Zooplankton community structure,abundance and biovolume in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea during summers of 2005–2012: relationships with increasing water temperature
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摘要
Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and taxonomic composition in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea were evaluated using ZooScan measurement of samples collected by net towing every August from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged from 1 938.5 to 24 800 ind./m~3 and 70.8 to 1 480.1 mm~3/m~3 in Jiaozhou Bay and 73.1 to 16 814.3 ind./m~3 and 19.6 to 640.7 mm~3/m~3 in the coastal Yellow Sea. Copepods were the most abundant group in both regions, followed by N octiluca scintillans and appendicularians in Jiaohzou Bay, and chaetognaths and N octiluca scintillans in adjacent coastal Yellow Sea. Over the study period, the most conspicuous hydrographic change was an increase in water temperature. Meanwhile, a general decrease in zooplankton abundance was observed, particularly in copepod populations. Based on redundancy analysis(RDA), the warming trend was the key environmental factor influencing to decrease of copepod abundance. The proportion of small-sized copepods increased while the mean size of all copepods decreased, in significant correlation with water temperature. Our results indicate that zooplankton, particularly copepods, are highly sensitive to change in water temperature, which is consistent with predicted impacts of warming on aquatic ectotherms. Due to their dominance in the zooplankton, the decline in copepod size and abundance could lead to an unfavourable decrease in energy availability for predators, particularly planktivorous fish.
Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and taxonomic composition in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea were evaluated using ZooScan measurement of samples collected by net towing every August from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged from 1 938.5 to 24 800 ind./m~3 and 70.8 to 1 480.1 mm~3/m~3 in Jiaozhou Bay and 73.1 to 16 814.3 ind./m~3 and 19.6 to 640.7 mm~3/m~3 in the coastal Yellow Sea. Copepods were the most abundant group in both regions, followed by N octiluca scintillans and appendicularians in Jiaohzou Bay, and chaetognaths and N octiluca scintillans in adjacent coastal Yellow Sea. Over the study period, the most conspicuous hydrographic change was an increase in water temperature. Meanwhile, a general decrease in zooplankton abundance was observed, particularly in copepod populations. Based on redundancy analysis(RDA), the warming trend was the key environmental factor influencing to decrease of copepod abundance. The proportion of small-sized copepods increased while the mean size of all copepods decreased, in significant correlation with water temperature. Our results indicate that zooplankton, particularly copepods, are highly sensitive to change in water temperature, which is consistent with predicted impacts of warming on aquatic ectotherms. Due to their dominance in the zooplankton, the decline in copepod size and abundance could lead to an unfavourable decrease in energy availability for predators, particularly planktivorous fish.
Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and taxonomic composition in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea were evaluated using ZooScan measurement of samples collected by net towing every August from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged from 1 938.5 to 24 800 ind./m~3 and 70.8 to 1 480.1 mm~3/m~3 in Jiaozhou Bay and 73.1 to 16 814.3 ind./m~3 and 19.6 to 640.7 mm~3/m~3 in the coastal Yellow Sea. Copepods were the most abundant group in both regions, followed by N octiluca scintillans and appendicularians in Jiaohzou Bay, and chaetognaths and N octiluca scintillans in adjacent coastal Yellow Sea. Over the study period, the most conspicuous hydrographic change was an increase in water temperature. Meanwhile, a general decrease in zooplankton abundance was observed, particularly in copepod populations. Based on redundancy analysis(RDA), the warming trend was the key environmental factor influencing to decrease of copepod abundance. The proportion of small-sized copepods increased while the mean size of all copepods decreased, in significant correlation with water temperature. Our results indicate that zooplankton, particularly copepods, are highly sensitive to change in water temperature, which is consistent with predicted impacts of warming on aquatic ectotherms. Due to their dominance in the zooplankton, the decline in copepod size and abundance could lead to an unfavourable decrease in energy availability for predators, particularly planktivorous fish.
