Effects of cluster land reclamation projects on storm surge in Jiaojiang Estuary,China
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摘要
Variations in coastline geometry caused by coastal engineering affect tides, storm surges, and storm tides. Three cluster land reclamation projects have been planned for construction in the Jiaojiang Estuary during the period from 2011 to 2023. They will cause significant changes in coastline geometry. In this study, a surge-tide coupled model was established based on a three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM). A series of numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of variations in coastline geometry on tides, storm surges, and storm tides. This model was calibrated using data observed at the Haimen and Ruian gauge stations and then used to reproduce the tides, storm surges, and storm tides in the Jiaojiang Estuary caused by Typhoon Winnie in 1997. Results show that the high tide level, peak storm surge, and high storm tide level at the Haimen Gauge Station increased along with the completion of reclamation projects, and the maximum increments caused by the third project were 0.13 m, 0.50 m, and 0.43 m, respectively. The envelopes with maximum storm tide levels of 7.0 m and 8.0 m inside the river mouth appeared to move seaward, with the latter shifting 1.8 km, 3.3 km, and 4.4 km due to the first project, second project, and third project, respectively. The results achieved in this study contribute to reducing the effects of, and preventing storm disasters after the land reclamation in the Jiaojiang Estuary.
Variations in coastline geometry caused by coastal engineering affect tides, storm surges, and storm tides. Three cluster land reclamation projects have been planned for construction in the Jiaojiang Estuary during the period from 2011 to 2023. They will cause significant changes in coastline geometry. In this study, a surge-tide coupled model was established based on a three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM). A series of numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of variations in coastline geometry on tides, storm surges, and storm tides. This model was calibrated using data observed at the Haimen and Ruian gauge stations and then used to reproduce the tides, storm surges, and storm tides in the Jiaojiang Estuary caused by Typhoon Winnie in 1997. Results show that the high tide level, peak storm surge, and high storm tide level at the Haimen Gauge Station increased along with the completion of reclamation projects, and the maximum increments caused by the third project were 0.13 m, 0.50 m, and 0.43 m, respectively. The envelopes with maximum storm tide levels of 7.0 m and 8.0 m inside the river mouth appeared to move seaward, with the latter shifting 1.8 km, 3.3 km, and 4.4 km due to the first project, second project, and third project, respectively. The results achieved in this study contribute to reducing the effects of, and preventing storm disasters after the land reclamation in the Jiaojiang Estuary.
Variations in coastline geometry caused by coastal engineering affect tides, storm surges, and storm tides. Three cluster land reclamation projects have been planned for construction in the Jiaojiang Estuary during the period from 2011 to 2023. They will cause significant changes in coastline geometry. In this study, a surge-tide coupled model was established based on a three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM). A series of numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of variations in coastline geometry on tides, storm surges, and storm tides. This model was calibrated using data observed at the Haimen and Ruian gauge stations and then used to reproduce the tides, storm surges, and storm tides in the Jiaojiang Estuary caused by Typhoon Winnie in 1997. Results show that the high tide level, peak storm surge, and high storm tide level at the Haimen Gauge Station increased along with the completion of reclamation projects, and the maximum increments caused by the third project were 0.13 m, 0.50 m, and 0.43 m, respectively. The envelopes with maximum storm tide levels of 7.0 m and 8.0 m inside the river mouth appeared to move seaward, with the latter shifting 1.8 km, 3.3 km, and 4.4 km due to the first project, second project, and third project, respectively. The results achieved in this study contribute to reducing the effects of, and preventing storm disasters after the land reclamation in the Jiaojiang Estuary.
引文
Antony,C.,Unnikrishnan,A.S.,2013.Observed characteristics of tide-surge interaction along the east coast of India and the head of Bay of Bengal.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.131,6e11.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2014.08.004.
Aoki,A.,Isobe,A.,2007.Application of finite volume coastal ocean model to hindcasting the wind-induced sea-level variation in Fukuoka Bay.J.Oceanogr.63(2),333e339.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0032-7.
Banks,J.E.,1974.A mathematical model of a river-shallow sea system used to investigate tide,surge and their interaction in the Thames-Southern North Sea region.Philos.Trans.R.Soc.A 275(1255),567e609.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1974.0002.
Bernier,N.B.,Thompson,K.R.,2007.Tide-surge interaction off the east coast of Canada and northeastern United States.J.Geophys.Res.112(C6),1e12.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003793.
