沈阳市典型城市河流优先控制污染物筛选及生态环境风险评估
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摘要
细河和蒲河接纳了沈阳市工业废水的排放,水体中有毒、有害污染物不容忽视.为了明确河流中优先控制污染物,评价实际暴露水平下优先控制污染物对该水系生态环境的风险,选择细河和蒲河表层水为研究对象,开展了平水期、丰水期和枯水期的采样及有机污染物的检测分析;通过改进的潜在危害指数法对水体中检出的52种有机污染物打分排序,筛选了优先控制污染物;将效应评价外推法与商值法结合评价了优先控制污染物的生态环境风险.结果表明:52种有机污染物在细河中检出的平均质量浓度范围为9. 20×10~(-6)～1. 37×10~(-1)mg/L,在蒲河中检出的平均质量浓度范围为4. 30×10~(-6)～3. 03×10-2mg/L.细河或蒲河中这些污染物的危害指数总分值(R)在22分以上的分别有12和13种,其中,PAEs (酞酸酯类)占6种,苯酚类污染物占4种.在细河中,DBP (邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)、苯酚、对甲基苯酚、2,4-二甲基苯酚和2,4,6-三甲基苯酚的Rq(风险商)>1,表明这些污染物存在较大的生态环境风险;在蒲河中,DBP、DEHP[邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯]和苯酚的Rq>1,表明这些污染物存在较高生态环境风险水平.研究显示,在细河、蒲河中PAEs和苯酚类有机物为优先控制污染物,其中部分优先控制污染物具有较高的生态环境风险,可为该流域有毒、有害物污染控制方案的制定提供参考和指导.
In recent years,the water quality( indicated by COD,BOD and NH_3-N) in Liao River Basin( LRB) has been improved year by year,however,there have been more concerns regarding the level and ecological risk of trace toxic substances in the water bodies. The Xi and Pu Rivers are typically urbanized rivers in Shenyang City,receiving the effluences from industrial wastewaters,which led to contamination of the water bodies by toxic and hazardous substances. The objectives of this study are to identify the priority pollutants in the rivers and to assess the ecological risk of the pollutants. The surface waters were collected from the Xi and Pu Rivers during the normal,wet and dry seasons,sequentially,52 organic pollutants in the rivers were detected. By the method of improved potential hazardous index,these organic pollutants were scored and sequenced for screening the priority pollutants. Using the extrapolation method of effect evaluation coupled with the risk quotient( Rq) approach,the ecological risk of the priority pollutants was assessed. The resultsshowed that the average concentrations of 52 organic pollutants were in the range of 9. 20 × 10~(-6)-1. 37 × 10~(-1)mg/L in the Xi River and4. 30×10~(-6)-3. 03×10~(-2)mg/L in the Pu River. Thirteen or twelve of 52 organic pollutants in Xi or Pu Rivers had a total score of the potential hazardous index over 22,including 6 phthalic acid esters( PAEs) and 4 phenols. The Rqvalues of dibutyl phthalate( DBP),phenol,4-methylphenol,2,4-dimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol in the Xi River,and those of DBP,diphenyl phthalate(2-ethylhexyl) ester( DEHP) and phenol in the Pu River were higher than 1. Those results indicated that PAEs and phenols were identified as the priority organic pollutants,some of them showing relatively high ecological risks. Those results provide not only a theoretical basis for the formulation of pollution control countermeasures and management schemes for the whole river basin and the typical river section,but also data support for the treatment technology of the emission point source.
In recent years,the water quality( indicated by COD,BOD and NH_3-N) in Liao River Basin( LRB) has been improved year by year,however,there have been more concerns regarding the level and ecological risk of trace toxic substances in the water bodies. The Xi and Pu Rivers are typically urbanized rivers in Shenyang City,receiving the effluences from industrial wastewaters,which led to contamination of the water bodies by toxic and hazardous substances. The objectives of this study are to identify the priority pollutants in the rivers and to assess the ecological risk of the pollutants. The surface waters were collected from the Xi and Pu Rivers during the normal,wet and dry seasons,sequentially,52 organic pollutants in the rivers were detected. By the method of improved potential hazardous index,these organic pollutants were scored and sequenced for screening the priority pollutants. Using the extrapolation method of effect evaluation coupled with the risk quotient( Rq) approach,the ecological risk of the priority pollutants was assessed. The resultsshowed that the average concentrations of 52 organic pollutants were in the range of 9. 20 × 10~(-6)-1. 37 × 10~(-1)mg/L in the Xi River and4. 30×10~(-6)-3. 03×10~(-2)mg/L in the Pu River. Thirteen or twelve of 52 organic pollutants in Xi or Pu Rivers had a total score of the potential hazardous index over 22,including 6 phthalic acid esters( PAEs) and 4 phenols. The Rqvalues of dibutyl phthalate( DBP),phenol,4-methylphenol,2,4-dimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol in the Xi River,and those of DBP,diphenyl phthalate(2-ethylhexyl) ester( DEHP) and phenol in the Pu River were higher than 1. Those results indicated that PAEs and phenols were identified as the priority organic pollutants,some of them showing relatively high ecological risks. Those results provide not only a theoretical basis for the formulation of pollution control countermeasures and management schemes for the whole river basin and the typical river section,but also data support for the treatment technology of the emission point source.
引文
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[2] WANG Li,YING Guangguo,ZHAO Jianliang,et al. Assessing estrogenic activity in surface water and sediment of the Liao River system in northeast China using combined chemical and biological tools[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(1):148-156.
[3] MCHUGH B,POOLE R,CORCORAN J,et al. The occurrence of persistent chlorinated and brominated organic contaminants in the European eel(Anguilla anguilla)in Irish waters[J].Chemosphere,2010,79(3):305-313.
