Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
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摘要
Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion(AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxidemodified biochar composite(MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity,enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%,as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36 g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1 L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic-and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3 g dose of MBC that is 0.12 g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.
Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion(AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxidemodified biochar composite(MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity,enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%,as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36 g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1 L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic-and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3 g dose of MBC that is 0.12 g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.
Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion(AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxidemodified biochar composite(MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity,enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%,as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36 g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1 L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic-and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3 g dose of MBC that is 0.12 g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.
引文
Aikpokpodion,P.E.,Lajide,L.,Aiyesanmi,A.F.,2013.Characterization of heavy metal fractions in agricultural soils using sequential extraction technique.World J.Agric.Sci.9,45-52.
Alonso,E.,Villar,P.,Santos,A.,Aparicio,I.,2006.Fractionation of heavy metals in sludge from anaerobic wastewater stabilization ponds in southern Spain.Waste Manag.26(11),1270-1276.
APHA(American Public Health Association),1995.Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.19th ed.APHA,Washington,DC,USA.
Appels,L.,Baeyens,J.,Degrève,J.,Dewil,R.,2008.Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge.Prog.Energy Combust.74(74),48-55.
Chen,Y.,Cheng,J.J.,Creamer,K.S.,2008.Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process:a review.Bioresour.Technol.99(10),4044-4064.
Choong,Y.Y.,Norli,I.,Abdullah,A.Z.,Yhaya,M.F.,2016.Impacts of trace element supplementation on the performance of anaerobic digestion process:a critical review.Bioresour.Technol.209,369.
Cooney,M.J.,Lewis,K.,Harris,K.,Zhang,Q.,Yan,T.,2016.Start up performance of biochar packed bed anaerobic digesters.J.Water Prog.Eng.9,7-13.
D?browska,L.,Rosińska,A.,2012.Change of PCBs and forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge during thermophilic anaerobic digestion.Chemosphere 88(2),168-173.
De,V.J.,De,L.L.,Verstraete,W.,Boon,N.,2013.High-rate iron-rich activated sludge as stabilizing agent for the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste.Water Res.47(11),3732-3741.
Dong,B.,Liu,X.,Dai,L.,Dai,X.,2013.Changes of heavy metal speciation during high-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.Bioresour.Technol.131(3),152-158.
Fagbohungbe,M.O.,Herbert,B.M.J.,Hurst,L.,Ibeto,C.N.,Li,H.,Usmani,S.Q.,et al.,2016.The challenges of anaerobic digestion and the role of biochar in optimizing anaerobic digestion.Waste Manag.61,236.
Fang,M.,Wong,J.W.C.,Ma,K.K.,Wong,M.H.,1999.Co-composting of sewage sludge and coal fly ash:nutrient transformations.Bioresour.Technol.67(1),19-24.
Fuentes,A.,Lloréns,M.,Sáez,J.,Soler,A.,Aguilar,M.I.,Ortu?o,J.F.,et al.,2004.Simple and sequential extractions of heavy metals from different sewage sludges.Chemosphere 54(8),1039-1047.
Fuentes,A.,Lloréns,M.,Sáez,J.,Aguilar,M.A.I.,Ortu?o,J.F.,Meseguer,V.F.,2008.Comparative study of six different sludges by sequential speciation of heavy metals.Bioresour.Technol.99(3),517-525.
Gu,X.,Yue,J.,Chen,L.,Liu,S.,Xu,H.,Yang,J.,et al.,2014.Coaxial MnO/N-doped carbon nanorods for advanced lithium-ion battery anodes.J.Mater.Chem.A 3(3),1037-1041.
Harvey,O.R.,Herbert,B.E.,Rhue,R.D.,Kuo,L.J.,2011.Metal interactions at the biochar-water interface:energetics and structure-sorption relationships elucidated by flow adsorption microcalorimetry.Energy Environ.Sci.45(13),5550-5556.
Huang,H.J.,Yuan,X.Z.,2016.The migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge.Bioresour.Technol.200,991-998.
Keiluweit,M.,Nico,P.S.,Johnson,M.G.,Kleber,M.,2010.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar).Energy Environ.Sci.44(4),1247.
