21世纪的技能与元学习:学生应该学什么
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摘要
技能指如何运用已知的知识。面向21世纪技能包括批判性思维、沟通、合作和创造力。只有将技能嵌入知识领域,两者相互提升,学习者才能对现实世界有深入的理解和行动能力。元学习指让学生练习反思、了解自身学习方式、内化为成长心态并学会根据其目标调整学习的方式和行为。世界在不断变化,让学生学会应对的最好方法是给他们提供工具,把自己变得多才多艺、自我反思、自我指导和自主发展。元学习是教育的第四个维度,可以帮助所有学生在现在和未来掌握各种不同的学习任务,以及人一生中必须做的所有工作和个人选择。元学习支持并完善了其他所有维度(知识、技能和品格),使学生在终身自我导向的学习中及在职业生涯中取得成功,并在一生中持续成长。
Skills represent "How we use what we know". Skills for the 21 st century involve critical thinking,communication,collaboration,and creativity. Deep understanding and real world actionability will occur only by embedding skills within knowledge domains,such that each enhances the other. In addition to redesigning relevant knowledge,skills,and character qualities necessary for the twenty-first century,we believe that there is a need for meta-learning,in which students practice reflection,learn about their learning,internalize a growth mindset that encourages them to strive,and learn how to adapt their learning and behavior based on their goals. Meta-learning is the fourth dimension of education that can help all students with the varied tasks of learning in the present and the future,as well as all of the jobs and personal choices that individuals must make during their lifetimes. It supports and rounds out every other dimension of education( knowledge,skills,and character),by creating goals and feedback loops in which students continue to improve and thrive,without teachers or parents prodding them at every step. It sets students up to succeed in lifelong,self-directed learning,in the productive careers they may choose,and in continuing to grow throughout their lives,as the world continues to shift what is needed to be an effective,well-rounded twenty-first century person.
Skills represent "How we use what we know". Skills for the 21 st century involve critical thinking,communication,collaboration,and creativity. Deep understanding and real world actionability will occur only by embedding skills within knowledge domains,such that each enhances the other. In addition to redesigning relevant knowledge,skills,and character qualities necessary for the twenty-first century,we believe that there is a need for meta-learning,in which students practice reflection,learn about their learning,internalize a growth mindset that encourages them to strive,and learn how to adapt their learning and behavior based on their goals. Meta-learning is the fourth dimension of education that can help all students with the varied tasks of learning in the present and the future,as well as all of the jobs and personal choices that individuals must make during their lifetimes. It supports and rounds out every other dimension of education( knowledge,skills,and character),by creating goals and feedback loops in which students continue to improve and thrive,without teachers or parents prodding them at every step. It sets students up to succeed in lifelong,self-directed learning,in the productive careers they may choose,and in continuing to grow throughout their lives,as the world continues to shift what is needed to be an effective,well-rounded twenty-first century person.
引文
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[37]Mevarech,Z.and Kramarski,B.(2014).Critical maths for innovative societies:The role of metacognitive pedagogies[R].Paris,France:OECD Publishing.
[38]Meyer,J.(2006).Overcoming barriers to student understanding:Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge[M].Oxon,UK:Routledge.
[39]Miele,D.B.,Son,L.K.&Metcalfe,J.(2013).Children’s naive theories of intelligence influence their metacognitive judgments[J].Child Development,84(6):1879-1886.
[40]Miller,C.&Ahmad,Y.(2000).Collaboration and partnership:an effective response to complexity and fragmentation or solution built on sand[J].International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,20(5/6):1-38.
[41]Morgan,E.R.&Winter,R.J.(1996).Teaching communication skills:An essential part of residency training[J].Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,150(6):638-42.
[42]Nilsson,P.(2012).Four ways to measure creativity.In sense and sensation writing on education,creativity,and cognitive science[DB/OL].http://www.senseandsensation.com/2012/03/assessing-creativity.html.
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[44]OECD(2013).OECD skills outlook 2013:First results from the survey of adult skills[R].Paris,France:OECD Publishing.
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[46]Perkins,D.(2006).Constructivism and troublesome knowledge.In J.H.F Meyer&R.Land(Eds.),Overcoming barriers to student understanding:Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge[R],Oxford:Taylor&Francis.
