中国城市低保救助的主观福利效应——基于中国家庭追踪调查数据的研究
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摘要
基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2012和2014两个年度构成的面板数据,使用倾向值匹配和双差分相结合(PSM-DID)的计量方法,本文严格评估了城市低保对受助对象主观福利水平的影响效应,并基于中介效应分析探讨了该效应的发生机制。研究发现:总体来看,获得城市低保有助于提升受助个体的主观福利水平。但是,获得城市低保却会显著降低受助个体的主观社会地位和未来信心程度。在城市低保影响受助个体主观福利的机制中,主观社会地位和未来信心程度是两个重要的中介变量,获得低保会通过降低主观社会地位和未来信心程度,而削弱城市低保的主观福利效应。在未来政策优化中,消除福利耻感和提高保障水平是进一步加强城市低保主观福利效应的重要举措。
Using longitudinal survey data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2012 and 2014 and a combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods, this article rigorously evaluates the subjective well-being effect of the urban Dibao program and explores its possible infl uence mechanism based on mediation analysis. The study finds robust positive effects of urban Dibao participation on recipients' subjective well-being. However, urban Dibao participation tends to be associated with lower perceived social status and decreased confidence in the future. In the association between urban Dibao participation and recipients' subjective well-being, perceived social status and confidence in the future are two important mediators, through which urban Dibao participation has a negative effect on recipients' subjective well-being. These results suggest that measures to remove welfare stigma and increase assistance levels are needed to help the poor achieve greater subjective well-being.
Using longitudinal survey data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2012 and 2014 and a combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods, this article rigorously evaluates the subjective well-being effect of the urban Dibao program and explores its possible infl uence mechanism based on mediation analysis. The study finds robust positive effects of urban Dibao participation on recipients' subjective well-being. However, urban Dibao participation tends to be associated with lower perceived social status and decreased confidence in the future. In the association between urban Dibao participation and recipients' subjective well-being, perceived social status and confidence in the future are two important mediators, through which urban Dibao participation has a negative effect on recipients' subjective well-being. These results suggest that measures to remove welfare stigma and increase assistance levels are needed to help the poor achieve greater subjective well-being.
引文
(1)民政部:《2000年民政事业发展统计报告》,民政部官网:http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjgb/200801/200801150093959.shtml,2011年4月3日;民政部:《2016年社会服务发展统计公报》,民政部官网:http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/sj/tjgb/201708/20170815005382.shtml,2017年8月3日。
(1)Qin Gao,Sui Yang,Shi Li,"Welfare,Targeting,and Anti-poverty Effectiveness:The Case of Urban China,"The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,2015,56;Bjorn Gustafsson,Quheng Deng,"Di Bao Receipt and Its Importance for Combating Poverty in Urban China,"Poverty&Public Policy,2011,3(1);Shaohua Chen,Martin Ravallion,Youjuan Wang,Di Bao:A Guaranteed Minimum Income in China's Cities,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper3805,2006;李实、杨穗:《中国城市低保政策对收入分配和贫困的影响作用》,《中国人口科学》2009年第5期;文雯:《城市低保与家庭减贫:基于CHIPS数据的实证分析》,《人口与经济》2015年第2期。
(2)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,Irwin Garfinkel,"How does Public Assistance Affect Family Expenditures?The Case of Urban China,"World Development,2010,38(7);Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,Sui Yang,Shi Li,"Does Welfare Enable Family Expenditures on Human Capital?Evidence from China,"World Development,2014,64.
(3)Richard Layard,"Measuring Subjective Well-being,"Science,2010,327(5965).
(4)Titus Galama,Robson Morgan,Juan Saavedra,Wealthier,Happier and More Self-sufficient:When Anti-poverty Programs Improve Economic and Subjective Wellbeing at a Reduced Cost to Taxpayers,NBER Working Paper 24090,2017;Johannes Haushofer,Jeremy Shapiro,"The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfer to the Poor:Experimental Evidence from Kenya,"The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(4);Kelly Kilburn,Sudhanshu Handa,Gustavo Angeles,Maxton Tsoka,Peter Mvula,"Paying for Happiness:Experimental Results from a Large Cash Transfer Program in Malawi,"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2018,37(2).
(5)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,"Public Assistance,Economic Prospect,and Happiness in Urban China,"Social Indicators Research,2017,124.
(1)Abraham Maslow,"A Theory of Human Motivation,"Psychological Review,1943,50.
(2)Niaz Asadullah,Saizi Xiao,Emile Yeoh,"Subjective Well-being in China,2005-2010:The Role of Relative Income,Gender,and Location,"China Economic Review,2018,48.
(3)Silin Huang,Jiawei Hou,Ling Sun,Donghui Dou,Xia Liu,Hongchuan Zheng,"The Effects of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status on Subjective Well-being among Rural-to-urban Migrants in China:The Moderating Role of Subjective Social Mobility,"Frontiers in Psychology,2017,8;Thomas Bailey,Winnie Eng,Michael Frisch,Cr Snyder,"Hope and Optimism as Related to Life Satisfaction,"The Journal of Positive Psychology,2007,2(3).
