2000—2014年中亚地区主要植被类型水分利用效率特征
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摘要
【目的】比较中亚地区不同植被类型水分利用效率(WUE)差异,探究不同植被类型WUE在海拔和纬度上的分布特征,分析WUE在年内和年际间的变化趋势,以期从宏观的角度揭示中亚地区不同植被类型WUE的时空变化规律。【方法】利用土地覆盖数据整合出不同植被类型分类,使用MODIS产品数据初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散发(ET)计算中亚地区月平均和年平均WUE,观测不同海拔和纬度上的WUE变化。【结果】中亚地区GPP较低植被类型的WUE值高,而GPP较高植被类型的WUE值低,WUE表现为稀疏灌木林>草地>郁闭灌木林>森林>农田,其中稀疏灌木林WUE显著(P<0.05)高于其他植被类型;不同植被类型WUE随海拔升高出现先增加后下降的趋势,当海拔高于1 200 m后WUE与海拔显著负相关(P=0.018);农田、森林、郁闭灌木林、稀疏灌木林和草地WUE高值区分别出现在海拔750、750、750、1 250和500 m;不同植被WUE随纬度增加的变化方式和幅度差异较大,各植被类型出现WUE峰值的纬度分别为农田36°、郁闭灌木林32°、稀疏灌木林36°～38°、森林50°和草地32°;在2000—2014年间,中亚地区WUE均值为2.65 g·kg~(-1),整体变化趋势为增加,年增加量为0.066 g·kg~(-1); WUE的年内变化趋势为先升高后降低,可用一元三次函数很好地描述(R~2=0.98)。【结论】随着海拔增加,WUE呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势,各植被类型WUE随纬度的升高表现出不同的变化趋势。各植被类型WUE在2000—2014年间均呈现上升趋势。
【Objective】 The mean water use efficiency(WUE) of different vegetation types were compared in Central Asia. Based on this, the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of WUE were characterized, and the variation trend of WUE within and among the years were analyzed, in order to revealfrom a macro perspective the temporal and spatial variation of WUE in different vegetation types in Central Asia.【Methods】The land cover data was used to integrate different vegetation type classifications, and the MODIS product data primary productivity(GPP) and evapotranspiration(ET) were used to calculate the monthly average and annual average WUE, the WUE changes at different altitudes and latitudes were observed.【Results】1) The lower GPP ecosystem has higher WUE, and vice versa. The WUEs of different vegetation types were ranked in the order: open shrub land>grassland>closed shrub land>forest>cropland, the open shrub land WUE was significantly greater than those of the other vegetation types(P<0.05). The WUE of different vegetation types varied strongly with the altitude: it appeared relatively constant as the altitude varies from 0 to 1 200 m and then decreased dramatically above 1 200 m. The high WUEs appeared in farmland, forest, closed shrub land, open shrub land, grassland at altitudes of 750, 750, 750, 1 250, and 500 m, respectively. WUE exhibits large variability with latitude. The peak WUE appeared at latitude of is 36(farmland), 32(close shrub land), 36-38(open shrub land), 50(forest), 32(grassland) respectively. From 2000 to 2014, the average WUE was 2.65 g·kg~(-1) in Central Asia, and tended to increase as an overall trend. The annual increase was 0.066 g·kg~(-1); the monthly variation of WUE appeared increase first followed by a decrease, this can be well described by a one-dimensional cubic function.【Conclusion】With the increase of altitude, WUE showed a trend of increase first and then followed by a decrease. The WUE of different vegetation types showed different trends with the increase of latitude, and an upward trend from 2000 to 2014.