[47]Phillips,D.(1995).The good,the bad,and the ugly:The many faces of constructivism[J].Educational researcher,24(7):5-12.
[48]Poynard,T.et al.(2002).Truth survival in clinical research:an evidence-based requiem[J].Annals of internal medicine,136(12):888-895.
[49]Runco,M.&Richards,R.(Eds.)(1997).Eminent creativity,everyday creativity,and health[M].California:Greenwood Publishing Group.
[50]Russ,S.(1998).Play,creativity,and adaptive functioning:Implications for play interventions[J].Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,27(4):469-480.
[51]Salvo,V.Di,&Larsen,J.(1987).A contingency approach to communication skill importance:The impact of occupation,direction,and position[J].Journal of Business Communication,24(3):3-22.
[52]Sarri,K.,Bakouros,I.,&Petridou,E.(2010).Entrepreneur training for creativity and innovation[J].Journal of European Industrial Training,34(3):270-288.
[53]Schmidt,A.M.&Ford,J.K.(2003).Learning within a learner control training environment:the interactive effects of goal orientation and metacognitive instruction on learning outcomes[J].Personnel Psychology,56,(2):405-429.
[54]Schraw G.and Moshman,D.(1995).Metacognitive theories[J].Educational Psychology Papers and Publications,7(4):351-371.
[55]Schwitzgebel,E.(2013).The moral behavior of ethicists and the role of the fhilosopher[A].in C.Luetge,H.Rusch,M.Uhl(eds.)Experimental ethics:Toward an empirical moral philosophy[C].London:Mac Millan.
[56]Scriven,M.&Paul,R.(1987).National Council for excellence in critical thinking.[DB/OL].https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766.
[57]Sheffield,L.J(2013).Creativity and school mathematics:some modest observations[J].ZDM,45(2):325-332.
[58]Sumner,W.(1940).Folkways:A study of the sociological importance of usages,manners,customs,mores,and morals[M].New York:Ginn and Co.:632,633.
[59]Surowiecki,J.(2005).The wisdom of crowds[M].Anchor Books:USA.
[60]Toffler,A.(1971).Future Shock[M].New York:Bantam Books.
[61]Trilling,B.,&Fadel,C.(2009).21st century skills:Learning for life in our times[M].New York:Jossey-Bass.
[62]Uzzi,B.,&Spiro,J.(2005).Collaboration and creativity:The small world Problem1[J].American Journal of Sociology,111(2):447-504.
[63]Ziv,A.(1983).The influence of humorous atmosphere on divergent thinking[J].Contemporary Educational Psychology,8(1):68-75.
[2]Biggs,J.(1988).The role of metacognition in enhancing learning[J].Australian Journal of Education 32,(2):127-138.
[3]Bransford,J.&Schwartz,D.(1999).Rethinking transfer:Asimple proposal with multiple implications[J].Review of research in education:61-100.
[4]Bronson,P.&Merryman,A.(2010).The creativity crisis(N).Newsweek[DB/OL].http://www.newsweek.com/creativity-crisis-74665
[5]Chase,C.,Chin,D.,Oppezzo,M.,Schwartz,D.,Chin,D.,&Schwartz,D.(2015).Teachable agents and the protégéeffect:Increasing the effort towards learning[J].Journal of Science Education Technology 18(4):334-352.
[6]Conley,D.(2007).Toward a more comprehensive conception of college readiness[M].Eugene,OR:Educational Policy Improvement Center.
[7]Coutinho,S.A.(2007).The relationship between goals,metacognition,and academic success[J].Educate 7,(1):39-47.
[8]Coutinho,S.A.(2008)Self-efficacy,metacognition,and performance[J].North American Journal of Psychology,10(1):165-172.
[9]Csikszentmihalyi,M.(1997).Creativity:flow and the psychology of discovery and invention[M].New York:HarperCollins.
[10]De Corte,E.(2003).Transfer as the productive use of acquired knowledge,skills,and motivations[J].Current directions in psychological science,12(4):142-146.
[11]Dorst,K.,&Cross,N.(2001).Creativity in the design process:co-evolution of problem-solution[J].Design Studies,22(5):425-437.