(4)Ramlatu Attah,Valentina Barca,Andrew Kardan,Ian Macauslan,Fred Merttens,Luca Pellerano,"Can Social Protection Affect Psychosocial Wellbeing and Why Does This Matter?Lessons from Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa,"The Journal of Development Studies,2016,52(8);Fiona Samuels,Maria Stavropoulou,"Being Able to Breathe Again:The Effects of Cash Transfer Programmes on Psychosocial Wellbeing,"The Journal of Development Studies,2016,52(8).
(5)Jian Chen,Lichao Yang,"Poverty and Shame:Interactional Impacts on Claimants of Chinese Dibao,"International Journal of Social Quality,2016,6(2).
(1)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,"Public Assistance,Economic Prospect,and Happiness in Urban China,"Social Indicators Research,2017,132;Qin Gao,Wu Shiyou,Zhai Fuhua,"Welfare Participation and Time Use in China,"Social Indicators Research,2015,124;Huawei Han,Qin Gao,Yuebin Xu,"Welfare Participation and Family Consumption Choices in Rural China,"Global Social Welfare,2016,3(4).
(2)James Heckman,Hidehiko Ichimura,Petra Todd,"Matching as an Econometric Evaluation Estimator:Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme,"The Review of Economic Studies,1997,64(4).
(1)都阳、Albert Park:《中国的城市贫困:社会救助及其效应》,《经济研究》2007年第12期;韩华为:《农村低保户瞄准中的偏误和精英俘获:基于社区瞄准机制的分析》,《经济学动态》2018年第2期;Shaohua Chen,Martin Ravallion,Youjuan Wang,Di Bao:A Guaranteed Minimum Income in China's Cities,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3805,2006.
(2)为了做出区分,在本文实证分析中,我们将PSM匹配前的非低保样本称为对照组,而将基于PSM匹配后的非低保样本称为控制组。
(1)家庭人均财产数据来自靳永爱和谢宇的测算结果。参见靳永爱、谢宇:《中国家庭追踪调查:2010年和2012年财产数据技术报告》,《中国家庭追踪调查技术报告CFPS-29》,2014年。
(2)家庭存在住房困难指因住房面积过小导致出现12岁以上的子女与父母同住一室、老少三代同住一室、12岁以上的异性子女同住一室、床晚上架起白天拆掉、客厅里也架起睡觉的床的情形。
(3)M=家庭自付医疗支出/家庭非食品消费支出,当M≧40%时,定义该家庭遭遇灾难性医疗支出。
(1)刘丽娟:《我国城乡低保家庭基本状况分析:基于2016年“中国城乡困难家庭社会政策支持系统建设项目”的调查》,《中国民政》2017年第21期。
(1)Chak Kwan Chan,Jie Lei,"Public Assistance Eligibility and the Well-Being of Poor People in China,"Journal of Social Service Researvh,2018,DOI:10.1080/01488376.2018.1476294;洪大用:《当道义变成制度之后:试论城市低保制度实施的延伸效果及其演进方向》,《经济社会体制比较》2005年第3期;王锦花:《福利悖论:中国社会保护中的社会排斥——基于广州市的实证研究》,《武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第2期。
(1)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,"Public Assistance,Economic Prospect,and Happiness in Urban China,"Social Indicators Research,2017,132
(2)民政部统计信息显示,2002年全国城市低保的平均救助水平仅为52元/人/月,2012和2014年城市低保的救助水平则分别为239/人/月和286/人/月。
(1)Qin Gao,Sui Yang,Shi Li,"Welfare,Targeting,and Anti-poverty Effectiveness:The Case of Urban China,"The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,2015,56;Bjorn Gustafsson,Quheng Deng,"Di Bao Receipt and Its Importance for Combating Poverty in Urban China,"Poverty&Public Policy,2011,3(1);Shaohua Chen,Martin Ravallion,Youjuan Wang,Di Bao:A Guaranteed Minimum Income in China's Cities,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper3805,2006;李实、杨穗:《中国城市低保政策对收入分配和贫困的影响作用》,《中国人口科学》2009年第5期;文雯:《城市低保与家庭减贫:基于CHIPS数据的实证分析》,《人口与经济》2015年第2期。
(2)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,Irwin Garfinkel,"How does Public Assistance Affect Family Expenditures?The Case of Urban China,"World Development,2010,38(7);Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,Sui Yang,Shi Li,"Does Welfare Enable Family Expenditures on Human Capital?Evidence from China,"World Development,2014,64.
(3)Richard Layard,"Measuring Subjective Well-being,"Science,2010,327(5965).
