Ore-Forming Fluids Characteristics and Metallogenesis of the Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn Deposit in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
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摘要
The Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn deposit in northern Sumatra(Indonesia) is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposits in the region. The stratiform orebodies are mainly hosted in the middle member of the Carboniferous–Permian Kluet Formation of the Tapanuli Group. Mineral paragenesis and crosscutting relationships suggest a two-stage Pb-Zn mineralization:(I) sedimentary and(Ⅱ) hydrothermal mineralization. Ore-related calcite from both stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ contains mainly liquid-and gas-liquid two-phase-type fluid inclusions(FI). For stage I ore-forming fluids, FI homogenization temperatures(T_h) are 105 to 199 oC, and the salinities are 9.6 wt.% to 16.6 wt.% NaCleqiv, reflecting low temperature and medium-low salinity; whereas in stage Ⅱ, the T_h(206 to 267 oC) and salinity(19.0 wt.% to 22.5 wt.% NaCleqiv) are considerably higher. Fluid inclusion and C-O isotope characteristics suggest that the stage I ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from a mixture of seawater and magmatic fluids(probably from deep-lying plutons), whereas the stage Ⅱ ore-forming fluids were likely magmatic-derived with wall rock input. We propose that the Anjing Hitam deposit was a Carboniferous exhalative sedimentary(SEDEX) deposit overprinted by the Pleistocene vein-style magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.
The Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn deposit in northern Sumatra(Indonesia) is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposits in the region. The stratiform orebodies are mainly hosted in the middle member of the Carboniferous–Permian Kluet Formation of the Tapanuli Group. Mineral paragenesis and crosscutting relationships suggest a two-stage Pb-Zn mineralization:(I) sedimentary and(Ⅱ) hydrothermal mineralization. Ore-related calcite from both stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ contains mainly liquid-and gas-liquid two-phase-type fluid inclusions(FI). For stage I ore-forming fluids, FI homogenization temperatures(T_h) are 105 to 199 oC, and the salinities are 9.6 wt.% to 16.6 wt.% NaCleqiv, reflecting low temperature and medium-low salinity; whereas in stage Ⅱ, the T_h(206 to 267 oC) and salinity(19.0 wt.% to 22.5 wt.% NaCleqiv) are considerably higher. Fluid inclusion and C-O isotope characteristics suggest that the stage I ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from a mixture of seawater and magmatic fluids(probably from deep-lying plutons), whereas the stage Ⅱ ore-forming fluids were likely magmatic-derived with wall rock input. We propose that the Anjing Hitam deposit was a Carboniferous exhalative sedimentary(SEDEX) deposit overprinted by the Pleistocene vein-style magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.
The Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn deposit in northern Sumatra(Indonesia) is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposits in the region. The stratiform orebodies are mainly hosted in the middle member of the Carboniferous–Permian Kluet Formation of the Tapanuli Group. Mineral paragenesis and crosscutting relationships suggest a two-stage Pb-Zn mineralization:(I) sedimentary and(Ⅱ) hydrothermal mineralization. Ore-related calcite from both stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ contains mainly liquid-and gas-liquid two-phase-type fluid inclusions(FI). For stage I ore-forming fluids, FI homogenization temperatures(T_h) are 105 to 199 oC, and the salinities are 9.6 wt.% to 16.6 wt.% NaCleqiv, reflecting low temperature and medium-low salinity; whereas in stage Ⅱ, the T_h(206 to 267 oC) and salinity(19.0 wt.% to 22.5 wt.% NaCleqiv) are considerably higher. Fluid inclusion and C-O isotope characteristics suggest that the stage I ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from a mixture of seawater and magmatic fluids(probably from deep-lying plutons), whereas the stage Ⅱ ore-forming fluids were likely magmatic-derived with wall rock input. We propose that the Anjing Hitam deposit was a Carboniferous exhalative sedimentary(SEDEX) deposit overprinted by the Pleistocene vein-style magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.
引文
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Chen,Y.J.,Ni,P.,Fan,H.R.,et al.,2007.Diagnostic Fluid Inclusions of Different Types Hydrothermal Gold Deposits.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(9):2085-2108(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Cooke,D.R.,Bull,S.W.,Large,R.R.,et al.,2000.The Importance of Oxidized Brines for the Formation of Australian Proterozoic Stratiform Sediment-Hosted Pb-Zn(Sedex)Deposits.Economic Geology,95(1):1-18.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.1.1
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Deng,J.,Wang,C.M.,Bagas,L.,et al.,2015.Cretaceous-Cenozoic Tectonic History of the Jiaojia Fault and Gold Mineralization in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China:Constraints from Zircon U-Pb,Illite K-Ar,and Apatite Fission Track Thermochronometry.Mineralium Deposita,50(8):987-1006.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-015-0584-1
Deng,J.,Wang,Q.F.,Li,G.J.,2017.Tectonic Evolution,Superimposed Orogeny,and Composite Metallogenic System in China.Gondwana Research,50:216-266.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.02.005
Gao,X.W.,Yang,Z.Q.,Wu,X.R.,2013.A Discussion on Mineralization within Magmatic Cycles,Sumatra(Indonesia).Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,29(4):299-307(in Chinese with English Abstract)
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