Influence of steel jacket thickness on the RC bridges' seismic vulnerability
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摘要
The seismic demands of bridges subjected to strong earthquakes are mostly concentrated on piers. The main objective of this study is to assess the seismic vulnerability of retrofitted bridges with steel jackets. It analyzes the influence of the steel jacket thickness on the seismic capacity and demand of bridges. The bridges in study have two simple supported spans with superstructure composed by AASHTO type girders and a substructure formed with one circular pier over a stiff foundation. They are located on the Pacific coast of Mexico that is a zone of high seismicity. The bridges seismic capacity are evaluated through nonlinear static analyses and the shear force and displacement demands were determined using capacity spectra with a group of 10 real accelerograms from a subduction source. The response spectra were scaled to several peak ground accelerations(PGA) with the aim to estimate four damage scenarios linked each one to a probability of exceedance in a specific period, for return periods in the range of 72-3500 years that represent service level and maximum considered earthquake. Results show that the confining effect provided by the steel jackets substantially improves the seismic performance of the bridges piers. The increase of jacket thickness guides to important increments on columns base shear capacity, and the influence of the steel jacket thickness depends on the limit state and bridge slenderness ratio.
The seismic demands of bridges subjected to strong earthquakes are mostly concentrated on piers. The main objective of this study is to assess the seismic vulnerability of retrofitted bridges with steel jackets. It analyzes the influence of the steel jacket thickness on the seismic capacity and demand of bridges. The bridges in study have two simple supported spans with superstructure composed by AASHTO type girders and a substructure formed with one circular pier over a stiff foundation. They are located on the Pacific coast of Mexico that is a zone of high seismicity. The bridges seismic capacity are evaluated through nonlinear static analyses and the shear force and displacement demands were determined using capacity spectra with a group of 10 real accelerograms from a subduction source. The response spectra were scaled to several peak ground accelerations(PGA) with the aim to estimate four damage scenarios linked each one to a probability of exceedance in a specific period, for return periods in the range of 72-3500 years that represent service level and maximum considered earthquake. Results show that the confining effect provided by the steel jackets substantially improves the seismic performance of the bridges piers. The increase of jacket thickness guides to important increments on columns base shear capacity, and the influence of the steel jacket thickness depends on the limit state and bridge slenderness ratio.
The seismic demands of bridges subjected to strong earthquakes are mostly concentrated on piers. The main objective of this study is to assess the seismic vulnerability of retrofitted bridges with steel jackets. It analyzes the influence of the steel jacket thickness on the seismic capacity and demand of bridges. The bridges in study have two simple supported spans with superstructure composed by AASHTO type girders and a substructure formed with one circular pier over a stiff foundation. They are located on the Pacific coast of Mexico that is a zone of high seismicity. The bridges seismic capacity are evaluated through nonlinear static analyses and the shear force and displacement demands were determined using capacity spectra with a group of 10 real accelerograms from a subduction source. The response spectra were scaled to several peak ground accelerations(PGA) with the aim to estimate four damage scenarios linked each one to a probability of exceedance in a specific period, for return periods in the range of 72-3500 years that represent service level and maximum considered earthquake. Results show that the confining effect provided by the steel jackets substantially improves the seismic performance of the bridges piers. The increase of jacket thickness guides to important increments on columns base shear capacity, and the influence of the steel jacket thickness depends on the limit state and bridge slenderness ratio.
引文
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 1970. AASHTO Standard Design Specification for Highway Bridges. AASHTO, Washington DC.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 1992. AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges. AASHTO, Washington DC.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 2013. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, sixth ed. AASHTO, Washington DC.
Applied Technology Council(ATC), 1996a. Improved Seismic Design Criteria for California Bridges:Provisional Recommendations. ATC-32. ATC, Redwood City.
Applied Technology Council(ATC), 1996b. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings. ATC-40. ATC, Redwood City.
Bazos, N., Kiremidjian, A., 1998. Evaluation of Bridge Damage Data from the Loma Prieta and Northridge. Technical Report MCEER-98-0004. Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford.
Buckle, I., Friedland, I., Mander, J.M., et al., 2006. Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures, Part 1-Bridges.Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)and Earthquake Engineering to Extreme Events(MCEER), New York.
California Department of Transportation(CALTRANS), 1985.Bridge Design Specification, Division of Structures. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.