(4)Titus Galama,Robson Morgan,Juan Saavedra,Wealthier,Happier and More Self-sufficient:When Anti-poverty Programs Improve Economic and Subjective Wellbeing at a Reduced Cost to Taxpayers,NBER Working Paper 24090,2017;Johannes Haushofer,Jeremy Shapiro,"The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfer to the Poor:Experimental Evidence from Kenya,"The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(4);Kelly Kilburn,Sudhanshu Handa,Gustavo Angeles,Maxton Tsoka,Peter Mvula,"Paying for Happiness:Experimental Results from a Large Cash Transfer Program in Malawi,"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2018,37(2).
(5)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,"Public Assistance,Economic Prospect,and Happiness in Urban China,"Social Indicators Research,2017,124.
(1)Abraham Maslow,"A Theory of Human Motivation,"Psychological Review,1943,50.
(2)Niaz Asadullah,Saizi Xiao,Emile Yeoh,"Subjective Well-being in China,2005-2010:The Role of Relative Income,Gender,and Location,"China Economic Review,2018,48.
(3)Silin Huang,Jiawei Hou,Ling Sun,Donghui Dou,Xia Liu,Hongchuan Zheng,"The Effects of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status on Subjective Well-being among Rural-to-urban Migrants in China:The Moderating Role of Subjective Social Mobility,"Frontiers in Psychology,2017,8;Thomas Bailey,Winnie Eng,Michael Frisch,Cr Snyder,"Hope and Optimism as Related to Life Satisfaction,"The Journal of Positive Psychology,2007,2(3).
(4)Ramlatu Attah,Valentina Barca,Andrew Kardan,Ian Macauslan,Fred Merttens,Luca Pellerano,"Can Social Protection Affect Psychosocial Wellbeing and Why Does This Matter?Lessons from Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa,"The Journal of Development Studies,2016,52(8);Fiona Samuels,Maria Stavropoulou,"Being Able to Breathe Again:The Effects of Cash Transfer Programmes on Psychosocial Wellbeing,"The Journal of Development Studies,2016,52(8).
(5)Jian Chen,Lichao Yang,"Poverty and Shame:Interactional Impacts on Claimants of Chinese Dibao,"International Journal of Social Quality,2016,6(2).
(1)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,"Public Assistance,Economic Prospect,and Happiness in Urban China,"Social Indicators Research,2017,132;Qin Gao,Wu Shiyou,Zhai Fuhua,"Welfare Participation and Time Use in China,"Social Indicators Research,2015,124;Huawei Han,Qin Gao,Yuebin Xu,"Welfare Participation and Family Consumption Choices in Rural China,"Global Social Welfare,2016,3(4).
(2)James Heckman,Hidehiko Ichimura,Petra Todd,"Matching as an Econometric Evaluation Estimator:Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme,"The Review of Economic Studies,1997,64(4).
(1)都阳、Albert Park:《中国的城市贫困:社会救助及其效应》,《经济研究》2007年第12期;韩华为:《农村低保户瞄准中的偏误和精英俘获:基于社区瞄准机制的分析》,《经济学动态》2018年第2期;Shaohua Chen,Martin Ravallion,Youjuan Wang,Di Bao:A Guaranteed Minimum Income in China's Cities,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3805,2006.
(2)为了做出区分,在本文实证分析中,我们将PSM匹配前的非低保样本称为对照组,而将基于PSM匹配后的非低保样本称为控制组。
(1)家庭人均财产数据来自靳永爱和谢宇的测算结果。参见靳永爱、谢宇:《中国家庭追踪调查:2010年和2012年财产数据技术报告》,《中国家庭追踪调查技术报告CFPS-29》,2014年。
(2)家庭存在住房困难指因住房面积过小导致出现12岁以上的子女与父母同住一室、老少三代同住一室、12岁以上的异性子女同住一室、床晚上架起白天拆掉、客厅里也架起睡觉的床的情形。
(3)M=家庭自付医疗支出/家庭非食品消费支出,当M≧40%时,定义该家庭遭遇灾难性医疗支出。
(1)刘丽娟:《我国城乡低保家庭基本状况分析:基于2016年“中国城乡困难家庭社会政策支持系统建设项目”的调查》,《中国民政》2017年第21期。
(1)Chak Kwan Chan,Jie Lei,"Public Assistance Eligibility and the Well-Being of Poor People in China,"Journal of Social Service Researvh,2018,DOI:10.1080/01488376.2018.1476294;洪大用:《当道义变成制度之后:试论城市低保制度实施的延伸效果及其演进方向》,《经济社会体制比较》2005年第3期;王锦花:《福利悖论:中国社会保护中的社会排斥——基于广州市的实证研究》,《武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第2期。
(1)Qin Gao,Fuhua Zhai,"Public Assistance,Economic Prospect,and Happiness in Urban China,"Social Indicators Research,2017,132
(2)民政部统计信息显示,2002年全国城市低保的平均救助水平仅为52元/人/月,2012和2014年城市低保的救助水平则分别为239/人/月和286/人/月。