厦门市筼筜污水处理厂中微塑料的特征研究
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摘要
滨海城市污水处理厂作为微塑料进入海洋的途径之一,对其微塑料污染物特征展开研究,有助于认识和了解人类活动对海洋环境的影响,但目前国内对该问题的研究还相对较少。本研究以厦门筼筜污水处理厂为例,设计改进采样装置和实验方法,对其进出水以及污泥中的微塑料污染物特征进行研究。结果表明,该污水处理厂进水中微塑料浓度为1. 703个/L,初级处理出水为1. 090个/L,二级处理出水为0. 324个/L,去除率分别为35. 99%、80. 97%。初级处理污泥微塑料浓度为2. 14×103个/kg,二级处理污泥为6. 62×103个/kg。该污水处理厂污水中微塑料形态以纤维(43. 89%)为主,颗粒(32. 85%)次之;颜色以白色(34. 95%)为主,透明(22. 74%)次之;主要成分以PP(21. 17%)为主,PS(18. 39%)次之。污泥中微塑料形态以碎片(68. 9%)为主,颗粒(34. 78%)次之;颜色以黄色(39. 13%)为主,黑色(17. 39%)和白色(13. 04%)次之;主要成分以PP(34. 78%)为主,PE(26. 09%)次之。每日经过该污水厂排入厦门西海域的微塑料数量约为9. 72×104个,数量巨大不容忽视。本研究结果表明污水处理厂在减少城市微塑料污染物进入海洋方面发挥了重要作用,但仍具有较大的提升空间。
Wastewater treatment plants in coastal cities is a main source for microplastics in the ocean. Characteristic of microplastics can improve our understandings of the impacts of human activities on the marine environment. However,there is a lack of such information in China. In this study,microplastic pollution in Xiamen Yundang Wastewater Treatment Plant was studied. We designed an improved sampling device and an experimental method to study the characteristics of microplastics in the influent,effluent and sludge. The results show that the microplastic abundance in the influent,primary and secondary treatment discharge is 1. 703,1. 090 and 0. 324 pieces/L,respectively. The microplastic removal rates in the primary and secondary treatment discharge are 35. 99% and 80. 97% respectively. The concentrations of microplastics in primary and secondary sludge are 2. 14 × 103 and 6. 62 × 103 pieces/kg,respectively. The shape of microplastics are dominated by 43. 89% of fiber and 32. 85% of pellet in the wastewater and 68. 9% of fragment and 34. 78% of pellet in the sludge. The primary colors are white( 34. 95%),followed by transparent( 22. 74%) in the wastewater. While it is dominated by yellow( 39. 13%),black( 17. 39%),and white( 13. 04%)in the sludge. The chemical composition is primarily composed of 21. 17% of PP and 18. 39% PS in the wastewater and 34. 78% of PP and 26. 09% of PE in the sludge. It is estimated that ～ 9. 72 × 104 pieces of microplastics are discharged into the Xiamen West Sea each day. Our findings show that waste water treatment plants play an important role in reducing urban microplastic pollutants entering the ocean,but it requires higher microplastic removal efficiency.
Wastewater treatment plants in coastal cities is a main source for microplastics in the ocean. Characteristic of microplastics can improve our understandings of the impacts of human activities on the marine environment. However,there is a lack of such information in China. In this study,microplastic pollution in Xiamen Yundang Wastewater Treatment Plant was studied. We designed an improved sampling device and an experimental method to study the characteristics of microplastics in the influent,effluent and sludge. The results show that the microplastic abundance in the influent,primary and secondary treatment discharge is 1. 703,1. 090 and 0. 324 pieces/L,respectively. The microplastic removal rates in the primary and secondary treatment discharge are 35. 99% and 80. 97% respectively. The concentrations of microplastics in primary and secondary sludge are 2. 14 × 103 and 6. 62 × 103 pieces/kg,respectively. The shape of microplastics are dominated by 43. 89% of fiber and 32. 85% of pellet in the wastewater and 68. 9% of fragment and 34. 78% of pellet in the sludge. The primary colors are white( 34. 95%),followed by transparent( 22. 74%) in the wastewater. While it is dominated by yellow( 39. 13%),black( 17. 39%),and white( 13. 04%)in the sludge. The chemical composition is primarily composed of 21. 17% of PP and 18. 39% PS in the wastewater and 34. 78% of PP and 26. 09% of PE in the sludge. It is estimated that ～ 9. 72 × 104 pieces of microplastics are discharged into the Xiamen West Sea each day. Our findings show that waste water treatment plants play an important role in reducing urban microplastic pollutants entering the ocean,but it requires higher microplastic removal efficiency.
