Ore genesis of Badi copper deposit,northwest Yunnan Province,China: evidence from geology,fluid inclusions,and sulfur,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes
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摘要
The Badi copper deposit is located in Shangjiang town, Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province. Tectonically,it belongs to the Sanjiang Block. Vapor–liquid two-phase fluid inclusions, CO_2-bearing fluid inclusions, and daughter-bearing inclusions were identified in sulfide-rich quartz veins. Microthermometric and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed their types of ore-forming fluids:(1) low-temperature, low-salinity fluid;(2) medium-temperature, low salinity CO_2-bearing; and(3) high-temperature, Fe-rich,high sulfur fugacity. The δ~(18)O values of chalcopyritebearing quartz ranged from 4.96‰ to 5.86‰, with an average of 5.40‰. The δD values of ore-forming fluid in equilibrium with the sulfide-bearing quartz were from-87‰ to-107‰, with an average of-97.86‰. These isotopic features indicate that the ore-forming fluid is a mixing fluid between magmatic fluid and meteoric water.The δ~(34)S values of chalcopyrite ranged from 13.3‰ to15.5‰, with an average of 14.3‰. Sulfur isotope values suggest that the sulfur in the deposit most likely derived from seawater. Various fluid inclusions coexisted in the samples; similar homogenization temperature to different phases suggests that the Badi fluid inclusions might have been captured under a boiling system. Fluid boiling caused by fault activity could be the main reason for the mineral precipitation in the Badi deposit.
The Badi copper deposit is located in Shangjiang town, Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province. Tectonically,it belongs to the Sanjiang Block. Vapor–liquid two-phase fluid inclusions, CO_2-bearing fluid inclusions, and daughter-bearing inclusions were identified in sulfide-rich quartz veins. Microthermometric and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed their types of ore-forming fluids:(1) low-temperature, low-salinity fluid;(2) medium-temperature, low salinity CO_2-bearing; and(3) high-temperature, Fe-rich,high sulfur fugacity. The δ~(18)O values of chalcopyritebearing quartz ranged from 4.96‰ to 5.86‰, with an average of 5.40‰. The δD values of ore-forming fluid in equilibrium with the sulfide-bearing quartz were from-87‰ to-107‰, with an average of-97.86‰. These isotopic features indicate that the ore-forming fluid is a mixing fluid between magmatic fluid and meteoric water.The δ~(34)S values of chalcopyrite ranged from 13.3‰ to15.5‰, with an average of 14.3‰. Sulfur isotope values suggest that the sulfur in the deposit most likely derived from seawater. Various fluid inclusions coexisted in the samples; similar homogenization temperature to different phases suggests that the Badi fluid inclusions might have been captured under a boiling system. Fluid boiling caused by fault activity could be the main reason for the mineral precipitation in the Badi deposit.
The Badi copper deposit is located in Shangjiang town, Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province. Tectonically,it belongs to the Sanjiang Block. Vapor–liquid two-phase fluid inclusions, CO_2-bearing fluid inclusions, and daughter-bearing inclusions were identified in sulfide-rich quartz veins. Microthermometric and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed their types of ore-forming fluids:(1) low-temperature, low-salinity fluid;(2) medium-temperature, low salinity CO_2-bearing; and(3) high-temperature, Fe-rich,high sulfur fugacity. The δ~(18)O values of chalcopyritebearing quartz ranged from 4.96‰ to 5.86‰, with an average of 5.40‰. The δD values of ore-forming fluid in equilibrium with the sulfide-bearing quartz were from-87‰ to-107‰, with an average of-97.86‰. These isotopic features indicate that the ore-forming fluid is a mixing fluid between magmatic fluid and meteoric water.The δ~(34)S values of chalcopyrite ranged from 13.3‰ to15.5‰, with an average of 14.3‰. Sulfur isotope values suggest that the sulfur in the deposit most likely derived from seawater. Various fluid inclusions coexisted in the samples; similar homogenization temperature to different phases suggests that the Badi fluid inclusions might have been captured under a boiling system. Fluid boiling caused by fault activity could be the main reason for the mineral precipitation in the Badi deposit.