引文
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Chiba S,Batten S D,Yoshiki T,Sasaki Y,Sasaoka K,Sugisaki H,Ichikawa T.2015.Temperature and zooplankton size structure:climate control and basin-scale comparison in the North Pacific.Ecology and Evolution,5(4):968-978.
Dai L P,Li C L,Wang S W,Wang Y Q,Zhang F.2016b.Analysis of community structure of zooplankton in south Yellow Sea in summer with ZooScan.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,47(4):764-773.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dai L P,Li C L,Yang G,Sun X X.2016a.Zooplankton abundance,biovolume and size spectra at western boundary currents in the subtropical North Pacific during winter 2012.Journal of Marine Systems,155:73-83.
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Harrison P J,Furuya K,Glibert P M,Xu J,Liu H B,Yin K,Lee J H W,Anderson D M,Gowen R,Al-Azri A R,Ho A Y T.2011.Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(4):807-831.
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Huang C,Qi Y.1997.The abundance cycle and infl uence factors on red tide phenomena of Noctiluca scintillans(Dinophyceae)in Dapeng Bay,the South China Sea.Journal of Plankton Research,19(3):303-318.
Huang J Q,Zheng Z.1986.The eff ects of temperature and salinity on the survival of some copepods from Xiamen Harbour.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,17(2):161-167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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Jin X S,Zhang B,Xue Y.2010.The response of the diets of four carnivorous fi shes to variations in the Yellow Sea ecosystem.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(11-12):996-1000.
Kang J H,Kim W S,Jeong H J,Shin K,Chang M.2007.Why did the copepod Calanus sinicus increase during the1990s in the Yellow Sea?Marine Environmental Research,63(1):82-90.
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Lin C L,Su J L,Xu B R,Tang Q S.2001.Long-term variations of temperature and salinity of the Bohai Sea and their infl uence on its ecosystem.Progress in Oceanography,49(1-4):7-19.
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Liu M T,Li C L,Sun S.2011.Seasonal variation in fatty acid composition of seston and the copepod Calanus sinicus(Brodsky,1962)in Jiaozhou Bay and its trophic implications.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(6):1 164-1 173.
Liu Q,Qu H,Zhang S.2007.Preliminary studies on the tolerance to temperature and salinity in Sagitta crassa.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,(1):111-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Mackas D L,Greve W,Edwards M,Chiba S,Tadokoro K,Eloire D,Mazzocchi M G,Batten S,Richardson A J,Johnson C,Head E,Conversi A,Peluso T.2012.Changing zooplankton seasonality in a changing ocean:Comparing time series of zooplankton phenology.Progress in Oceanography,97-100:31-62.
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Dai L P,Li C L,Wang S W,Wang Y Q,Zhang F.2016b.Analysis of community structure of zooplankton in south Yellow Sea in summer with ZooScan.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,47(4):764-773.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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Dam H G,Peterson W T.1991.In situ feeding behavior of the copepod Temora longicornis:eff ects of seasonal changes in chlorophyll size fractions and female size.Marine Ecology Progress Series,71:113-123.
Dam H G,Roman M R,Youngbluth M J.1995.Downward export of respiratory carbon and dissolved inorganic nitrogen by diel-migrant mesozooplankton at the JGOFSBermuda time-series station.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,42(7):1 187-1 197.
Dam H G.2013.Evolutionary adaptation of marine zooplankton to global change.Annual Review of Marine Science,5:349-370.
Daufresne M,Lengfellner K,Sommer U.2009.Global warming benefi ts the small in aquatic ecosystems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(31):12 788-12 793.
Dela-Cruz J,Middleton J H,Suthers I M.2008.The infl uence of upwelling,coastal currents and water temperature on the distribution of the red tide dinofl agellate,Noctiluca scintillans,along the east coast of Australia.Hydrobiologia,598(1):59-75.
Edwards M,Richardson A J.2004.Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch.Nature,430(7002):881-884.