Chen,C.S.,Liu,H.D.,Beardsley,R.C.,2003.An unstructured grid,finite-volume,three-dimensional,primitive equation ocean model:Application to coastal ocean and estuaries.J.Atmos.Ocean Technol.20(1),159e186.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0159:AUGFVT>2.0.CO;2.
Chen,C.S.,Huang,H.S.,Beardsley,R.C.,Liu,H.D.,Xu,Q.C.,Cowles,G.,2007.A finite-volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies:Comparisons with finite difference models.J.Geophys.Res.112(C3),83e87.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003485.
Debernard,J.,R?ed,L.,2008.Future wind,wave and storm surge climate in the Northern Seas:A revisit.Tellus 60(3),427e438.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00312.x.
Drewry,J.J.,Newham,L.T.H.,Croke,B.F.W.,2009.Suspended sediment,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and exports during storm-events to the Tuross Estuary,Australia.J.Environ.Manag.90(2),879e887.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.02.004.
Duan,Y.H.,Qin,Z.H.,Li,Y.P.,1998.Influence of sea level rise on Shanghai astronomical tide and storm surge and estimation of probable water level.J.Oceanol.Limnol.16(4),298e307.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/2FBF02844926.
Goudeau,D.A.,Conner,W.C.,1968.Storm surge over the Mississippi River Delta accompanying hurricane Betsy,1965.Mon.Weather Rev.96(2),118e124.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0118:SSOTMR>2.0.CO;2.
Guo,Y.K.,Zhang,J.S.,Zhang,L.X.,Shen,Y.M.,2009.Computational investigation of typhoon-induced storm surge in Hangzhou Bay,China.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.85(4),530e536.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.09.021.
Hu,K.,Ding,P.,Ge,J.,2007.Modeling of storm surge in the coastal waters of Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay,China.J.Coast.Res.SI(50),527e533.
Large,W.G.,Pond,S.,1981.Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds.J.Phys.Oceanogr.11(3),324e336.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0324:OOMFMI>2.0.CO;2.
Li,D.M.,Fu,Q.J.,Xie,Y.Y.,Bai,L.,2011.Numerical model of storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay.Trans.Tianjin Univ.17(1),57e61.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-011-1515-6.
Li,M.,Zhong,L.,Boicourt,W.C.,2005.Simulations of Chesapeake Bay estuary:Sensitivity to turbulence mixing parameterizations and comparison with observations.J.Geophys.Res.110(C12),1e22.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002585.
Nicholls,R.J.,Wong,P.P.,Burkett,V.,Codignotto,J.,Hay,J.,Mc Lean,R.,Ragoonaden,S.,Woodroffe,C.D.,2007.Coastal systems and low-lying areas.In:Parry,M.L.,Canziani,O.F.,Palutikof,J.P.,van der Linden,P.J.,Hanson,C.E.,eds.,Climate Change 2007:Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability.Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,pp.315e356.
Nie,H.,Sun,Z.L.,Xie,C.F.,2012.Simulating a typhoon storm surge using a nested Ecomsed model.Procedia Eng.31,775e780.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1101.
Peng,M.C.,Xie,L.,Pietrafesa,L.J.,2004.A numerical study of storm surge and inundation in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.59(1),121e137.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2003.07.010.
Rego,J.L.,Li,C.Y.,2010.Nonlinear terms in storm surge predictions:Effect of tide and shelf geometry with case study from Hurricane Rita.J.Geophys.Res.115(C6),1e19.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005285.
Riddin,T.,Adams,J.B.,2010.The effect of a storm surge event on the macrophytes of a temporarily open/closed estuary,South Africa.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.89(1),119e123.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.06.004.
Roy,G.D.,1995.Estimation of expected maximum possible water level along the Meghna estuary using a tide and surge interaction model.Environ.Int.21(5),671e677.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)00078-Y.
Roy,G.D.,1999.Sensitivity of water level associated with tropical storms along the Meghna estuary in Bangladesh.Environ.Int.25(1),109e116.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00095-6.
State Oceanic Administration(SOA)of China,1998.Bulletin of Oceanic Disaster of China in 1997.China Ocean Press,Beijing.
Sun,Z.L.,Lu,M.,Nie,H.,Huang,S.J.,2014a.Impacts of climatological change on storm surge in Zhejiang coastal water.J.Zhejiang Univ.Sci.Ed.41(1),90e94.http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2014.01.020(in Chinese).