引文
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Bodnar RJ(1989)Reviced equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-Na Cl solutions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:683-684
Bodnar RJ(1993)Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-Na Cl solutions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:683-684
Chen HY,Chen YJ,Ni P,Zhang ZJ(2004)Fluid inclusion study of the Sawayardun Au deposit in Southern Tianshan,China:implication for ore genesis and exploration.J Miner Petrol24(3):46-54
Chen YJ,Ni P,Fan HR,Pramjno F,Lai Y,Su WC,Zhang H(2007)Diagnostic fluid inclusion of different types hydrothermal gold deposits.Acta Petrol Sin 23(9):2085-2108
Clayton RN,O’Neil JR,Mayeda TK(1972)Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water.J Geophys Res 77:3057-3067
Collins PLF(1979)Gashydrate in CO2-bearing fuind inclusions and the use of freezing data for estimation of salinity.Econ Geol74:1435-1444
Cui JH,Ren T,Hu YZ,Huang JG,Wang L,Yang JK,Su J(2014)Astudy on petrology and tectonic setting of upper member of Shigu group:a case of Badi region in Northwest Yunnan Province,China.Acta Miner Sin 34(2):199-207
Davis DW,Lowenstein TK,Spencer RJ(1990)Melting behavior of fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite crystals in the systems Na Cl-H2O,Na Cl-KCl-H2O,Na Cl-Mg Cl2-H2O,and Na ClCa Cl2-H2O.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:591-601
Feng JR,Mao JW,Pei RF,Li C(2011)Ore-forming fluids and metallogenesis of Nanyangtian tungsten deposit in Laojunshan Southeastern Yunnan Province.Miner Depos 30(3):403-419
Gou TZ,Zhong H,Leng CB,Wu KW(2010)Geochemistry of platinum-group elements of the Lannitang epithermal Cu-Au deposit in the Zhongdian region,Yunnan Province,SW China.Acta Miner Sin 30(3):319-323
Hu B,Dai TG,Hu RZ,Guo Q(2005)Division of crustobody tectonic units and their evolution-movement characteristics in Western Yunnan Province.Geotecton Metall 29(4):537-544
Jin CH,Fan WY,Zhang Y,Zhang H,Shen ZW,Gao JH(2013)Trace element composition and U-Pb chronology of zircons in monzonite porphyry from the Langdu copper deposit in Zhongdian and their geological significance.Geotecton Metall37(2):262-272
Leng CB,Zhang XC,Hu RZ,Wang SX,Zhong H,Wang WQ,Bi XW(2012)Zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic constraintson the genesis of the Xuejiping porphyry copper deposit in Zhongdian,Northwest Yunnan,China.J Asian Earth Sci 60(22):31-48
Li KQ(2003)The metamorphism,deformation and stratigraphic division of Shigu schist in Northwest Yunnan.Yunnan Geol22(3):329-335
Li WB,Lai Y,Sun XW,Wang BG(2007)Fluid inclusion study of the Bainaimiao Gu-Au deposit in Mongolia,China.Acta Pet Sin23(9):2165-2176
Li WC,Zeng PS,Hou ZQ,White NC(2011)The Pulang porphyry copper deposit and associated felsic intrusions in Yunnan Province,Southwest China.Econ Geol 106(1):79-92
Li WC,Wang KY,Yin GH,Qin DH,Yu HJ,Xue SR,Wan D(2013)Geochemical characteristics of ore-forming fluids and genesis of Hongshan copper deposit in Northwestern Yunnan Province.Acta Pet Sin 29(1):270-282
Liu HC(1983)The distribution and genesis of metallic ore deposits in Yunnan Province.Miner Depos 2(4):19-25
Liu B,Shen K(1999)Fluid inclusion thermodynamics.Geological Publishing House,Beijing,pp 1-290
Liu HB,Jin GS,Li JJ,Han J,Zhang JF,Zhang J,Zhong FW,Guo DQ(2013)Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples.World Nucl Geosci 30(30):174-179