引文
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[20]刘朝艳. 2016-2017年世界塑料工业进展[J].塑料工业,2018,46(3):1-13.
[2]郑宁来.去年塑料制品行业稳中向好[J].合成技术及应用,2018,2(33):28.
[3]CARPENTER,SMITH K LJr. Plastics on the Sargasso sea surface[J]. Science,1972,175(4027):1240-1241
[4]THOMPSON R C,OLSEN Y,MITCHELL RP,et al. Lost at sea:where is all the plastic?[J]. Science,2004,304(5672):838-838.
[5]IVAR D O SUL,J A,COSTA,et al. The present and future of mi-croplastic pollution in the marine environment[J]. EnvironmentalPollut-ion,2014,185:352-364.
[6] ARTHUR C,BAKER J,BAMFORD H. International researchworkshop on the occurrence,effects,and fate of microplastic ma-rine debris[R]. Maryland:National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration,2008:1-41.
[7] COLE M,LINDEQUE P,HALSBAND C,et al. Microplastics ascontaminants in the marine environment:a review[J]. MarinePollution Bulletin,2011,62(12):2588-2597.
[8]龙邹霞,余兴光,金翔龙,等.海洋微塑料污染研究进展和问题[J].应用海洋学学报,2017,26(4):586-596.
[9] TALVITIE J,HEINONEN M,PAAKKONEN J P,et al. Dowastewater treatment plants act as a potential point source of mi-croplastics? Preliminary study in in the coastal Gulf of FinlandBaltic Sea[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,72(9):1495-1504.
[10] MURPHY F,EWINS C,CARBONNIER F,et al. Wastewatertreatment works(WwTW)as a source of microplastics in the a-quatic environment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(11):5800-5808.
[11]GIES A,LENOBLE L,MARIE NOL. Retention of microplasticsin a major secondary wastewater treatment plant in Vancouver,Canada[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2018,133:553-561.
[12]MAGNUSSON K,NORN F. Screening of microplastic particlesin and down-stream a wastewater treatment plant[J]. IVLSwedish Environmental Research Institute,2014,C55.
[13]REBECCA SUTTON,MASON A,STANEK K,et al. Microplasticcontamination in the San Francisco Bay,California,USA[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,109:230-235.
[14]TALVITIE J,MIKOLA A,KOISTINEN A,et al. Solution to Mi-croplastic pollution-Removal of microplastics from wastewatereffluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies[J].Water Research,2017,123:401-407.
[15]ZIAJAHROMI S,NEALE P A,FREDERIC D L L. Wastewatertreatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics:review ofthe fate,chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic or-ganisms[J]. Water Science&Techno-logy,2016,414:1-17.
[16]ZIAJAHROMI S,NEALE P A,RINTOU L L,et al. Wastewatertreatment plants as a pathway for microplastics:Development ofa new approach to sample wastewater-based microplastics[J].Water Research,2017,112:93-99.
[17] LONG Z X,PAN Z,WANG W L,et al. Microplastic Abun-dance,Characteristics,and Removal in Wastewater TreatmentPlants in a Coastal City of China[J]. Water Research,2018(under review).
[18] NAPPER I E,BAKIR A,ROWLAND S J,et al. Characteriza-tion,quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extractedfrom cosmetics[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99(1-2):178-185.
[19] ERIKSEN M,MASON S,WILSON S,et al. Microplastic pollu-tion in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013(77):177-182.
[20]刘朝艳. 2016-2017年世界塑料工业进展[J].塑料工业,2018,46(3):1-13.