Sun,Z.L.,Lu,M.,Nie,H.,Huang,S.J.,2014b.Analysis of storm surge during typhoons landing on Zhejiang coasts.J.Zhejiang Univ.Eng.Sci.48(2),262e267.http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2014.02.012(in Chinese).
Sun,Z.L.,Huang,S.J.,Nie,H.,Jiao,J.G.,Huang,S.H.,Zhu,L.L.,Xu,D.,2015.Risk analysis of seawall over flowed by storm surge during super typhoon.Ocean.Eng.107,178e185.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.041.
Tao,J.F.,Zhang,C.K.,Yao,J.,2011.Effect of large-scale reclamation of tidal flats on tides and tidal currents in offshore areas of Jiangsu Province.J.Hohai Univ.Nat.Sci.39(2),225e230.http://dx.doi.org/10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2011.02.020(in Chinese).
Vaz,N.,Dias,J.M.,Leitao,P.C.,2009.Three-dimensional modelling of a tidal channel:The Espinheiro Channel(Portugal).Cont.Shelf Res.29(1),29e41.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.12.005.
Wang,W.,Liu,H.,Li,Y.Q.,Su,J.L.,2014.Development and management of land reclamation in China.Ocean Coast.Manag.102,415e425.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.03.009.
Wang,Z.W.,Cheng,W.P.,2002.Analysis of ecological mechanism of urban flood and waterlog research based mainly on Hangzhou City.J.Zhejiang Univ.Eng.Sci.36(5),582e587(in Chinese).
Warner,J.C.,Geyer,W.R.,Lerczak,J.A.,2005.Numerical modeling of an estuary:A comprehensive skill assessment.J.Geophys.Res.110(C5),1e13.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002691.
Weisberg,R.H.,Zheng,L.Y.,2006.Hurricane storm surge simulation for Tampa Bay.Estuar.Coasts 29(6),899e913.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02798649.
Weisberg,R.H.,Zheng,L.Y.,2008.Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional formulations based on an Ivan-like storm over the Tampa Bay,Florida region.J.Geophys.Res.113(C12),1e17.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005115.
Wilmott,C.J.,1981.On the validation of models.Phys.Geogr.2,184e194.
Xie,Y.L.,Huang,S.C.,Wang,R.F.,Zhao,X.,2007.Numerical simulation of effects of reclamation in Qiantang Estuary on storm surge at Hangzhou Bay.Ocean.Eng.25(3),61e67(in Chinese).
Xu,S.D.,Yin,K.,Huang,W.R.,Zheng,W.,2014.Numerical simulation of typhoon-induced storm surge on the coast of Jiangsu Province,China,based on coupled hydrodynamic and wave models.J.Southeast Univ.Engl.Ed.30(4),489e494.http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2014.04.015.
Xue,P.F.,Chen,C.S.,Ding,P.X.,Beardsley,R.C.,Lin,H.C.,Ge,J.Z.,Kong,Y.Z.,2009.Saltwater intrusion into the Changjiang River:A modelguided mechanism study.J.Geophys.Res.114(C2),1e15.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004831.
Yin,Y.H.,Zhou,Y.Q.,Ding,D.,2004.Evolution of modern Yellow River Delta Coast.Mar.Sci.Bull.6(2),34e44.http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-9620.2004.02.005.
Yoon,J.J.,Shim,J.S.,Park,K.S.,Lee,J.C.,2014.Numerical experiments of storm winds,surges,and waves on the southern coast of Korea during Typhoon Sanba:The role of revising wind force.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.14(12),3279e3295.http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3279-2014.
Zhao,P.,Jiang,W.S.,2011.A numerical study of the effects of coastal geometry in the Bohai Sea on storm surges induced by cold-air outbreaks.J.Ocean Univ.China 10(1),9e15.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-011-1746-0(in Chinese).
Zheng,F.F.,Westra,S.,Sisson,S.A.,2013.Quantifying the dependence between extreme rainfall and storm surge in the coastal zone.J.Hydrol.505,172e187.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.054.
Zhong,Z.,Zhang,J.S.,2006.Explicit simulation on the track and intensity of tropical cyclone Winnie(1997).J.Hydrodyn.Ser.B 18(6),736e741.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(07)60014-6.
Aoki,A.,Isobe,A.,2007.Application of finite volume coastal ocean model to hindcasting the wind-induced sea-level variation in Fukuoka Bay.J.Oceanogr.63(2),333e339.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0032-7.
Banks,J.E.,1974.A mathematical model of a river-shallow sea system used to investigate tide,surge and their interaction in the Thames-Southern North Sea region.Philos.Trans.R.Soc.A 275(1255),567e609.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1974.0002.