Choi, E., Chung, Y., Park, K., et al., 2013. Effect of steel wrapping jackets on the bond strength of concrete and lateral performance of circular RC columns. Engineering Structures48, 43-54.
Choi, E., DesRoches, R., Nielson, B., 2004. Seismic fragility of typical bridges in moderate seismic zones. Engineering Structures 26(2), 187-199.
Computer and Structures Inc(CSI), 2009. Advanced 14.1.Integrated Solution for Advanced Analyses and Design.SAP2000. CSI, Walnut Creek.
Departamento del Distrito Federal(RDF), 1966. New Regulation Code for Constructions in Distrito Federal. RDF, Distrito Federal.
Dutta, A., Mander, J.M., 1998. Seismic fragility analysis of highway bridges. In:INCEDE-mceer Center-to-Center Workshop on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in Transportation Systems,Tokio, 1998.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute(EERI), 2017.Performance of Bridges, EERI Technical Case Studies Webinar:September 19, 2017, Mexico. EERI, Oakland.
Espeche, A., 2007. Refuerzo de Pilares con Encamisados de Hormigón Solicitados a Carga Axial Centrado. Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Madrid.
Espeche, A., Leon, J., Navarrete, E., et al., 2008. Aplicacion del micro-HAC al refuerzo de pilares mediante encamisados. In:1st Spanish Congress on Self-compacting Concrete, Valencia,2008.
Fakharifar, M., Chen, G., Dalvand, A., et al., 2015. Collapse vulnerability and fragility analysis of substandard RC bridges rehabilitated with different jackets under post-mainshock cascading events. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 9(3), 345-367.
Jackson, T.B., 1992. Seismic Retrofitting of Highway Bridges.Bridge Inspection and Rehabilitation:a Practical Guide. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
Jara, J.M., Galvan, A., Jara, M., et al., 2011. Procedure for determining the seismic vulnerability of an irregular isolated bridge. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 9(6), 1-13.
Karim, K.R., Yamazaki, F., 2007. Effect of isolation on fragility curves of highway bridges based on simplified approach. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 27, 414-426.
Kim, S., Shinozuka, M., 2004. Development of fragility curves of bridges retrofitted by column jacket. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 27, 414-426.
Li, J., Gong,J., Wang, L., 2009. Seismic behavior of corrosiondamaged reinforced concrete columns strengthened using combined carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and steel jacket.Construction and Building Materials 23, 2653-2663.
Mackie, K.R., Wong, J.M., Stojadinovic, B., 2011. Bridge damage and loss scenarios calibrated by schematic design and cost estimation. Earthquake Spectra 27(4), 1127-1145.
Mander, J.B., 1999. Fragility Curves Development for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Highway Bridges. State University of New York, New York.
Mander, J.B., Priestley,MJ.N., Park, R., 1998. Theoretical stressstrain model for confined concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering 114(8), 1804-1825.
Manual de Obras Civiles de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad(MOC), 2015. Seismic Design Manual. Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas. MOC, Morelos.
Mexican Society on Earthquake Engineering(SMIS), 2000.Mexican Data Base for Strong Earthquake. Institute of Engineering(in Spanish). National Acctonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
Nielson, B.G., DesRoches, R., 2007. Analytical seismic fragility curves for typical bridges in the central and southeastern United Stated. Engineering Structures 123, 236-246.
Olmos, B.A., Jara, J.M., Gomez-Soberón, M.C., et al., 2016.Influence of RC jacket on the seismic vulnerability of RC bridges. Engineering Structures 123, 236-246.
Olmos, B.A., Jara, J.M., Roesset, J.M., 2011. Effects of isolation on the seismic response of bridges designed for two different soil types. Bulleting of Earthquake Engineering 9,641-656.
Padgett, J.E., DesRoches, R., 2008. Methodology for the development of analytical fragility curves for retrofitted bridges. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 37,1157-1174.
Park, R., Paulay, T., 1975. Reinforced Concrete Structures, third ed.John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
Priestley,M.J.N., Siebel, F., Calvi, G.M., 1996. Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, second ed. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
Ramanathan, K., DesRoches, R., Padgett, J.E., 2010. Analytical fragility curves for multispan continuous steel girder bridges in moderate seismic zones. Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2202, 173-182.
Secretaria de Asentamientos Humanos y Obras Publicas(SAHOP),1966. Puentes para Carreteras. Mexico.