【Objective】 The mean water use efficiency(WUE) of different vegetation types were compared in Central Asia. Based on this, the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of WUE were characterized, and the variation trend of WUE within and among the years were analyzed, in order to revealfrom a macro perspective the temporal and spatial variation of WUE in different vegetation types in Central Asia.【Methods】The land cover data was used to integrate different vegetation type classifications, and the MODIS product data primary productivity(GPP) and evapotranspiration(ET) were used to calculate the monthly average and annual average WUE, the WUE changes at different altitudes and latitudes were observed.【Results】1) The lower GPP ecosystem has higher WUE, and vice versa. The WUEs of different vegetation types were ranked in the order: open shrub land>grassland>closed shrub land>forest>cropland, the open shrub land WUE was significantly greater than those of the other vegetation types(P<0.05). The WUE of different vegetation types varied strongly with the altitude: it appeared relatively constant as the altitude varies from 0 to 1 200 m and then decreased dramatically above 1 200 m. The high WUEs appeared in farmland, forest, closed shrub land, open shrub land, grassland at altitudes of 750, 750, 750, 1 250, and 500 m, respectively. WUE exhibits large variability with latitude. The peak WUE appeared at latitude of is 36(farmland), 32(close shrub land), 36-38(open shrub land), 50(forest), 32(grassland) respectively. From 2000 to 2014, the average WUE was 2.65 g·kg~(-1) in Central Asia, and tended to increase as an overall trend. The annual increase was 0.066 g·kg~(-1); the monthly variation of WUE appeared increase first followed by a decrease, this can be well described by a one-dimensional cubic function.【Conclusion】With the increase of altitude, WUE showed a trend of increase first and then followed by a decrease. The WUE of different vegetation types showed different trends with the increase of latitude, and an upward trend from 2000 to 2014.
引文
邓铭江,龙爱华,章毅,等.2010.中亚五国水资源及其开发利用评价.地球科学进展,25(12):1347-1356.(Deng M J,Long A H,Zhang Y,et al.2010.Assessment of water resources development and utilization in the five Central Asia countries.Advances in Earth Science,25(12):1347-1356.[in Chinese])
丁惠萍,张社奇,钱克红,等.2006.森林生态系统稳定性研究的现状分析.西北林学院学报,21(4):28-30.(Ding H P,Zhang S Q,Qian K H,et al.2006.Analysis of present scientific research situation in stability of forest ecosystem.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,21(4):28-30.[in Chinese])
李文娆,张岁岐,丁圣彦,等.2010.干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿根系形态变化及与水分利用的关系.生态学报,30(19):5140-5150.(Li W R,Zhang S Q,Ding S Y,et al.2010.Root morphological variation and water use in alfalfa under drought stress.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(19):5140-5150.[in Chinese])
李泽,谭晓风,卢锟,等.2017.干旱胁迫对两种油桐幼苗生长、气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.生态学报,37(5):1515-1524.(Li Z,Tan X F,Lu K,et al.2017.Influence of drought stress on the growth,leaf gas exchange,and chlorophyⅡ fluorescence in two varieties of tung tree seedlings.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(5):1515-1524.[in Chinese])
唐宏,陈大波.2015.中亚地区经济发展特征及时空演变.中国科学院大学学报,32(2):214-220.(Tang H,Chen D B.2015.Development features and temporal-spatial evolution of economy in Central Asia in the past 20 years.Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,32(2):214-220.[in Chinese])
张良侠,胡中民,樊江文,等.2014.区域尺度生态系统水分利用效率的时空变异特征研究进展.地球科学进展,29(6):691-699.(Zhang L X,Hu Z M,Fan J W,et al.2014.Advances in the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem water use efficiency at regional scale.Advances in Earth Science,29(6):691-699.[in Chinese])
周秋平,程积民,万惠娥,等.2009.干旱胁迫下本氏针茅光合特性和水分利用效率日动态研究.草地学报,17(4):510-514.(Zhou Q P,Cheng J M,Wan H E,et al.2009.Study on the diurnal variations of photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of Stipa bungeana Trin under drought stress.Acta Agrestia Sinica,17(4):510-514.[in Chinese])
Baldocchi D D.2003.Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:past,present and future [review].Global Change Biology,9(4):479-492.
Baldocchi D.2008.Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere:lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems.Australian Journal of Botany,56(1):1-26.