[12]Dunbar,K.(1997).How scientists think:On-line creativity and conceptual change in science.Creative thought:An investigation of conceptual structures and processes[A].In T.B.Ward,S.M.Smith&J.Vaid(Eds.)Conceptual structures and processes:Emergence,discovery,and change[C].Washington D.C:American Psychological Association Press.
[13]Dweck,C.(2006).Mindset:The new psychology of success[M].New York:Random House.
[14]Ford,J.K.(1998).Relationships of goal orientation,metacognitive activity,and practice strategies with learning outcomes and transfer[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,83(2):218-233.
[15]Foote,A.L.&Crystal,J.D.(2007).Metacognition in the Rat[J]Current Biology 17(6):551-555.
[16]Franca,V.M.,Reitz,A.L.,&Larmbert,D.(1990)Peer tutoring among behaviorally disordered students:Academic and social benefits to tutor and tutee[J].Education and Treatment of Children,13(2):109-128.
[17]Hacker,D.J.&Dunlosky,J.(2003).Not all metacognition is created equal[J].New Directions for Teaching and Learning,(95):73-79.
[18]Hergenhahn B.R.(2013).An introduction to the history of psychology.7th.Ed.[M].Massachusetts:Wadsworth Publishing.
[19]Hobbs,R.,&Frost,R.(2015).Measuring the acquisition of media-literacy skills[J].Reading Research Quarterly,38(3):330-355.
[20]Gokhale,A.(1995).Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking[J]Journal of Technology Education,7(1):22-25.
[21]Gourgey,A.(1998).Metacognition in basic skills instruction[J].Instructional Science,26(1):81-96.
[22]Greenstein,L.(2012).Assessing 21st century skills:Aguide to evaluating mastery and authentic learning[M].California:Corwin Press.
[23]Guilford,J.(1968).Intelligence,creativity,and their educational implications[M].San Diego,CA:Robert R.Kmapp.
[24]IBM(2010).Capitalizing on complexity:Insights from the global chief executive officer study.[DB/OL].http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/gb/en/gbe03297usen/GBE03297USEN.PDF.
[25]Janis,I.(1971).Groupthink[J].Psychology Today,5(6):43-46.
[26]Johnson,D.W.,Johnson,R.T.,&Stanne,M.B.(2000).Cooperative learning methods:A meta-analysis[C].Minneapolis University of Minnesota.
[27]Johnson,R,&Johnson,D.(1986).Cooperative learning in the science classroom[J].Science and Children,(24):31-32.
[28]Johnson,D.&Johnson,R.(1990).Cooperative learning and achievement[A].In S.Sharan(Ed.),Cooperative learning[C].San Juan Capistrano,CA:Kagan Cooperative Learning.
[29]Kim,K.(2008).Meta-Analyses of the relationship of creative achievement to both IQ and divergent thinking test scores[J].The Journal of Creative Behavior,42(2):106-130.
[30]Kuhn,D.(1999).A developmental model of critical thinking[J].Educational Researcher,28(2):16-46.
[31]Larson,K.A.&Gerber,M.M.(1987).Effects of social metacognitive training of enhanced overt behavior in learning disabled and low achieving delinquents[J].Exceptional Children,54(3):201-211
[32]Leahey,E.&Reikowsky,R.(2008).Research specialization and collaboration patterns in sociology[J].Social Studies of Science,38(3):425-440.
[33]Luetge,C.Rusch,H.&Uhl,M.(2014).Experimental ethics:Toward an empirical moral philosophy[M].UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
[34]Martin,E.&Ramsden,P.(1986).Learning skills and skill in learning,in J.T.E.Richardson,M.Eysenck,&D.Warren-Piper(Eds.),Student learning:Research in education and cognitive psychology(Guildford,Surrey:Society for Research into Higher Education&NFER-Nelson)as cited in J.Biggs(1988),The role of metacognition in enhancing learning[J].Australian Journal of Education 32,(2):127-138.
[35]Mc Creedy,A.(2004).The‘creativity problem’and the future of the Japanese workforce[R].Asia Program Special Report,(121):1-3.
[36]Mc Keachie,W.J.(1988).The need for study strategy training,In C.E.Weinstein,E.T.Goetz,&P.A.Alexander(Eds.),Learning and study strategies:Issues in assessment,instruction,and evaluation[R].New York:Academic Press,3-9.