Fenaux L,Strathmann M F,Strathmann R R.1994.Five tests of food-limited growth of larvae in coastal waters by comparisons of rates of development and form of echinoplutei.Limnology and Oceanography,39(1):84-98.
Forster J,Hirst A G,Atkinson D.2012.Warming-induced reductions in body size are greater in aquatic than terrestrial species.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,109(47):19 310-19 314.
Forster J,Hirst A G.2012.The temperature-size rule emerges from ontogenetic diff erences between growth and development rates.Functional Ecology,26(2):483-492.
Garzke J,Ismar S M H,Sommer U.2015.Climate change aff ects low trophic level marine consumers:warming decreases copepod size and abundance.Oecologia,177(3):849-860.
Gorsky G,Ohman M D,Picheral M,Gasparini S,Stemmann L,Romagnan J B,Cawood A,Pesant S,García-Comas C,Prejger F.2010.Digital zooplankton image analysis using the ZooScan integrated system.Journal of Plankton Research,32(3):285-303.
Grosjean P,Picheral M,Warembourg C,Gorsky G.2004.Enumeration,measurement,and identifi cation of net zooplankton samples using the ZOOSCAN digital imaging system.ICES Journal of Marine Science,61(4):518-525.
Gubanova A D,Prusova I Y,Niermann U,Shadrin N V,Polikarpov I G.2001.Dramatic change in the copepod community in Sevastopol Bay(Black Sea)during two decades(1976-1996).Senckenbergiana Maritima,31(1):17-27.
Harrison P J,Furuya K,Glibert P M,Xu J,Liu H B,Yin K,Lee J H W,Anderson D M,Gowen R,Al-Azri A R,Ho A Y T.2011.Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(4):807-831.
Hays G C,Richardson A J,Robinson C.2005.Climate change and marine plankton.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,20(6):337-344.
Hill M O,Gauch Jr H G.1980.Detrended correspondence analysis:an improved ordination technique.Vegetatio,42(1-3):47-58.
Hoover R S,Hoover D,Miller M,Landry M R,DeCarlo E H,Mackenzie F T.2006.Zooplankton response to storm runoff in a tropical estuary:bottom-up and top-down controls.Marine Ecology Progress Series,318:187-201.
Huang C,Qi Y.1997.The abundance cycle and infl uence factors on red tide phenomena of Noctiluca scintillans(Dinophyceae)in Dapeng Bay,the South China Sea.Journal of Plankton Research,19(3):303-318.
Huang J Q,Zheng Z.1986.The eff ects of temperature and salinity on the survival of some copepods from Xiamen Harbour.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,17(2):161-167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ishizaka J,Harada K,Ishikawa K,Kiyosawa H,Furusawa H,Watanabe Y,Ishida H,Suzuki K,Handa N,Takahashi M.1997.Size and taxonomic plankton community structure and carbon fl ow at the equator,175°E during 1990-1994.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,44(9-10):1 927-1 949.
Jin X S,Zhang B,Xue Y.2010.The response of the diets of four carnivorous fi shes to variations in the Yellow Sea ecosystem.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(11-12):996-1000.
Kang J H,Kim W S,Jeong H J,Shin K,Chang M.2007.Why did the copepod Calanus sinicus increase during the1990s in the Yellow Sea?Marine Environmental Research,63(1):82-90.
Kirby R R,Beaugrand B,Lindley J A,Richardson A J,Edwards M,Reid P C.2007.Climate eff ects and benthic-pelagic coupling in the North Sea.Marine Ecology Progress Series,330:31-38.
Lehman J T.1988.Ecological principles aff ecting community structure and secondary production by zooplankton in marine and freshwater environments.Limnology and Oceanography,33(4):931-945.
Lewandowska A M,Boyce D G,Hofmann M,Matthiessen B,Sommer U,Worm B.2014.Eff ects of sea surface warming on marine plankton.Ecology Letters,17(5):614-623.