Bernier,N.B.,Thompson,K.R.,2007.Tide-surge interaction off the east coast of Canada and northeastern United States.J.Geophys.Res.112(C6),1e12.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003793.
Chen,C.S.,Liu,H.D.,Beardsley,R.C.,2003.An unstructured grid,finite-volume,three-dimensional,primitive equation ocean model:Application to coastal ocean and estuaries.J.Atmos.Ocean Technol.20(1),159e186.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0159:AUGFVT>2.0.CO;2.
Chen,C.S.,Huang,H.S.,Beardsley,R.C.,Liu,H.D.,Xu,Q.C.,Cowles,G.,2007.A finite-volume numerical approach for coastal ocean circulation studies:Comparisons with finite difference models.J.Geophys.Res.112(C3),83e87.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003485.
Debernard,J.,R?ed,L.,2008.Future wind,wave and storm surge climate in the Northern Seas:A revisit.Tellus 60(3),427e438.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00312.x.
Drewry,J.J.,Newham,L.T.H.,Croke,B.F.W.,2009.Suspended sediment,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and exports during storm-events to the Tuross Estuary,Australia.J.Environ.Manag.90(2),879e887.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.02.004.
Duan,Y.H.,Qin,Z.H.,Li,Y.P.,1998.Influence of sea level rise on Shanghai astronomical tide and storm surge and estimation of probable water level.J.Oceanol.Limnol.16(4),298e307.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/2FBF02844926.
Goudeau,D.A.,Conner,W.C.,1968.Storm surge over the Mississippi River Delta accompanying hurricane Betsy,1965.Mon.Weather Rev.96(2),118e124.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0118:SSOTMR>2.0.CO;2.
Guo,Y.K.,Zhang,J.S.,Zhang,L.X.,Shen,Y.M.,2009.Computational investigation of typhoon-induced storm surge in Hangzhou Bay,China.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.85(4),530e536.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.09.021.
Hu,K.,Ding,P.,Ge,J.,2007.Modeling of storm surge in the coastal waters of Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay,China.J.Coast.Res.SI(50),527e533.
Large,W.G.,Pond,S.,1981.Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds.J.Phys.Oceanogr.11(3),324e336.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0324:OOMFMI>2.0.CO;2.
Li,D.M.,Fu,Q.J.,Xie,Y.Y.,Bai,L.,2011.Numerical model of storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay.Trans.Tianjin Univ.17(1),57e61.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-011-1515-6.
Li,M.,Zhong,L.,Boicourt,W.C.,2005.Simulations of Chesapeake Bay estuary:Sensitivity to turbulence mixing parameterizations and comparison with observations.J.Geophys.Res.110(C12),1e22.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002585.
Nicholls,R.J.,Wong,P.P.,Burkett,V.,Codignotto,J.,Hay,J.,Mc Lean,R.,Ragoonaden,S.,Woodroffe,C.D.,2007.Coastal systems and low-lying areas.In:Parry,M.L.,Canziani,O.F.,Palutikof,J.P.,van der Linden,P.J.,Hanson,C.E.,eds.,Climate Change 2007:Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability.Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,pp.315e356.
Nie,H.,Sun,Z.L.,Xie,C.F.,2012.Simulating a typhoon storm surge using a nested Ecomsed model.Procedia Eng.31,775e780.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1101.
Peng,M.C.,Xie,L.,Pietrafesa,L.J.,2004.A numerical study of storm surge and inundation in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.59(1),121e137.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2003.07.010.
Rego,J.L.,Li,C.Y.,2010.Nonlinear terms in storm surge predictions:Effect of tide and shelf geometry with case study from Hurricane Rita.J.Geophys.Res.115(C6),1e19.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005285.
Riddin,T.,Adams,J.B.,2010.The effect of a storm surge event on the macrophytes of a temporarily open/closed estuary,South Africa.Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci.89(1),119e123.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.06.004.
Roy,G.D.,1995.Estimation of expected maximum possible water level along the Meghna estuary using a tide and surge interaction model.Environ.Int.21(5),671e677.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)00078-Y.
Roy,G.D.,1999.Sensitivity of water level associated with tropical storms along the Meghna estuary in Bangladesh.Environ.Int.25(1),109e116.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00095-6.
State Oceanic Administration(SOA)of China,1998.Bulletin of Oceanic Disaster of China in 1997.China Ocean Press,Beijing.