[4] BAYEN S. Occurrence,bioavailability and toxic effects of trace metals and organic contaminants in mangrove ecosystems:a review[J].Environment International,2012,48:84-101.
[5]王先良.流域水环境特征污染物筛选理论与实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2014:126-143.
[6]李沫蕊,王亚飞,王金生,等.下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(3):62-69.LI Morui,WANG Yafei,WANG Jinsheng,et al. Application of modified potential damage index method to screening of the typical pollutants in groundwater of the Liao River Basin[J].Environmental Monitoring of China,2015,31(3):62-69.
[7]朱菲菲,秦普丰,张娟,等.我国地下水环境优先控制有机污染物的筛选[J].环境工程技术学报,2013,3(5):443-450.ZHU Feifei,QIN Pufeng,ZHANG Juan,et al. Screening of priority organic pollutants in groundwater of China[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2013,3(5):443-450.
[8] SUTER G W. Ecological risk assessment in the United States environmental protection agency:a historical overview[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,2008,4:285-289.
[9] SELECK H,RIEMANN B,CHRISTOFFERSEN K,et al.Comparing sensitivity of ecotoxicological effect endpoints between laboratory and field[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2002,52:97-112.
[10] WONG D C L,TOY R J,DORN P B.A stream mesocosm study on the ecological effects of a C12-15 linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2004,58:173-186.
[11] LANDIS W G. The Frontiers in ecological risk assessment at expanding spatial and temporal scales[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003,9:1415-1424.
[12]张秀芳,全燮,陈景文,等.辽河中下游水体中多氯有机物的残留调查[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(1):31-35.ZHANG Xiufang,QUAN Xie,CHEN Jingwen,et al.Investigation of polychlorinated organic compounds in middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River[J]. China Environmental Science,2000,20(1):31-35.
[13]林田,秦延文,张雷,等.辽宁大伙房水库沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3294-3299.LIN Tian,QIN Yanwen,ZHANG Lei,et al.Distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in surface sediment from Dahuofang reservoir,Liaoning[J]. Environment Science,2011,11(32):3294-3299.
[14]武江越,刘征涛,周俊丽,等.辽河水系沉积物中PAHs的分布特征及风险评估[J].环境科学,2012,33(12):4244-4250.WU Jiangyue,LIU Zhengtao,ZHOU Junli,et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in partial surface sediments of Liaohe River[J]. Environmental Science,2012,12(33):4244-4250.
[15]韩菲,郭宝东,王英艺.辽河表层沉积物多环芳烃分布、来源及生态风险评价[J].环境保护与循环经济,2010(12):62-66.
[16]杨敏,倪余文,苏凡,等.辽河沉积物中多环芳烃的污染水平与特征[J].环境化学,2007,26(2):217-220.YANG Min,NI Yuwen,SU Fan,et al. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in sediments of Liaohe River,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2007,26(2):217-220.
[17] WEI G,HE M C,YANG Z F,et al. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Xihe River,an urban river in China's Shenyang City:distribution and risk assessment[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186:1193-1199.
[18]郭伟,何孟常,杨志峰,等.大辽河水系表层水中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(7):1534-1538.GUO Wei,HE Mengchang,YANG Zhifeng,et al. Contamination characters of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Daliao River system of China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(7):1534-1538.
[19] LI Bin,LIU Ruixia,GAO Hongjie,et al. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters and phenols in surface sediment from urban rivers in northeast China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,219:409-415.
[20] GONG Xiuxian,LIU Ruixia,LI Bin,et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids in Daliao River system of northeast China:determination,distribution and ecological risk[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(6):469.
[21] LIU Ruixia,TAN Ruijie,LI Bin,et al.Overview of POPs and heavy metals in Liao River Basin[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(9):5007-5017.
[22] LI Bin,HU Xinqi,LIU Ruixia,et al.Occurrence and distribution of phthalic acid esters and phenols in Hun River Watersheds[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(9):5095-5106.
[23]张岩林,胡健,刘宝剑,等.辽河流域多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及来源解析[J].地球与环境,2012,40(2):188-194.ZHANG Yanlin,HU Jian,LIU Baojian,et al. Distribution characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Liaohe River drainage basin,northeast China[J]. Earth and Environment,2012,40(2):188-194.
[24]徐海.潜在危害性指数法在筛选污染因子中的应用[J].上海环境科学,1998,17(9):34-35.XU Hai. Application of potential hazardous index method to selecting pollutant factor[J]. Shanghai Environmental Sciences,1998,17(9):34-35.
[25]王莉,王玉平,卢迎红,等.辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水重点控制有机污染物的筛选[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(6):59-62.WANG Li,WAN Yuping,LU Yinghong,et al.The sifting of priority control organic pollutants in Hunhe river of Liaohe Basin in Shenyang City[J]. Environmental Monitoring of China,2005,21(6):59-62.
[26]宋利臣,叶珍,马云,等.潜在危害指数在水环境优先污染物筛选中的改进与应用[J].环境科学与管理,2010,35(9):20-22.SONG Lichen,YE Zhen,MA Yun,et al. The improvement and application of potential damage index in screening priority pollutants in the water environment[J].Environmental Science and Management,2010,35(9):20-22.
[27]叶珍,马云,宋利臣,等.流域水环境优先控制污染物筛选方法研究[J].环境科学与管理,2010,35(10):17-19.YE Zhen,MA Yun,SONG Lichen,et al. Screen priority pollutants were selected in the water environment[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2010,35(10):17-19.
[28]胡望钧.常见有毒化学品环境事故应急处置技术与监测方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993:221-246.
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