Secretaria de Asentamientos Humanos y Obras Publicas(SAHOP),1980. Puentes para Carreteras:Proyectos Tipo de Elementos de Concreto Reforzado, Parte I. Mexico.
Shinozuka, M.,Feng, M.Q., Kim, H., et al., 2000. Nonlinear procedure for fragility curve development. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 126, 1287-1295.
SMIS, 2003. El sismo de Tecoman, Mexico del 21 de enero de 2003.Technical Report. Sociedad Mexicana de Ingenieria Sismica,Mexico.
Spencer, B., Sain, M., 1997. Controlling buildings:a new Frontier in feedback. IEEE Control Systems Magazine on Emerging Technology 17(6), 19-35.
Velasquez,J., 2006. Estimación de Perdidas por Sismo en Edificios Peruanos Mediante Curvas de Fragilidad Analítica. Pontifica Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima.
Wang, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, S., 2012. Seismic analysis of highway bridges considering multi-dimensional performance limit state. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 11(2), 185-193.
Wright, T., DesRoches, R., Padgett, J.E., 2011. Bridge seismic retrofitting practices in the central and southern United States. Journal of Bridge Engineering 16, 82-92.
Xiao, Y., Wu, H., 2003. Retrofit of reinforced concrete columns using partially stiffened steel jackets. Journal of Structural Engineering 129(6), 725-732.
Yang, X., Yuan, W., Chen, G., et al., 2000. Seismic performance assessment and retrofit of rectangular bridge piers with externally encased circular steel jackets. In:The 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland,2000.
Zakeri, B., Padgett, J.E., Amiri, G.G., 2014. Fragility analysis of skewed single-frame concrete box-girder bridges. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 28, 571-582.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 1992. AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges. AASHTO, Washington DC.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 2013. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, sixth ed. AASHTO, Washington DC.
Applied Technology Council(ATC), 1996a. Improved Seismic Design Criteria for California Bridges:Provisional Recommendations. ATC-32. ATC, Redwood City.
Applied Technology Council(ATC), 1996b. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings. ATC-40. ATC, Redwood City.
Bazos, N., Kiremidjian, A., 1998. Evaluation of Bridge Damage Data from the Loma Prieta and Northridge. Technical Report MCEER-98-0004. Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford.
Buckle, I., Friedland, I., Mander, J.M., et al., 2006. Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures, Part 1-Bridges.Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)and Earthquake Engineering to Extreme Events(MCEER), New York.
California Department of Transportation(CALTRANS), 1985.Bridge Design Specification, Division of Structures. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.
Choi, E., Chung, Y., Park, K., et al., 2013. Effect of steel wrapping jackets on the bond strength of concrete and lateral performance of circular RC columns. Engineering Structures48, 43-54.
Choi, E., DesRoches, R., Nielson, B., 2004. Seismic fragility of typical bridges in moderate seismic zones. Engineering Structures 26(2), 187-199.
Computer and Structures Inc(CSI), 2009. Advanced 14.1.Integrated Solution for Advanced Analyses and Design.SAP2000. CSI, Walnut Creek.
Departamento del Distrito Federal(RDF), 1966. New Regulation Code for Constructions in Distrito Federal. RDF, Distrito Federal.
Dutta, A., Mander, J.M., 1998. Seismic fragility analysis of highway bridges. In:INCEDE-mceer Center-to-Center Workshop on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in Transportation Systems,Tokio, 1998.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute(EERI), 2017.Performance of Bridges, EERI Technical Case Studies Webinar:September 19, 2017, Mexico. EERI, Oakland.
Espeche, A., 2007. Refuerzo de Pilares con Encamisados de Hormigón Solicitados a Carga Axial Centrado. Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Madrid.
Espeche, A., Leon, J., Navarrete, E., et al., 2008. Aplicacion del micro-HAC al refuerzo de pilares mediante encamisados. In:1st Spanish Congress on Self-compacting Concrete, Valencia,2008.
Fakharifar, M., Chen, G., Dalvand, A., et al., 2015. Collapse vulnerability and fragility analysis of substandard RC bridges rehabilitated with different jackets under post-mainshock cascading events. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 9(3), 345-367.