Sun,Z.L.,Lu,M.,Nie,H.,Huang,S.J.,2014a.Impacts of climatological change on storm surge in Zhejiang coastal water.J.Zhejiang Univ.Sci.Ed.41(1),90e94.http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2014.01.020(in Chinese).
Sun,Z.L.,Lu,M.,Nie,H.,Huang,S.J.,2014b.Analysis of storm surge during typhoons landing on Zhejiang coasts.J.Zhejiang Univ.Eng.Sci.48(2),262e267.http://dx.doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2014.02.012(in Chinese).
Sun,Z.L.,Huang,S.J.,Nie,H.,Jiao,J.G.,Huang,S.H.,Zhu,L.L.,Xu,D.,2015.Risk analysis of seawall over flowed by storm surge during super typhoon.Ocean.Eng.107,178e185.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.041.
Tao,J.F.,Zhang,C.K.,Yao,J.,2011.Effect of large-scale reclamation of tidal flats on tides and tidal currents in offshore areas of Jiangsu Province.J.Hohai Univ.Nat.Sci.39(2),225e230.http://dx.doi.org/10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2011.02.020(in Chinese).
Vaz,N.,Dias,J.M.,Leitao,P.C.,2009.Three-dimensional modelling of a tidal channel:The Espinheiro Channel(Portugal).Cont.Shelf Res.29(1),29e41.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.12.005.
Wang,W.,Liu,H.,Li,Y.Q.,Su,J.L.,2014.Development and management of land reclamation in China.Ocean Coast.Manag.102,415e425.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.03.009.
Wang,Z.W.,Cheng,W.P.,2002.Analysis of ecological mechanism of urban flood and waterlog research based mainly on Hangzhou City.J.Zhejiang Univ.Eng.Sci.36(5),582e587(in Chinese).
Warner,J.C.,Geyer,W.R.,Lerczak,J.A.,2005.Numerical modeling of an estuary:A comprehensive skill assessment.J.Geophys.Res.110(C5),1e13.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002691.
Weisberg,R.H.,Zheng,L.Y.,2006.Hurricane storm surge simulation for Tampa Bay.Estuar.Coasts 29(6),899e913.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02798649.
Weisberg,R.H.,Zheng,L.Y.,2008.Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional formulations based on an Ivan-like storm over the Tampa Bay,Florida region.J.Geophys.Res.113(C12),1e17.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005115.
Wilmott,C.J.,1981.On the validation of models.Phys.Geogr.2,184e194.
Xie,Y.L.,Huang,S.C.,Wang,R.F.,Zhao,X.,2007.Numerical simulation of effects of reclamation in Qiantang Estuary on storm surge at Hangzhou Bay.Ocean.Eng.25(3),61e67(in Chinese).
Xu,S.D.,Yin,K.,Huang,W.R.,Zheng,W.,2014.Numerical simulation of typhoon-induced storm surge on the coast of Jiangsu Province,China,based on coupled hydrodynamic and wave models.J.Southeast Univ.Engl.Ed.30(4),489e494.http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2014.04.015.
Xue,P.F.,Chen,C.S.,Ding,P.X.,Beardsley,R.C.,Lin,H.C.,Ge,J.Z.,Kong,Y.Z.,2009.Saltwater intrusion into the Changjiang River:A modelguided mechanism study.J.Geophys.Res.114(C2),1e15.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004831.
Yin,Y.H.,Zhou,Y.Q.,Ding,D.,2004.Evolution of modern Yellow River Delta Coast.Mar.Sci.Bull.6(2),34e44.http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-9620.2004.02.005.
Yoon,J.J.,Shim,J.S.,Park,K.S.,Lee,J.C.,2014.Numerical experiments of storm winds,surges,and waves on the southern coast of Korea during Typhoon Sanba:The role of revising wind force.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.14(12),3279e3295.http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3279-2014.
Zhao,P.,Jiang,W.S.,2011.A numerical study of the effects of coastal geometry in the Bohai Sea on storm surges induced by cold-air outbreaks.J.Ocean Univ.China 10(1),9e15.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-011-1746-0(in Chinese).
Zheng,F.F.,Westra,S.,Sisson,S.A.,2013.Quantifying the dependence between extreme rainfall and storm surge in the coastal zone.J.Hydrol.505,172e187.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.054.
Zhong,Z.,Zhang,J.S.,2006.Explicit simulation on the track and intensity of tropical cyclone Winnie(1997).J.Hydrodyn.Ser.B 18(6),736e741.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(07)60014-6.