Koch,K.,Fernández,Y.B.,Drewes,J.E.,2015.Influence of headspace flushing on methane production in biochemical methane potential(BMP)tests.Bioresour.Technol.186,173.
Lafferty,B.J.,Ginder-Vogel,M.,Sparks,D.L.,2010.Arsenite oxidation by a poorly crystalline manganese-oxide 1.Stirred-flow experiments.Energy Environ.Sci.44(22),8460-8466.
Lasheen,M.R.,Ammar,N.S.,2009.Assessment of metals speciation in sewage sludge and stabilized sludge from different wastewater treatment plants,greater Cairo,Egypt.J.Hazard.Mater.164(2),740-749.
Leng,L.,Yuan,X.,Shao,J.,Huang,H.,Wang,H.,Li,H.,et al.,2016.Study on demetalization of sewage sludge by sequential extraction before liquefaction for the production of cleaner bio-oil and bio-char.Bioresour.Technol.200,320.
Lenoble,V.,Laclautre,C.,Serpaud,B.,Deluchat,V.,Bollinger,J.C.,2004.As(V)retention and as(III)simultaneous oxidation and removal on a MnO2-loaded polystyrene resin.Sci.Total Environ.326(1),197-207.
Luo,K.,Yang,Q.,Yu,J.,Li,X.M.,Yang,G.J.,Xie,B.X.,et al.,2011.Combined effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate and enzyme on waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification.Bioresour.Technol.102(14),7103-7110.
Luo,C.,Lü,F.,Shao,L.,He,P.,2015.Application of eco-compatible biochar in anaerobic digestion to relieve acid stress and promote the selective colonization of functional microbes.Water Res.70,710-718.
Motte,J.C.,Escudié,R.,Bernet,N.,Delgenes,J.P.,Steyer,J.P.,Dumas,C.,2013.Dynamic effect of total solid content,low substrate/inoculum ratio and particle size on solid-state anaerobic digestion.Bioresour.Technol.144(3),141-148.
Mumme,J.,Srocke,F.,Heeg,K.,Werner,M.,2014.Use of biochars in anaerobic digestion.Bioresour.Technol.164(7),189-197.
Pignatello,J.J.,2011.Interactions of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals with Natural Organic Matter and Black Carbon in Environmental Particles.
Shen,Y.,Linville,J.L.,Urgun-Demirtas,M.,Mintz,M.M.,Snyder,S.W.,2015.An overview of biogas production and utilization at full-scale wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)in the United States:challenges and opportunities towards energy-neutral WWTPs.Renew.Sustain.Energy Rev.50,346-362.
Shen,Y.,Linville,J.L.,Leon,I.D.,Schoene,R.P.,Urgun-Demirtas,M.,2016.Towards a sustainable paradigm of waste-to-energy process:enhanced anaerobic digestion of sludge with woody biochar.J.Clean.Prod.135,1054-1064.
Singh,R.P.,Agrawal,M.,2009.Use of sewage sludge as fertiliser supplement for Abelmoschus esculentus plants:physiological,biochemical and growth responses.IJEWM 3(3),91-106.
Song,Z.,Lian,F.,Yu,Z.,Zhu,L.,Xing,B.,Qiu,W.,2014.Synthesis and characterization of a novel MnO x-loaded biochar and its adsorption properties for Cu2+in aqueous solution.Chem.Eng.J.242,36-42.
Spinosa,L.,Tay,J.H.,Show,K.Y.,2004.From sludge to resources through biosolids.Water Sci.Technol.50(9),1-8.
Stylianou,M.A.,Kollia,D.,Haralambous,K.J.,Inglezakis,V.J.,Moustakas,K.G.,Loizidou,M.D.,2007.Effect of acid treatment on the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.Desalination 215(1),73-81.
Sung,S.W.,Liu,T.,2003.Ammonia inhibition on thermophilic anaerobic digestion.Chemosphere 53(1),43-52.
Sunyoto,N.M.,Zhu,M.,Zhang,Z.,Zhang,D.,2016.Effect of biochar addition on hydrogen and methane production in two-phase anaerobic digestion of aqueous carbohydrates food waste.Bioresour.Technol.219,29-36.
Tan,X.F.,Liu,Y.G.,Zeng,G.M.,Wang,X.,Hu,X.J.,Gu,Y.L.,et al.,2015.Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions.Chemosphere 125,70-85.