Liu XL,Li WC,Hang N(2016)Zircon U-Pb age and geochemical characteristics of the quartz monzonite porphyry from the Zhuoma deposit Yunnan,China.Bull Miner Pet Geochem35(1):109-117
Lu HZ,Fan HR,Ni P,Ou GX,Shen K,Zhang WH(2004)Fluid inclusions.Science Press,Beijing,pp 132-208
Mi KF,Liu ZJ,Li CF,Liu RB,Wang JP,Peng RM(2017)Origin of the Badaguan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,Inner Mongolia,Northeast China:constraints from geology,isotope geochemistry and geochronology.Ore Geol Rev 81:141-172
Ohmoto H(1972)Systematics of sulfur and carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits.Econ Geol 67(5):551-578
Pan JY,Zhang Q,Ma DS,Li CY(2000)Stable isotope geochemical characteristics of the Yangla copper deposit in Western Yunnan Province.Acta Miner Sin 20(4):44-49
Qi JP,Cheng YJ,Ni P,Lai Y,Ding JY,Song YW,Tang GJ(2007)Fluid inclusion constraing on the origin of the lingshuibeigou Pb-Zb-Ag deposit Henan Province.Acta Pet Sin23(9):2119-2130
Reed MH,Palandri J(2006)Sulfide mineral precipitation from hydrothermal fluids.Rev Miner Geochem 61:609-631
Ren JS(1980)Geotectonic evolution of China.Science Press,Beijing,pp 1-140
Shao SL(1989)The general characteristics of shigu metamorphic belt in Western Yunnan Province.Acta Pet Sin 2(1):78-83
Strauss H(1993)The sulfur isotopic record of Precambrian sulfates,new data and a critical evaluation of the existing record.Precambrian Res 63:225-246
Tang JX,Zhang L,Li ZJ,Chen JP,Huang W,Wang Q(2006)Porphyry copper deposit controlled by structural nose trap:yulong porphyry copper deposit in eastern Tibet.Miner Depos25(6):652-662
Taylor HP(1974)The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition.Econ Geol 69:843-883
Wang AJ,Cao DH,Guan Y,Liu JL,Li WC(2009)Metallogenic belts of southern three rivers region,southwest China:distribution,characteristics and discussion.Acta Geol Sin 83(10):1365-1375
Xu LL,Bi XW,Hu RZ,Zhang XC,Su WC,Qu WJ,Hu ZC,Tang YY(2012)Relationships between porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization in the Jinshajiang-Red River metallogenic belt and tectonic activity:constraints from zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology.Ore Geol Rev 48(1-2):460-473
Xu LL,Bi XW,Hu RZ,Qi YQ,Tang YY,Wang XS,Zhu JJ(2015)Redox states and genesis of magmas associated with intracontinental porphyry Cu-Au mineralization within the Jinshajiang-Red River alkaline igneous belt,SW China.Ore Geol Rev73:330-345
Zhai MG,Cong BL(1993)The diancangshan-shigu metamorphic belt in Yunnan,china:their geochemical and geochronological characteristics and division of metamorphic domains.Acta Pet Sin 9(3):227-239
Zhai MG,Cong BL,Qiao GS,Zhang RY(1990)Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr geochronogy of metamorphic rocks froms SW Yunnan orogenic zones,China.Acta Pet Sin 16(4):1-11
Zhang DH(1997)Some new advances in ore-forming fluid geochemistry on boiling and mixing of fluids during the processes of hydrothermal deposits.Adv Earth Sci12(6):546-552
Zhang J,Chen YJ,Li GP,Li ZL,Wang ZG(2004)Characteristies of ore geology and fluid inclusion of the Yindonggou silver deposit,Neixiang Couny,Henan Province:implication for metallogenic type.J Mineral Petrol 24(3):55-64
Zu B,Xue C,Zhao Y,Qu WJ,Li C,Symons DTA,Du AD(2015)Late cretaceous metallogeny in the Zhongdian area:constraints from Re-Os dating of molybdenite and pyrrhotite from the Hongshan Cu deposit,Yunnan,China.Ore Geol Rev 64(1):1-12