[37]Mevarech,Z.and Kramarski,B.(2014).Critical maths for innovative societies:The role of metacognitive pedagogies[R].Paris,France:OECD Publishing.
[38]Meyer,J.(2006).Overcoming barriers to student understanding:Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge[M].Oxon,UK:Routledge.
[39]Miele,D.B.,Son,L.K.&Metcalfe,J.(2013).Children’s naive theories of intelligence influence their metacognitive judgments[J].Child Development,84(6):1879-1886.
[40]Miller,C.&Ahmad,Y.(2000).Collaboration and partnership:an effective response to complexity and fragmentation or solution built on sand[J].International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,20(5/6):1-38.
[41]Morgan,E.R.&Winter,R.J.(1996).Teaching communication skills:An essential part of residency training[J].Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,150(6):638-42.
[42]Nilsson,P.(2012).Four ways to measure creativity.In sense and sensation writing on education,creativity,and cognitive science[DB/OL].http://www.senseandsensation.com/2012/03/assessing-creativity.html.
[43]Nilsson,P.(2013)Taxonomy of creative design.sense and sensation writing on education,creativity,and cognitive science.http://www.senseandsensation.com/2012/03/taxonomy-of-creative-design.html?view=magazine.
[44]OECD(2013).OECD skills outlook 2013:First results from the survey of adult skills[R].Paris,France:OECD Publishing.
[45]Parr,C.(2013).Not staying the course,inside higher Ed.[DB/OL]Times Higher Education.https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/05/10/new-studylow-mooc-completion-rates.
[46]Perkins,D.(2006).Constructivism and troublesome knowledge.In J.H.F Meyer&R.Land(Eds.),Overcoming barriers to student understanding:Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge[R],Oxford:Taylor&Francis.
[47]Phillips,D.(1995).The good,the bad,and the ugly:The many faces of constructivism[J].Educational researcher,24(7):5-12.
[48]Poynard,T.et al.(2002).Truth survival in clinical research:an evidence-based requiem[J].Annals of internal medicine,136(12):888-895.
[49]Runco,M.&Richards,R.(Eds.)(1997).Eminent creativity,everyday creativity,and health[M].California:Greenwood Publishing Group.
[50]Russ,S.(1998).Play,creativity,and adaptive functioning:Implications for play interventions[J].Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,27(4):469-480.
[51]Salvo,V.Di,&Larsen,J.(1987).A contingency approach to communication skill importance:The impact of occupation,direction,and position[J].Journal of Business Communication,24(3):3-22.
[52]Sarri,K.,Bakouros,I.,&Petridou,E.(2010).Entrepreneur training for creativity and innovation[J].Journal of European Industrial Training,34(3):270-288.
[53]Schmidt,A.M.&Ford,J.K.(2003).Learning within a learner control training environment:the interactive effects of goal orientation and metacognitive instruction on learning outcomes[J].Personnel Psychology,56,(2):405-429.
[54]Schraw G.and Moshman,D.(1995).Metacognitive theories[J].Educational Psychology Papers and Publications,7(4):351-371.
[55]Schwitzgebel,E.(2013).The moral behavior of ethicists and the role of the fhilosopher[A].in C.Luetge,H.Rusch,M.Uhl(eds.)Experimental ethics:Toward an empirical moral philosophy[C].London:Mac Millan.
[56]Scriven,M.&Paul,R.(1987).National Council for excellence in critical thinking.[DB/OL].https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766.
[57]Sheffield,L.J(2013).Creativity and school mathematics:some modest observations[J].ZDM,45(2):325-332.
[58]Sumner,W.(1940).Folkways:A study of the sociological importance of usages,manners,customs,mores,and morals[M].New York:Ginn and Co.:632,633.
[59]Surowiecki,J.(2005).The wisdom of crowds[M].Anchor Books:USA.
[60]Toffler,A.(1971).Future Shock[M].New York:Bantam Books.
[61]Trilling,B.,&Fadel,C.(2009).21st century skills:Learning for life in our times[M].New York:Jossey-Bass.
[62]Uzzi,B.,&Spiro,J.(2005).Collaboration and creativity:The small world Problem1[J].American Journal of Sociology,111(2):447-504.
[63]Ziv,A.(1983).The influence of humorous atmosphere on divergent thinking[J].Contemporary Educational Psychology,8(1):68-75.