Tessier,A.,Campbell,P.G.C.,Bisson,M.,1979.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals.Anal.Chem.51(7),844-851.
Tong,X.J.,Li,J.Y.,Yuan,J.H.,Xu,R.K.,2011.Adsorption of Cu(II)by biochars generated from three crop straws.Chem.Eng.J.172(2-3),828-834.
Torri,C.,Fabbri,D.,2014.Biochar enables anaerobic digestion of aqueous phase from intermediate pyrolysis of biomass.Bioresour.Technol.172,335-341.
Villalobos,M.,Escobar-Quiroz,I.N.,Salazar-Camacho,C.,2014.The influence of particle size and structure on the sorption and oxidation behavior of birnessite:II.Adsorption of As(V)and oxidation of As(III).Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta 125(1),564-581.
Walter,I.,Martínez,F.,Cala,V.,2006.Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses.Environ.Pollut.139(3),507-514.
Wang,W.,Han,H.,2012.Recovery strategies for tackling the impact of phenolic compounds in a UASB reactor treating coal gasification wastewater.Bioresour.Technol.103(1),95-100.
Wang,M.C.,Sheng,G.D.,Qiu,Y.P.,2015.A novel manganese-oxide/biochar composite for efficient removal of lead(II)from aqueous solutions.Int.J.Environ.Sci.Technol.12(5),1719-1726.
Ward,A.J.,Hobbs,P.J.,Holliman,P.J.,Jones,D.L.,2008.Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources.Bioresour.Technol.99(17),7928-7940.
Westerhoff,P.,Lee,S.,Yang,Y.,Gordon,G.W.,Hristovski,K.,Halden,R.U.,et al.,2015.Characterization,recovery opportunities,and valuation of metals in municipal Sludges from U.S.wastewater treatment plants nationwide.Environ.Sci.Technol.49(16),9479-9488.
Xiao,Y.,Wang,X.,Wang,W.,Zhao,D.,Cao,M.,2014.Engineering hybrid between MnO and N-doped carbon to achieve exceptionally high capacity for lithium-ion battery anode.ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces 6(3),2051-2058.
Yang,Q.,Luo,K.,Li,X.M.,Wang,D.B.,Zheng,W.,Zeng,G.M.,et al.,2010.Enhanced efficiency of biological excess sludge hydrolysis under anaerobic digestion by additional enzymes.Bioresour.Technol.101(9),2924-2930.
Ying,S.C.,Kocar,B.D.,Fendorf,S.,2012.Oxidation and competitive retention of arsenic between iron-and manganese oxides.Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta 96(11),294-303.
Yu,Z.,Zhou,L.,Huang,Y.,Song,Z.,Qiu,W.,2015.Effects of a manganese oxide-modified biochar composite on adsorption of arsenic in red soil.J.Environ.Manag.163,155-162.
Yu,Z.,Qiu,W.,Wang,F.,Lei,M.,Wang,D.,Song,Z.G.,2016a.Effects of manganese oxide-modified biochar composites on arsenic speciation and accumulation in an indica rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivar.Chemisphere 168,341.
Yu,B.,Zhang,D.,Dai,X.,Lou,Z.,Yuan,H.,Zhu,N.,2016b.The synthetic effect on volatile fatty acid disinhibition and methane production enhancement by dosing FeCl3in a sludge thermophilic anaerobic digestion system.RSC Adv.6(25),21090-21098.
Yuan,X.,Huang,H.,Zeng,G.,Li,H.,Wang,J.,Zhou,C.,et al.,2011.Total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in liquefaction residues of sewage sludge.Bioresour.Technol.102(5),4104-4110.
Zhai,Y.B.,Chen,H.M.,Xu,B.B.,Xiang,B.B.,Chen,Z.,Li,C.T.,et al.,2014.Influence of sewage sludge-based activated carbon and temperature on the liquefaction of sewage sludge:yield and composition of bio-oil,immobilization and risk assessment of heavy metals.Bioresour.Technol.159(6),72-79.
Zhang,B.,He,P.,2014.Performance assessment of two-stage anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes.Environ.Technol.35(10),1277-1285.