Lin C L,Su J L,Xu B R,Tang Q S.2001.Long-term variations of temperature and salinity of the Bohai Sea and their infl uence on its ecosystem.Progress in Oceanography,49(1-4):7-19.
Lin C,Ning X,Su J,Lin Y,Xu B.2005.Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976-2000.Journal of Marine Systems,55(3-4):223-234.
Lindley J A,Batten S D.2002.Long-term variability in the diversity of North Sea zooplankton.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,82(1):31-40.
Liu M T,Li C L,Sun S.2011.Seasonal variation in fatty acid composition of seston and the copepod Calanus sinicus(Brodsky,1962)in Jiaozhou Bay and its trophic implications.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(6):1 164-1 173.
Liu Q,Qu H,Zhang S.2007.Preliminary studies on the tolerance to temperature and salinity in Sagitta crassa.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,(1):111-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Mackas D L,Greve W,Edwards M,Chiba S,Tadokoro K,Eloire D,Mazzocchi M G,Batten S,Richardson A J,Johnson C,Head E,Conversi A,Peluso T.2012.Changing zooplankton seasonality in a changing ocean:Comparing time series of zooplankton phenology.Progress in Oceanography,97-100:31-62.
Motoda S.1959.Devices of simple plankton apparatus.Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries,Hokkaido University,7(1-2):73-94.
Nakamura Y.1998.Blooms of tunicates Oikopleura spp.and Dolioletta gegenbauri in the Seto Inland Sea,Japan,during summer.Hydrobiologia,385(1-3):183-192.
Ning X R,Lin C L,Su J L,Liu C G,Hao Q,Le F F,Tang Q S.2010.Long-term environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems in the Bohai Sea during1960-1996.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(11-12):1 079-1 091.
Parson T R,Maita Y,Lalli C M.1984.A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis.Pergamon Press,New York.p.3-122.
Peng S T,Qin X B,Shi H H,Zhou R,Dai M X,Ding D W.2012.Distribution and controlling factors of phytoplankton assemblages in a semi-enclosed bay during spring and summer.Marine Pollution Bulletin,64(5):941-948.
Rice E,Dam H G,Stewart G.2015.Impact of climate change on estuarine zooplankton:surface water warming in long island sound is associated with changes in copepod size and community structure.Estuaries and Coasts,38(1):13-23.
Roemmich D,McGowan J.1995.Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the california current.Science,267(5202):1 324-1 326.
Rumrill S S.1990.Natural mortality of marine invertebrate larvae.Ophelia,32(1-2):163-198.
Sato K,Matsuno K,Arima D,Abe Y,Yamaguchi A.2015.Spatial and temporal changes in zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size spectra in the neighboring waters of Japan:analyses using an optical plankton counter.Zoological Studies,54(1):18.
Schultes S,Lopes R M.2009.Laser Optical Plankton Counter and Zooscan intercomparison in tropical and subtropical marine ecosystems.Limnology and Oceanography:Methods,7(11):771-784.
Sherr E,Sherr B.2009.Understanding roles of microbes in marine pelagic food webs:a brief history.In:Kirchman DL ed.Microbial Ecology of the Oceans.2 nd edn.John Wiley&Sons Inc.,New York.p.27-44.
Shi Y Q,Sun S,Zhang G T,Wang S W,Li C L.2015.Distribution pattern of zooplankton functional groups in the Yellow Sea in June:a possible cause for geographical separation of giant jellyfi sh species.Hydrobiologia,754(1):43-58.
Sommer U,Lengfellner K.2008.Climate change and the timing,magnitude,and composition of the phytoplankton spring bloom.Global Change Biology,14(6):1 199-1 208.
Suikkanen S,Pulina S,Engstr?m-?st J,Lehtiniemi M,Lehtinen S,Brutemark A.2013.Climate change and eutrophication induced shifts in northern summer plankton communities.PLoS One,8(6):e66475.
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