Bodnar RJ(1989)Reviced equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-Na Cl solutions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:683-684
Bodnar RJ(1993)Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-Na Cl solutions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:683-684
Chen HY,Chen YJ,Ni P,Zhang ZJ(2004)Fluid inclusion study of the Sawayardun Au deposit in Southern Tianshan,China:implication for ore genesis and exploration.J Miner Petrol24(3):46-54
Chen YJ,Ni P,Fan HR,Pramjno F,Lai Y,Su WC,Zhang H(2007)Diagnostic fluid inclusion of different types hydrothermal gold deposits.Acta Petrol Sin 23(9):2085-2108
Clayton RN,O’Neil JR,Mayeda TK(1972)Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water.J Geophys Res 77:3057-3067
Collins PLF(1979)Gashydrate in CO2-bearing fuind inclusions and the use of freezing data for estimation of salinity.Econ Geol74:1435-1444
Cui JH,Ren T,Hu YZ,Huang JG,Wang L,Yang JK,Su J(2014)Astudy on petrology and tectonic setting of upper member of Shigu group:a case of Badi region in Northwest Yunnan Province,China.Acta Miner Sin 34(2):199-207
Davis DW,Lowenstein TK,Spencer RJ(1990)Melting behavior of fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite crystals in the systems Na Cl-H2O,Na Cl-KCl-H2O,Na Cl-Mg Cl2-H2O,and Na ClCa Cl2-H2O.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:591-601
Feng JR,Mao JW,Pei RF,Li C(2011)Ore-forming fluids and metallogenesis of Nanyangtian tungsten deposit in Laojunshan Southeastern Yunnan Province.Miner Depos 30(3):403-419
Gou TZ,Zhong H,Leng CB,Wu KW(2010)Geochemistry of platinum-group elements of the Lannitang epithermal Cu-Au deposit in the Zhongdian region,Yunnan Province,SW China.Acta Miner Sin 30(3):319-323
Hu B,Dai TG,Hu RZ,Guo Q(2005)Division of crustobody tectonic units and their evolution-movement characteristics in Western Yunnan Province.Geotecton Metall 29(4):537-544
Jin CH,Fan WY,Zhang Y,Zhang H,Shen ZW,Gao JH(2013)Trace element composition and U-Pb chronology of zircons in monzonite porphyry from the Langdu copper deposit in Zhongdian and their geological significance.Geotecton Metall37(2):262-272
Leng CB,Zhang XC,Hu RZ,Wang SX,Zhong H,Wang WQ,Bi XW(2012)Zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic constraintson the genesis of the Xuejiping porphyry copper deposit in Zhongdian,Northwest Yunnan,China.J Asian Earth Sci 60(22):31-48
Li KQ(2003)The metamorphism,deformation and stratigraphic division of Shigu schist in Northwest Yunnan.Yunnan Geol22(3):329-335
Li WB,Lai Y,Sun XW,Wang BG(2007)Fluid inclusion study of the Bainaimiao Gu-Au deposit in Mongolia,China.Acta Pet Sin23(9):2165-2176
Li WC,Zeng PS,Hou ZQ,White NC(2011)The Pulang porphyry copper deposit and associated felsic intrusions in Yunnan Province,Southwest China.Econ Geol 106(1):79-92
Li WC,Wang KY,Yin GH,Qin DH,Yu HJ,Xue SR,Wan D(2013)Geochemical characteristics of ore-forming fluids and genesis of Hongshan copper deposit in Northwestern Yunnan Province.Acta Pet Sin 29(1):270-282
Liu HC(1983)The distribution and genesis of metallic ore deposits in Yunnan Province.Miner Depos 2(4):19-25
Liu B,Shen K(1999)Fluid inclusion thermodynamics.Geological Publishing House,Beijing,pp 1-290
Liu HB,Jin GS,Li JJ,Han J,Zhang JF,Zhang J,Zhong FW,Guo DQ(2013)Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples.World Nucl Geosci 30(30):174-179