Zhang,M.,Gao,B.,Varnoosfaderani,S.,Hebard,A.,Yao,Y.,Inyang,M.,2013.Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biochar for arsenic removal.Bioresour.Technol.130(1),457-462.
Zhang,C.,Wang,J.G.,Jin,D.,Xie,K.,Wei,B.,2015.Facile fabrication of MnO/C core-shell nanowires as an advanced anode material for lithium-ion batteries.Electrochim.Acta180,990-997.
Zhao,P.,Shen,Y.,Ge,S.,Chen,Z.,Yoshikawa,K.,2014.Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment.Appl.Energy 131(3),345-367.
Zhao,Z.,Zhang,Y.,Woodard,T.L.,Nevin,K.P.,Lovley,D.R.,2015.Enhancing syntrophic metabolism in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors with conductive carbon materials.Bioresour.Technol.191,140.
Zhou,Y.,Gao,B.,Zimmerman,A.R.,Hao,C.,Ming,Z.,Cao,X.,2014.Biochar-supported zerovalent iron for removal of various contaminants from aqueous solutions.Bioresour.Technol.152(1),538-542.
Zhu,N.M.,Guo,Q.L.,Zhang,X.J.,Zhang,H.,Deng,Y.,2014.Sequential extraction of anaerobic digestate sludge for the determination of partitioning of heavy metals.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.102(1),18-24.
Alonso,E.,Villar,P.,Santos,A.,Aparicio,I.,2006.Fractionation of heavy metals in sludge from anaerobic wastewater stabilization ponds in southern Spain.Waste Manag.26(11),1270-1276.
APHA(American Public Health Association),1995.Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.19th ed.APHA,Washington,DC,USA.
Appels,L.,Baeyens,J.,Degrève,J.,Dewil,R.,2008.Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge.Prog.Energy Combust.74(74),48-55.
Chen,Y.,Cheng,J.J.,Creamer,K.S.,2008.Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process:a review.Bioresour.Technol.99(10),4044-4064.
Choong,Y.Y.,Norli,I.,Abdullah,A.Z.,Yhaya,M.F.,2016.Impacts of trace element supplementation on the performance of anaerobic digestion process:a critical review.Bioresour.Technol.209,369.
Cooney,M.J.,Lewis,K.,Harris,K.,Zhang,Q.,Yan,T.,2016.Start up performance of biochar packed bed anaerobic digesters.J.Water Prog.Eng.9,7-13.
D?browska,L.,Rosińska,A.,2012.Change of PCBs and forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge during thermophilic anaerobic digestion.Chemosphere 88(2),168-173.
De,V.J.,De,L.L.,Verstraete,W.,Boon,N.,2013.High-rate iron-rich activated sludge as stabilizing agent for the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste.Water Res.47(11),3732-3741.
Dong,B.,Liu,X.,Dai,L.,Dai,X.,2013.Changes of heavy metal speciation during high-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.Bioresour.Technol.131(3),152-158.
Fagbohungbe,M.O.,Herbert,B.M.J.,Hurst,L.,Ibeto,C.N.,Li,H.,Usmani,S.Q.,et al.,2016.The challenges of anaerobic digestion and the role of biochar in optimizing anaerobic digestion.Waste Manag.61,236.
Fang,M.,Wong,J.W.C.,Ma,K.K.,Wong,M.H.,1999.Co-composting of sewage sludge and coal fly ash:nutrient transformations.Bioresour.Technol.67(1),19-24.
Fuentes,A.,Lloréns,M.,Sáez,J.,Soler,A.,Aguilar,M.I.,Ortu?o,J.F.,et al.,2004.Simple and sequential extractions of heavy metals from different sewage sludges.Chemosphere 54(8),1039-1047.
Fuentes,A.,Lloréns,M.,Sáez,J.,Aguilar,M.A.I.,Ortu?o,J.F.,Meseguer,V.F.,2008.Comparative study of six different sludges by sequential speciation of heavy metals.Bioresour.Technol.99(3),517-525.
Gu,X.,Yue,J.,Chen,L.,Liu,S.,Xu,H.,Yang,J.,et al.,2014.Coaxial MnO/N-doped carbon nanorods for advanced lithium-ion battery anodes.J.Mater.Chem.A 3(3),1037-1041.
