利用奇异值分解方法实时自动检测P波和S波
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摘要
利用奇异值分解(SVD)分析实现了一种新的P波和S波震相的自动检测方法。该方法是基于Rosenberger(2010)用于三分量地震波形奇异值分解的实时迭代算法。该算法通过利用奇异值分解并将波形分为P波和S波分量来识别视入射角。我们将该算法应用于滤波后的波形,然后在经过滤波和奇异值分解分开的信道上设置入射角和奇异值检测器,或者应用信噪比(SNR)检测器来拾取P波和S波。安扎地震台网和最近在圣哈辛托断层带地区部署的便携式仪器为测试不同设置的检测算法提供了一个非常密集的地震台网,包括不同震源机制的事件、具有不同场地特性的台站和射线路径偏离奇异值分解算法中使用的逼近。2~30Hz巴特沃思带通滤波器给出了各种事件和台站的最佳性能。我们在许多事件上应用奇异值分解检测,并且从2005年6月M_W5.2地震复杂、强烈的余震序列中得到结果。这个序列经过几位分析人员的彻底复查,确定了主震后第一个小时的294个事件都围绕主震密集分布。我们使用这个数据集来微调自动奇异值分解检测、关联和定位,实现了37%事件的自动识别和定位。所有检测到的事件都落在此密集区内,并且没有虚假的事件。普通的信噪比检测器不会超过11%的成功,并且位置分布更广泛(不完全在复查的群集内)。由奇异值分解检测器检测到震相(P波或S波)的预先知识显著降低了由震相盲信噪比检测器产生的噪声。
引文
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Allam,A.A.,Y.Ben-Zion,F.L.Vernon,and I.Kurzon(2014).Seismic velocity structure in the Hot Springs and trifurcation areas of the San Jacinto fault zone,California,from doubledifference tomography,Geophys.J.Int.doi:10.1093/gji/ggu176.
Allen,R.(1978).Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.68,1521-1532.
Allen,R.M.,and H.Kanamori(2003).The potential for earthquake early warning in southern California,Science 300,786.
Baer,M.,and U.Kradolfer(1987).An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.77,no.4,1437-1445.
Bai,C.Y.,and B.L.N.Kennett(2000).Automatic phase-detection and identification by full use of a single three-component broadband seismogram,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.90,no.1,187-198.
Ben-Zion,Y.(1990).The response of two half spaces to point dislocations at the material interface,Geophys.J.Int.101,507-528.
Ben-Zion,Y.,and K.Aki(1990).Seismic radiation from an SH line source in a laterally heterogeneous planar fault zone,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.80,971-994.
Ben-Zion,Y.,Z.Peng,D.Okaya,L.Seeber,J.G.Armbruster,N.Ozer,A.J.Michael,S.Baris,and M.Aktar(2003).A shallow fault zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian fault,western Turkey,Geophys.J.Int.152,699-717.
Berger,J.,L.N.Baker,J.N.Brune,J.B.Fletcher,T.C.Hanks,and F.L.Vernon(1984).The Anza array:A high dynamic-range,broad-band,digitally radio-telemetered seismic array,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.74,1469-1481.
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Chael,E.P.(1997).An automated Rayleigh-wave detection algorithm,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.87,157-163.
Chanderasekaran,S.,B.S.Manjunath,Y.F.Wang,J.Winkeler,and H.Zhang(1997).An eigenspace update algorithm for image analysis,Graph.Model.Image Process.59,no.5,321-332.
Cichowicz,A.(1993).An automatic S-phase picker,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.83,180-189.
Flinn,E.A.(1965).Signal analysis using rectilinearity and direction of particle motion,Proc.IEEE56,1874-1876.
Gu,M.,and S.C.Eisenstat(1994).A stable and efficient algorithm for the rank-one modification of the symmetric eigenproblem,SIAM J.Matrix Anal.Appl.15,no.4,1266-1276.
Jurkevics,A.(1988).Polarization analysis of threecomponent array data,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.78,no.5,1725-1743.
Lancieri,M.,and A.Zollo(2008).A Bayesian approach to the real-time estimation of magnitude from the early P and S wave displacement peaks,J.Geophys.Res.113,no.B12302,1-17.