Liu XL,Li WC,Hang N(2016)Zircon U-Pb age and geochemical characteristics of the quartz monzonite porphyry from the Zhuoma deposit Yunnan,China.Bull Miner Pet Geochem35(1):109-117
Lu HZ,Fan HR,Ni P,Ou GX,Shen K,Zhang WH(2004)Fluid inclusions.Science Press,Beijing,pp 132-208
Mi KF,Liu ZJ,Li CF,Liu RB,Wang JP,Peng RM(2017)Origin of the Badaguan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,Inner Mongolia,Northeast China:constraints from geology,isotope geochemistry and geochronology.Ore Geol Rev 81:141-172
Ohmoto H(1972)Systematics of sulfur and carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits.Econ Geol 67(5):551-578
Pan JY,Zhang Q,Ma DS,Li CY(2000)Stable isotope geochemical characteristics of the Yangla copper deposit in Western Yunnan Province.Acta Miner Sin 20(4):44-49
Qi JP,Cheng YJ,Ni P,Lai Y,Ding JY,Song YW,Tang GJ(2007)Fluid inclusion constraing on the origin of the lingshuibeigou Pb-Zb-Ag deposit Henan Province.Acta Pet Sin23(9):2119-2130
Reed MH,Palandri J(2006)Sulfide mineral precipitation from hydrothermal fluids.Rev Miner Geochem 61:609-631
Ren JS(1980)Geotectonic evolution of China.Science Press,Beijing,pp 1-140
Shao SL(1989)The general characteristics of shigu metamorphic belt in Western Yunnan Province.Acta Pet Sin 2(1):78-83
Strauss H(1993)The sulfur isotopic record of Precambrian sulfates,new data and a critical evaluation of the existing record.Precambrian Res 63:225-246
Tang JX,Zhang L,Li ZJ,Chen JP,Huang W,Wang Q(2006)Porphyry copper deposit controlled by structural nose trap:yulong porphyry copper deposit in eastern Tibet.Miner Depos25(6):652-662
Taylor HP(1974)The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition.Econ Geol 69:843-883
Wang AJ,Cao DH,Guan Y,Liu JL,Li WC(2009)Metallogenic belts of southern three rivers region,southwest China:distribution,characteristics and discussion.Acta Geol Sin 83(10):1365-1375
Xu LL,Bi XW,Hu RZ,Zhang XC,Su WC,Qu WJ,Hu ZC,Tang YY(2012)Relationships between porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization in the Jinshajiang-Red River metallogenic belt and tectonic activity:constraints from zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology.Ore Geol Rev 48(1-2):460-473
Xu LL,Bi XW,Hu RZ,Qi YQ,Tang YY,Wang XS,Zhu JJ(2015)Redox states and genesis of magmas associated with intracontinental porphyry Cu-Au mineralization within the Jinshajiang-Red River alkaline igneous belt,SW China.Ore Geol Rev73:330-345
Zhai MG,Cong BL(1993)The diancangshan-shigu metamorphic belt in Yunnan,china:their geochemical and geochronological characteristics and division of metamorphic domains.Acta Pet Sin 9(3):227-239
Zhai MG,Cong BL,Qiao GS,Zhang RY(1990)Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr geochronogy of metamorphic rocks froms SW Yunnan orogenic zones,China.Acta Pet Sin 16(4):1-11
Zhang DH(1997)Some new advances in ore-forming fluid geochemistry on boiling and mixing of fluids during the processes of hydrothermal deposits.Adv Earth Sci12(6):546-552
Zhang J,Chen YJ,Li GP,Li ZL,Wang ZG(2004)Characteristies of ore geology and fluid inclusion of the Yindonggou silver deposit,Neixiang Couny,Henan Province:implication for metallogenic type.J Mineral Petrol 24(3):55-64
Zu B,Xue C,Zhao Y,Qu WJ,Li C,Symons DTA,Du AD(2015)Late cretaceous metallogeny in the Zhongdian area:constraints from Re-Os dating of molybdenite and pyrrhotite from the Hongshan Cu deposit,Yunnan,China.Ore Geol Rev 64(1):1-12