Jackson, T.B., 1992. Seismic Retrofitting of Highway Bridges.Bridge Inspection and Rehabilitation:a Practical Guide. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
Jara, J.M., Galvan, A., Jara, M., et al., 2011. Procedure for determining the seismic vulnerability of an irregular isolated bridge. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 9(6), 1-13.
Karim, K.R., Yamazaki, F., 2007. Effect of isolation on fragility curves of highway bridges based on simplified approach. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 27, 414-426.
Kim, S., Shinozuka, M., 2004. Development of fragility curves of bridges retrofitted by column jacket. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 27, 414-426.
Li, J., Gong,J., Wang, L., 2009. Seismic behavior of corrosiondamaged reinforced concrete columns strengthened using combined carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and steel jacket.Construction and Building Materials 23, 2653-2663.
Mackie, K.R., Wong, J.M., Stojadinovic, B., 2011. Bridge damage and loss scenarios calibrated by schematic design and cost estimation. Earthquake Spectra 27(4), 1127-1145.
Mander, J.B., 1999. Fragility Curves Development for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Highway Bridges. State University of New York, New York.
Mander, J.B., Priestley,MJ.N., Park, R., 1998. Theoretical stressstrain model for confined concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering 114(8), 1804-1825.
Manual de Obras Civiles de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad(MOC), 2015. Seismic Design Manual. Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas. MOC, Morelos.
Mexican Society on Earthquake Engineering(SMIS), 2000.Mexican Data Base for Strong Earthquake. Institute of Engineering(in Spanish). National Acctonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
Nielson, B.G., DesRoches, R., 2007. Analytical seismic fragility curves for typical bridges in the central and southeastern United Stated. Engineering Structures 123, 236-246.
Olmos, B.A., Jara, J.M., Gomez-Soberón, M.C., et al., 2016.Influence of RC jacket on the seismic vulnerability of RC bridges. Engineering Structures 123, 236-246.
Olmos, B.A., Jara, J.M., Roesset, J.M., 2011. Effects of isolation on the seismic response of bridges designed for two different soil types. Bulleting of Earthquake Engineering 9,641-656.
Padgett, J.E., DesRoches, R., 2008. Methodology for the development of analytical fragility curves for retrofitted bridges. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 37,1157-1174.
Park, R., Paulay, T., 1975. Reinforced Concrete Structures, third ed.John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
Priestley,M.J.N., Siebel, F., Calvi, G.M., 1996. Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, second ed. John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York.
Ramanathan, K., DesRoches, R., Padgett, J.E., 2010. Analytical fragility curves for multispan continuous steel girder bridges in moderate seismic zones. Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2202, 173-182.
Secretaria de Asentamientos Humanos y Obras Publicas(SAHOP),1966. Puentes para Carreteras. Mexico.
Secretaria de Asentamientos Humanos y Obras Publicas(SAHOP),1980. Puentes para Carreteras:Proyectos Tipo de Elementos de Concreto Reforzado, Parte I. Mexico.
Shinozuka, M.,Feng, M.Q., Kim, H., et al., 2000. Nonlinear procedure for fragility curve development. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 126, 1287-1295.
SMIS, 2003. El sismo de Tecoman, Mexico del 21 de enero de 2003.Technical Report. Sociedad Mexicana de Ingenieria Sismica,Mexico.
Spencer, B., Sain, M., 1997. Controlling buildings:a new Frontier in feedback. IEEE Control Systems Magazine on Emerging Technology 17(6), 19-35.
Velasquez,J., 2006. Estimación de Perdidas por Sismo en Edificios Peruanos Mediante Curvas de Fragilidad Analítica. Pontifica Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima.
Wang, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, S., 2012. Seismic analysis of highway bridges considering multi-dimensional performance limit state. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 11(2), 185-193.
Wright, T., DesRoches, R., Padgett, J.E., 2011. Bridge seismic retrofitting practices in the central and southern United States. Journal of Bridge Engineering 16, 82-92.
Xiao, Y., Wu, H., 2003. Retrofit of reinforced concrete columns using partially stiffened steel jackets. Journal of Structural Engineering 129(6), 725-732.
Yang, X., Yuan, W., Chen, G., et al., 2000. Seismic performance assessment and retrofit of rectangular bridge piers with externally encased circular steel jackets. In:The 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland,2000.
Zakeri, B., Padgett, J.E., Amiri, G.G., 2014. Fragility analysis of skewed single-frame concrete box-girder bridges. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 28, 571-582.