Lei,J.(2005).A method for non-orthogonal seismic polarization-vector separation,Geophys.J.Int.162,965-974.
Li,Y.G.,K.Aki,D.Adams,A.Hasemi,and W.H.K.Lee(1994).Seismic guided waves trapped in the fault zone of the Landers,California,earthquake of 1992,J.Geophys.Res.99,11,705-11,722.
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McGuire,J.,and Y.Ben-Zion(2005).High-resolution imaging of the Bear Valley section of the San Andreas fault at seismogenic depths with fault-zone head waves and relocated seismicity,Geophys.J.Int.163,152-164,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02703.x.
Moonen,M.,P.van Dooren,and J.Vanderwalle(1992).A singular value decomposition updating algorithm for subspace tracking,SIAM J.Matrix Anal.Appl.13,no.4,1015-1038.
Nippress,S.E.J.,A.Rietbrock,and A.E.Heath(2010).Optimized automatic pickers:Application to the ANCORP data set,Geophys.J.Int.181,911-925.
Roberts,R.G.,A.Christoffersson,and F.Cassidy(1989).Real-time event detection,phase identification and source location estimation using single station three-component seismic data,Geophys.J.97,471-480.
Rosenberger,A.(2010).Real-time ground motion analysis:Distinguishing P and S arrivals in a noisy environment,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.100,no.3,1252-1262.
Sleeman,R.,and T.van Eck(1999).Robust automatic P-phase picking:An on-line implementation in the analysis of broadband seismogram recordings,Phys.Earth.Planet.In.113,265-275.
Steward,G.W.(1992).An updating algorithm for subspace tracking,IEEE Trans.Signal Process.40,1535-1541.
Vassallo,M.,C.Satriano,and A.Lomax(2012).Automatic picker developments and optimization:A strategy for improving the performances of automatic phase pickers,Seismol.Res.Lett.83,no.3,541-554,doi:10.1785/gssrl.83.3.541.
Vidale,J.E.(1986).Complex polarization analysis of particle motion,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.76,no.5,1393-1405.
Wang,J.,and T.L.Teng(1997).Identification and picking of S phase using an artificial neural network,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.87,no.5,1140-1149.
Wurman,G.,R.Allen,and P.Lombard(2007).Toward earthquake early warning in northern California,J.Geophys.Res.112,doi:10.1029/2006JB004830.
Zollo,A.,M.Lancieri,and S.Nielsen(2006).Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitudes of very early seismic signals on strong motion records,J.Geophys.Res.33,L23312,doi:10.1029/2006GL027795.
Allam,A.A.,Y.Ben-Zion,F.L.Vernon,and I.Kurzon(2014).Seismic velocity structure in the Hot Springs and trifurcation areas of the San Jacinto fault zone,California,from doubledifference tomography,Geophys.J.Int.doi:10.1093/gji/ggu176.
Allen,R.(1978).Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single traces,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.68,1521-1532.
Allen,R.M.,and H.Kanamori(2003).The potential for earthquake early warning in southern California,Science 300,786.
Baer,M.,and U.Kradolfer(1987).An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.77,no.4,1437-1445.
Bai,C.Y.,and B.L.N.Kennett(2000).Automatic phase-detection and identification by full use of a single three-component broadband seismogram,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.90,no.1,187-198.
Ben-Zion,Y.(1990).The response of two half spaces to point dislocations at the material interface,Geophys.J.Int.101,507-528.
Ben-Zion,Y.,and K.Aki(1990).Seismic radiation from an SH line source in a laterally heterogeneous planar fault zone,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.80,971-994.
Ben-Zion,Y.,Z.Peng,D.Okaya,L.Seeber,J.G.Armbruster,N.Ozer,A.J.Michael,S.Baris,and M.Aktar(2003).A shallow fault zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian fault,western Turkey,Geophys.J.Int.152,699-717.
Berger,J.,L.N.Baker,J.N.Brune,J.B.Fletcher,T.C.Hanks,and F.L.Vernon(1984).The Anza array:A high dynamic-range,broad-band,digitally radio-telemetered seismic array,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.74,1469-1481.