Harvey,O.R.,Herbert,B.E.,Rhue,R.D.,Kuo,L.J.,2011.Metal interactions at the biochar-water interface:energetics and structure-sorption relationships elucidated by flow adsorption microcalorimetry.Energy Environ.Sci.45(13),5550-5556.
Huang,H.J.,Yuan,X.Z.,2016.The migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge.Bioresour.Technol.200,991-998.
Keiluweit,M.,Nico,P.S.,Johnson,M.G.,Kleber,M.,2010.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar).Energy Environ.Sci.44(4),1247.
Koch,K.,Fernández,Y.B.,Drewes,J.E.,2015.Influence of headspace flushing on methane production in biochemical methane potential(BMP)tests.Bioresour.Technol.186,173.
Lafferty,B.J.,Ginder-Vogel,M.,Sparks,D.L.,2010.Arsenite oxidation by a poorly crystalline manganese-oxide 1.Stirred-flow experiments.Energy Environ.Sci.44(22),8460-8466.
Lasheen,M.R.,Ammar,N.S.,2009.Assessment of metals speciation in sewage sludge and stabilized sludge from different wastewater treatment plants,greater Cairo,Egypt.J.Hazard.Mater.164(2),740-749.
Leng,L.,Yuan,X.,Shao,J.,Huang,H.,Wang,H.,Li,H.,et al.,2016.Study on demetalization of sewage sludge by sequential extraction before liquefaction for the production of cleaner bio-oil and bio-char.Bioresour.Technol.200,320.
Lenoble,V.,Laclautre,C.,Serpaud,B.,Deluchat,V.,Bollinger,J.C.,2004.As(V)retention and as(III)simultaneous oxidation and removal on a MnO2-loaded polystyrene resin.Sci.Total Environ.326(1),197-207.
Luo,K.,Yang,Q.,Yu,J.,Li,X.M.,Yang,G.J.,Xie,B.X.,et al.,2011.Combined effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate and enzyme on waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification.Bioresour.Technol.102(14),7103-7110.
Luo,C.,Lü,F.,Shao,L.,He,P.,2015.Application of eco-compatible biochar in anaerobic digestion to relieve acid stress and promote the selective colonization of functional microbes.Water Res.70,710-718.
Motte,J.C.,Escudié,R.,Bernet,N.,Delgenes,J.P.,Steyer,J.P.,Dumas,C.,2013.Dynamic effect of total solid content,low substrate/inoculum ratio and particle size on solid-state anaerobic digestion.Bioresour.Technol.144(3),141-148.
Mumme,J.,Srocke,F.,Heeg,K.,Werner,M.,2014.Use of biochars in anaerobic digestion.Bioresour.Technol.164(7),189-197.
Pignatello,J.J.,2011.Interactions of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals with Natural Organic Matter and Black Carbon in Environmental Particles.
Shen,Y.,Linville,J.L.,Urgun-Demirtas,M.,Mintz,M.M.,Snyder,S.W.,2015.An overview of biogas production and utilization at full-scale wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)in the United States:challenges and opportunities towards energy-neutral WWTPs.Renew.Sustain.Energy Rev.50,346-362.
Shen,Y.,Linville,J.L.,Leon,I.D.,Schoene,R.P.,Urgun-Demirtas,M.,2016.Towards a sustainable paradigm of waste-to-energy process:enhanced anaerobic digestion of sludge with woody biochar.J.Clean.Prod.135,1054-1064.
Singh,R.P.,Agrawal,M.,2009.Use of sewage sludge as fertiliser supplement for Abelmoschus esculentus plants:physiological,biochemical and growth responses.IJEWM 3(3),91-106.
Song,Z.,Lian,F.,Yu,Z.,Zhu,L.,Xing,B.,Qiu,W.,2014.Synthesis and characterization of a novel MnO x-loaded biochar and its adsorption properties for Cu2+in aqueous solution.Chem.Eng.J.242,36-42.
Spinosa,L.,Tay,J.H.,Show,K.Y.,2004.From sludge to resources through biosolids.Water Sci.Technol.50(9),1-8.
Stylianou,M.A.,Kollia,D.,Haralambous,K.J.,Inglezakis,V.J.,Moustakas,K.G.,Loizidou,M.D.,2007.Effect of acid treatment on the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.Desalination 215(1),73-81.