Beer C,Ciais P,Reichstein M,et al.2009.Temporal and among-site variability of inherent water use efficiency at the ecosystem level.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,23(2):GB2018.
Berry J A,Beerling D J,Franks P J.2010.Stomata:key players in the earth system,past and present.Current Opinion in Plant Biology,13(3):232-239.
Brummer C,Black T A,Jassal R S,et al.2012.How climate and vegetation type influence evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in Canadian forest,peatland and grassland ecosystems.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,153(1):14-30.
Dan L,Ji J.2010.The surface energy,water,carbon flux and their intercorrelated seasonality in a global climate-vegetation coupled model.Tellus Series B-chemical & Physical Meteorology,59(3):425-438.
Deng H,Chen Y.2017.Influences of recent climate change and human activities on water storage variations in Central Asia.Journal of Hydrology,544:46-57.
Field C B,Jackson R B,Mooney H A.1995.Stomatal responses to increased CO2:implications from the plant to the global scale.Plant Cell & Environment,18(10):1214-1225.
He W M,Zhang X S.2003.Responses of an evergreen shrub Sabina vulgaris,to soil water and nutrient shortages in the semi-arid Mu Us Sandland in China.Journal of Arid Environments,53(3):307-316.
Hu Z M,Yu G R,Fan J W,et al.2010.Precipitation-use efficiency along a 4500-km grassland transect.Global Ecology & Biogeography,19(6):842-851.
Hu Z M,Yu G R,Fu Y L,et al.2008.Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within and among four grassland ecosystems in China.Global Change Biology,14(7):1609-1619.
Ito A,Inatomi M.2012.Water-use efficiency of the terrestrial biosphere:a model analysis focusing on interactions between the global carbon and water cycles.Journal of Hydrometeorology,13(2):681-694.
Jung M,Reichstein M,Ciais P,et al.2010.Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply.Nature,467(7318):951-954.
Keenan T F,Hollinger D Y,Bohrer G,et al.2013.Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise.Nature,499(7458):324-327.
Law B E,Falge E,Gu L,et al.2002.Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,113(1/4):97-120.
Li Z,Chen Y,Fang G,et al.2017.Multivariate assessment and attribution of droughts in Central Asia.Scientific Reports,7(1).
Lu X L,Zhuang Q L.2010.Evaluating evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using MODIS and AmeriFlux data.Remote Sensing of Environment,114(9):1924-1939.
Mu Q,Zhao M,Running S W.2011.Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,115(8):1781-1800.
Niu S,Wu M,Han Y,et al.2008.Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe.New Phytologist,177(1):209-19.
Peňuelas J,Canadell J G,Ogaya R.2011.Increased water-use efficiency during the 20th century did not translate into enhanced tree growth.Global Ecology & Biogeography,20(4):597-608.
Silva L C,Horwath W R.2013.Explaining global increases in water use efficiency:Why have we overestimated responses to rising atmospheric CO2 in natural forest ecosystems?.Plos One,8(1):e53089.
Still C J,Berry J A,Collatz G J,et al.2003.Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation:carbon cycle implications.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(1):6-1-6-14.
Tang X,Li H,Desai A R,et al.2014.How is water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems distributed and changing on Earth?.Scientific Reports,4(4):7483.
Tang X,Li H,Xu X,et al.2016.Potential of MODIS data to track the variability in ecosystem water-use efficiency of temperate deciduous forests.Ecological Engineering,91:381-391.
Tian H,Chen G,Liu M,et al.2010.Model estimates of net primary productivity,evapotranspiration,and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895-2007.Forest Ecology & Management,259(7):1311-1327.
Tian H,Lu C,Chen G,et al.2011.Climate and land use controls over terrestrial water use efficiency in monsoon Asia.Ecohydrology,4(2):322-340.
Xiao J,Sun G,Chen J,et al.2013.Carbon fluxes,evapotranspiration,and water use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in China.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,182-183(22):76-90.