Brand,M.(2006).Fast low-rank modifications of the thin singular value decomposition,Lin.Algebra Appl.415,20-30.
Chael,E.P.(1997).An automated Rayleigh-wave detection algorithm,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.87,157-163.
Chanderasekaran,S.,B.S.Manjunath,Y.F.Wang,J.Winkeler,and H.Zhang(1997).An eigenspace update algorithm for image analysis,Graph.Model.Image Process.59,no.5,321-332.
Cichowicz,A.(1993).An automatic S-phase picker,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.83,180-189.
Flinn,E.A.(1965).Signal analysis using rectilinearity and direction of particle motion,Proc.IEEE56,1874-1876.
Gu,M.,and S.C.Eisenstat(1994).A stable and efficient algorithm for the rank-one modification of the symmetric eigenproblem,SIAM J.Matrix Anal.Appl.15,no.4,1266-1276.
Jurkevics,A.(1988).Polarization analysis of threecomponent array data,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.78,no.5,1725-1743.
Lancieri,M.,and A.Zollo(2008).A Bayesian approach to the real-time estimation of magnitude from the early P and S wave displacement peaks,J.Geophys.Res.113,no.B12302,1-17.
Lei,J.(2005).A method for non-orthogonal seismic polarization-vector separation,Geophys.J.Int.162,965-974.
Li,Y.G.,K.Aki,D.Adams,A.Hasemi,and W.H.K.Lee(1994).Seismic guided waves trapped in the fault zone of the Landers,California,earthquake of 1992,J.Geophys.Res.99,11,705-11,722.
Lomax,A.,C.Satriano,and M.Vassallo(2012).Automatic picker developments and optimization:FilterPicker-A robust,broadband picker for real-time seismic monitoring and earthquake early warning,Seismol.Res.Lett.83,no.3,531-540,doi:10.1785/gssrl.83.3.531.
McGuire,J.,and Y.Ben-Zion(2005).High-resolution imaging of the Bear Valley section of the San Andreas fault at seismogenic depths with fault-zone head waves and relocated seismicity,Geophys.J.Int.163,152-164,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02703.x.
Moonen,M.,P.van Dooren,and J.Vanderwalle(1992).A singular value decomposition updating algorithm for subspace tracking,SIAM J.Matrix Anal.Appl.13,no.4,1015-1038.
Nippress,S.E.J.,A.Rietbrock,and A.E.Heath(2010).Optimized automatic pickers:Application to the ANCORP data set,Geophys.J.Int.181,911-925.
Roberts,R.G.,A.Christoffersson,and F.Cassidy(1989).Real-time event detection,phase identification and source location estimation using single station three-component seismic data,Geophys.J.97,471-480.
Rosenberger,A.(2010).Real-time ground motion analysis:Distinguishing P and S arrivals in a noisy environment,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.100,no.3,1252-1262.
Sleeman,R.,and T.van Eck(1999).Robust automatic P-phase picking:An on-line implementation in the analysis of broadband seismogram recordings,Phys.Earth.Planet.In.113,265-275.
Steward,G.W.(1992).An updating algorithm for subspace tracking,IEEE Trans.Signal Process.40,1535-1541.
Vassallo,M.,C.Satriano,and A.Lomax(2012).Automatic picker developments and optimization:A strategy for improving the performances of automatic phase pickers,Seismol.Res.Lett.83,no.3,541-554,doi:10.1785/gssrl.83.3.541.
Vidale,J.E.(1986).Complex polarization analysis of particle motion,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.76,no.5,1393-1405.
Wang,J.,and T.L.Teng(1997).Identification and picking of S phase using an artificial neural network,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.87,no.5,1140-1149.
Wurman,G.,R.Allen,and P.Lombard(2007).Toward earthquake early warning in northern California,J.Geophys.Res.112,doi:10.1029/2006JB004830.
Zollo,A.,M.Lancieri,and S.Nielsen(2006).Earthquake magnitude estimation from peak amplitudes of very early seismic signals on strong motion records,J.Geophys.Res.33,L23312,doi:10.1029/2006GL027795.