.Res.Lett.78,454-459.
Davis,P.,M.Ishii,and G.Masters(2005).An assessment of the accuracy of GSN sensor response information,Seismol.Res.Lett.76,678-683.
Donner,S.,C.Lin,C.Hadziioannou,A.Gebauer,F.Vernon,D.C.Agnew,H.Igel,U.Schreiber,and J.Wassermann(2017).Comparing direct observation of strain,rotation,and displacement with array estimates at Pion Flat Observatory,California,Seismol.Res.Lett.88,1107-1116.
Ekstrom,G.,C.A.Dalton,and M.Nettles(2006).Observations of timedependent errors in longperiod instrument gain at global seismic stations,Seismol.Res.Lett.77,12-22.
Evans,J.R.,R.M.Allen,A.I.Chung,E.S.Cochran,R.Guy,M.Hellweg,and J.F.Lawrence(2014).Performance of several low-cost accelerometers,Seismol.Res.Lett.85,147-158.
Fels,J.F.,and J.Berger(1994).Parametric analysis and calibration of the STS-1seismometer of the IRIS/IDA seismographic network,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84,580-592.
Hasselmann,K.(1963).A statistical analysis of the generation of microseisms,Rev.Geophys.1,177-210.
Hutt,C.R.,and A.T.Ringler(2011).Some possible causes of and corrections for STS-1response changes in the Global Seismic Network,Seismol.Res.Lett.82,560-571.
Hutt,C.R.,J.R.Evans,F.Followill,R.L.Nigbor,and E.Wielandt(2009).Guidelines for the standardized testing of broadband seismometers and accelerometers,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-File Rept.2009-1295,60pp.
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center(IRIS-DMC)(2014).Data Services Products:Noise Toolkit PDF-PSD Bundle,doi:10.17611/DP/NTK.2.
Klopping,F.,G.Sasagawa,D.Winester,H.Wilmes,B.Richter,M.Murakami,N.Courtier,D.Stiza,L.Weingarth,J.Liard,et al.(1997).Report of the1995 Table-Mountain international absolutegravitymeter intercomparison,in International Association of Geodesy Symposia,J.Segawa,H.Fujimoto,and S.Okubo(Editors),Vol.117,Springer,Berlin,Germany,40-46.
Lay,T.,J.Berger,R.Buland,R.Butler,G.Ekstrom,C.R.Hutt,and B.Romanowicz(2002).Global Seismic Network Design Goals Update 2002,I-RIS,Washington,D.C.
Oppenheim,A.V.,and R.Schafer(1975).Digital Signal Processing,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey,585pp.
Park,J.,T-.R.A.Song,J.Tromp,E.Okal,S.Stein,G.Roult,E.Clévédé,G.Laske,H.Kanamori,P.Davis,et al.(2005).Earths free oscillations excited by the 26December 2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake,Science 308,1139-1144.
Pavlis,G.L.,and F.L.Vernon(1994).Calibration of seismometers using ground noise,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84,1243-1255.
Peterson,J.(1993).Observation and modeling of seismic background noise,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-File Rept.93-322,94pp.
Poppeliers,C.,and E.V.Evans(2015).The effects of measurement uncertainties in seismic-wave gradiometry,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.105,3143-3155.
Ringler,A.T.,and C.R.Hutt(2010).Self-noise models of seismic instruments,Seismol.Res.Lett.81,972-983.
Ringler,A.T.,J.R.Evans,and C.R.Hutt(2015).Selfnoise models of five commercial strong-motion accelerometers,Seismol.Res.Lett.86,1143-1147.
Ringler,A.T.,A.A.Holland,and D.C.Wilson(2017).Repeatability of testing a small broadband sensor in the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory underground vault,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.107,1557-1563.
Ringler,A.T.,C.R.Hutt,R.Aster,H.Boulton,L.S.Gee,and T.Storm(2012).Estimating pole/zero errors in the GSN-IRIS/USGS network calibration metadata,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.102,836-841.
Ringler,A.T.,C.R.Hutt,L.S.Gee,L.D.Sandoval,and D.Wilson(2014).Obtaining changes in calibration-coil to seismometer output constants using sine waves,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.104,582-586.
Ringler,A.T.,T.Storm,L.S.Gee,C.R.Hutt,and D.Wilson(2015).Uncertainty estimates in broadband seismometer sensitivities using microseisms,J.Seismol.19,317-327.
Tarbeyev,Y.V.,Y.P.Krivtsoc,A.Y.Sinelnikov,and A.A.Yankovsky(1994).A new method for absolute calibration of high-sensitivity accelerometers and other graviinertial devices,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.84,438-443.
Taylor,B.N.,and C.E.Kuyatt(1994).Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results,US Department of Commerce,Technology Administration,National Institute of Standards and Technology,Washington,D.C.,25pp.
Tsai,V.C.,and G.Ekstrom(2007).Analysis of glacial earthquakes,J.Geophys.Res.112,no.F03S22,doi:10.1029/2006JF000596.
Wielandt,E.(2012).Seismic sensors and their calibration,in New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2(NMSOP-2),P.Bormann(Editor),GeoForschungsZentrum,Potsdam,Germany,1-139.
Wielandt,E.,and J.M.Steim(1986).A digital very broadband seismograph,Ann.Geophys.4B,no.3,227-232.