Xu X,Tang X.2016.Remote estimation of ecosystem water-use efficiency of irrigated and rainfed maize croplands with MODIS data.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,25(5):1382-1393.
Xue B L,Guo Q,Otto A,et al.2016.Global patterns,trends,and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013.Ecosphere,6(10):1-18.
Yang Y,Guan H,Shang S,et al.2014.Toward the use of the MODIS ET product to estimate terrestrial GPP for nonforest ecosystem.IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters,11(9):1624-1628.
Yu G,Song X,Wang Q,et al.2008.Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and its relations to climatic variables.New Phytologist,177(4):927-937.
Zhang F,Ju W,Shen S,et al.2014.How recent climate change influences water use efficiency in East Asia.Theoretical & Applied Climatology,116(1/2):359-370.
Zhao M,Heinsch F A,Nemani R R,et al.2005.Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set.Remote Sensing of Environment,95(2):164-176.
丁惠萍,张社奇,钱克红,等.2006.森林生态系统稳定性研究的现状分析.西北林学院学报,21(4):28-30.(Ding H P,Zhang S Q,Qian K H,et al.2006.Analysis of present scientific research situation in stability of forest ecosystem.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,21(4):28-30.[in Chinese])
李文娆,张岁岐,丁圣彦,等.2010.干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿根系形态变化及与水分利用的关系.生态学报,30(19):5140-5150.(Li W R,Zhang S Q,Ding S Y,et al.2010.Root morphological variation and water use in alfalfa under drought stress.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(19):5140-5150.[in Chinese])
李泽,谭晓风,卢锟,等.2017.干旱胁迫对两种油桐幼苗生长、气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.生态学报,37(5):1515-1524.(Li Z,Tan X F,Lu K,et al.2017.Influence of drought stress on the growth,leaf gas exchange,and chlorophyⅡ fluorescence in two varieties of tung tree seedlings.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(5):1515-1524.[in Chinese])
唐宏,陈大波.2015.中亚地区经济发展特征及时空演变.中国科学院大学学报,32(2):214-220.(Tang H,Chen D B.2015.Development features and temporal-spatial evolution of economy in Central Asia in the past 20 years.Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,32(2):214-220.[in Chinese])
张良侠,胡中民,樊江文,等.2014.区域尺度生态系统水分利用效率的时空变异特征研究进展.地球科学进展,29(6):691-699.(Zhang L X,Hu Z M,Fan J W,et al.2014.Advances in the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem water use efficiency at regional scale.Advances in Earth Science,29(6):691-699.[in Chinese])
周秋平,程积民,万惠娥,等.2009.干旱胁迫下本氏针茅光合特性和水分利用效率日动态研究.草地学报,17(4):510-514.(Zhou Q P,Cheng J M,Wan H E,et al.2009.Study on the diurnal variations of photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of Stipa bungeana Trin under drought stress.Acta Agrestia Sinica,17(4):510-514.[in Chinese])
Baldocchi D D.2003.Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems:past,present and future [review].Global Change Biology,9(4):479-492.
Baldocchi D.2008.Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere:lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems.Australian Journal of Botany,56(1):1-26.
Beer C,Ciais P,Reichstein M,et al.2009.Temporal and among-site variability of inherent water use efficiency at the ecosystem level.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,23(2):GB2018.
Berry J A,Beerling D J,Franks P J.2010.Stomata:key players in the earth system,past and present.Current Opinion in Plant Biology,13(3):232-239.
Brummer C,Black T A,Jassal R S,et al.2012.How climate and vegetation type influence evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in Canadian forest,peatland and grassland ecosystems.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,153(1):14-30.
Dan L,Ji J.2010.The surface energy,water,carbon flux and their intercorrelated seasonality in a global climate-vegetation coupled model.Tellus Series B-chemical & Physical Meteorology,59(3):425-438.
Deng H,Chen Y.2017.Influences of recent climate change and human activities on water storage variations in Central Asia.Journal of Hydrology,544:46-57.