Sung,S.W.,Liu,T.,2003.Ammonia inhibition on thermophilic anaerobic digestion.Chemosphere 53(1),43-52.
Sunyoto,N.M.,Zhu,M.,Zhang,Z.,Zhang,D.,2016.Effect of biochar addition on hydrogen and methane production in two-phase anaerobic digestion of aqueous carbohydrates food waste.Bioresour.Technol.219,29-36.
Tan,X.F.,Liu,Y.G.,Zeng,G.M.,Wang,X.,Hu,X.J.,Gu,Y.L.,et al.,2015.Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions.Chemosphere 125,70-85.
Tessier,A.,Campbell,P.G.C.,Bisson,M.,1979.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals.Anal.Chem.51(7),844-851.
Tong,X.J.,Li,J.Y.,Yuan,J.H.,Xu,R.K.,2011.Adsorption of Cu(II)by biochars generated from three crop straws.Chem.Eng.J.172(2-3),828-834.
Torri,C.,Fabbri,D.,2014.Biochar enables anaerobic digestion of aqueous phase from intermediate pyrolysis of biomass.Bioresour.Technol.172,335-341.
Villalobos,M.,Escobar-Quiroz,I.N.,Salazar-Camacho,C.,2014.The influence of particle size and structure on the sorption and oxidation behavior of birnessite:II.Adsorption of As(V)and oxidation of As(III).Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta 125(1),564-581.
Walter,I.,Martínez,F.,Cala,V.,2006.Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses.Environ.Pollut.139(3),507-514.
Wang,W.,Han,H.,2012.Recovery strategies for tackling the impact of phenolic compounds in a UASB reactor treating coal gasification wastewater.Bioresour.Technol.103(1),95-100.
Wang,M.C.,Sheng,G.D.,Qiu,Y.P.,2015.A novel manganese-oxide/biochar composite for efficient removal of lead(II)from aqueous solutions.Int.J.Environ.Sci.Technol.12(5),1719-1726.
Ward,A.J.,Hobbs,P.J.,Holliman,P.J.,Jones,D.L.,2008.Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources.Bioresour.Technol.99(17),7928-7940.
Westerhoff,P.,Lee,S.,Yang,Y.,Gordon,G.W.,Hristovski,K.,Halden,R.U.,et al.,2015.Characterization,recovery opportunities,and valuation of metals in municipal Sludges from U.S.wastewater treatment plants nationwide.Environ.Sci.Technol.49(16),9479-9488.
Xiao,Y.,Wang,X.,Wang,W.,Zhao,D.,Cao,M.,2014.Engineering hybrid between MnO and N-doped carbon to achieve exceptionally high capacity for lithium-ion battery anode.ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces 6(3),2051-2058.
Yang,Q.,Luo,K.,Li,X.M.,Wang,D.B.,Zheng,W.,Zeng,G.M.,et al.,2010.Enhanced efficiency of biological excess sludge hydrolysis under anaerobic digestion by additional enzymes.Bioresour.Technol.101(9),2924-2930.
Ying,S.C.,Kocar,B.D.,Fendorf,S.,2012.Oxidation and competitive retention of arsenic between iron-and manganese oxides.Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta 96(11),294-303.
Yu,Z.,Zhou,L.,Huang,Y.,Song,Z.,Qiu,W.,2015.Effects of a manganese oxide-modified biochar composite on adsorption of arsenic in red soil.J.Environ.Manag.163,155-162.
Yu,Z.,Qiu,W.,Wang,F.,Lei,M.,Wang,D.,Song,Z.G.,2016a.Effects of manganese oxide-modified biochar composites on arsenic speciation and accumulation in an indica rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivar.Chemisphere 168,341.
Yu,B.,Zhang,D.,Dai,X.,Lou,Z.,Yuan,H.,Zhu,N.,2016b.The synthetic effect on volatile fatty acid disinhibition and methane production enhancement by dosing FeCl3in a sludge thermophilic anaerobic digestion system.RSC Adv.6(25),21090-21098.
Yuan,X.,Huang,H.,Zeng,G.,Li,H.,Wang,J.,Zhou,C.,et al.,2011.Total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in liquefaction residues of sewage sludge.Bioresour.Technol.102(5),4104-4110.
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