Field C B,Jackson R B,Mooney H A.1995.Stomatal responses to increased CO2:implications from the plant to the global scale.Plant Cell & Environment,18(10):1214-1225.
He W M,Zhang X S.2003.Responses of an evergreen shrub Sabina vulgaris,to soil water and nutrient shortages in the semi-arid Mu Us Sandland in China.Journal of Arid Environments,53(3):307-316.
Hu Z M,Yu G R,Fan J W,et al.2010.Precipitation-use efficiency along a 4500-km grassland transect.Global Ecology & Biogeography,19(6):842-851.
Hu Z M,Yu G R,Fu Y L,et al.2008.Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within and among four grassland ecosystems in China.Global Change Biology,14(7):1609-1619.
Ito A,Inatomi M.2012.Water-use efficiency of the terrestrial biosphere:a model analysis focusing on interactions between the global carbon and water cycles.Journal of Hydrometeorology,13(2):681-694.
Jung M,Reichstein M,Ciais P,et al.2010.Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply.Nature,467(7318):951-954.
Keenan T F,Hollinger D Y,Bohrer G,et al.2013.Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise.Nature,499(7458):324-327.
Law B E,Falge E,Gu L,et al.2002.Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,113(1/4):97-120.
Li Z,Chen Y,Fang G,et al.2017.Multivariate assessment and attribution of droughts in Central Asia.Scientific Reports,7(1).
Lu X L,Zhuang Q L.2010.Evaluating evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using MODIS and AmeriFlux data.Remote Sensing of Environment,114(9):1924-1939.
Mu Q,Zhao M,Running S W.2011.Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,115(8):1781-1800.
Niu S,Wu M,Han Y,et al.2008.Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe.New Phytologist,177(1):209-19.
Peňuelas J,Canadell J G,Ogaya R.2011.Increased water-use efficiency during the 20th century did not translate into enhanced tree growth.Global Ecology & Biogeography,20(4):597-608.
Silva L C,Horwath W R.2013.Explaining global increases in water use efficiency:Why have we overestimated responses to rising atmospheric CO2 in natural forest ecosystems?.Plos One,8(1):e53089.
Still C J,Berry J A,Collatz G J,et al.2003.Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation:carbon cycle implications.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(1):6-1-6-14.
Tang X,Li H,Desai A R,et al.2014.How is water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems distributed and changing on Earth?.Scientific Reports,4(4):7483.
Tang X,Li H,Xu X,et al.2016.Potential of MODIS data to track the variability in ecosystem water-use efficiency of temperate deciduous forests.Ecological Engineering,91:381-391.
Tian H,Chen G,Liu M,et al.2010.Model estimates of net primary productivity,evapotranspiration,and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895-2007.Forest Ecology & Management,259(7):1311-1327.
Tian H,Lu C,Chen G,et al.2011.Climate and land use controls over terrestrial water use efficiency in monsoon Asia.Ecohydrology,4(2):322-340.
Xiao J,Sun G,Chen J,et al.2013.Carbon fluxes,evapotranspiration,and water use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in China.Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,182-183(22):76-90.
Xu X,Tang X.2016.Remote estimation of ecosystem water-use efficiency of irrigated and rainfed maize croplands with MODIS data.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,25(5):1382-1393.
Xue B L,Guo Q,Otto A,et al.2016.Global patterns,trends,and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013.Ecosphere,6(10):1-18.
Yang Y,Guan H,Shang S,et al.2014.Toward the use of the MODIS ET product to estimate terrestrial GPP for nonforest ecosystem.IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters,11(9):1624-1628.
Yu G,Song X,Wang Q,et al.2008.Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and its relations to climatic variables.New Phytologist,177(4):927-937.
Zhang F,Ju W,Shen S,et al.2014.How recent climate change influences water use efficiency in East Asia.Theoretical & Applied Climatology,116(1/2):359-370.
Zhao M,Heinsch F A,Nemani R R,et al.2005.Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set.Remote Sensing of Environment,95(2):164-176.