新自由主义形式:韩国金融危机电影中的电脑生成图像、算法和霸权(下)
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摘要
这篇文章分析了计算机生成图像机制技术、美国霸权与新自由主义金融在韩国"金融危机电影"中的复杂关联。这些电影中所充满的各种新自由主义形式,象征着这些电影在努力反思大众电影与金融之间的亲和性,尤其是电影的物质机器与因金融危机而进入到韩国公共话语中心的经济机器之间的紧密联结。
This paper examines the co-implications of CGI filmmaking, US hegemony, and neoliberal financialization as manifested in Korea's "IMF crisis cinema." These films are populated by what I term neoliberal forms that epitomize the effort in this cinema to reflect on the innate proximity of popular filmmaking to finance, and specifically on the proximity between its own material apparatus and the economic apparatus that the IMF crisis inserted into the center of Korean public discourse.
This paper examines the co-implications of CGI filmmaking, US hegemony, and neoliberal financialization as manifested in Korea's "IMF crisis cinema." These films are populated by what I term neoliberal forms that epitomize the effort in this cinema to reflect on the innate proximity of popular filmmaking to finance, and specifically on the proximity between its own material apparatus and the economic apparatus that the IMF crisis inserted into the center of Korean public discourse.
引文
1 Rodowick,The Virtual Life of Film,104.
2 Roger Eckhardt,“Stan Ulam,Jon von Neumann,and the Monte Carlo Method,”in From Cardinals to Chaos:Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Stainslaw Ulam,ed.Necia Grant Cooper et al.(New York,1989),131.
3 Robert L.Cook et al.,“Stochastic Simplification of Aggregate Detail,”Pixar Technical Memo#06-05a(May 2007),http://graphics.pixar.com/library/Stochastic Simplification/paper.pdf.
4,5 Alexander R.Galloway,The Interface Effect(Malden,MA,2012),54,76,52,9.
6 De Man,“The Rhetoric of Temporality,”207.
7 Galloway,The Interface Effect,54.
8 Ibid.,72.加洛韦附带性地提到但却未予考虑他自己的寓言算法(allegorithm)概念,这个术语是在早期一篇文章中锻造出来的,用来描述游戏者为了赢得游戏而不得不做的事情,其目的是用来它解释各种算法,或者“去发现与之相似的寓言算法。”参见:Alexander R.Galloway,“Playing the Code:Allegories of Control in Civilization,”Radical Philosophy 128(2004):35.
9多谢詹姆斯·德尔恩贝尔格(James Doernberg)和蒂莫西·雷默兹(Timothy Reynolds)向我指出了这些要素。
10 Galloway,The Interface Effect,117.
11 Aaron Kunin,“Character’s Lounge,”Modern Language Quarterly 70,No.3(2009):291.
12 Katharine H.S.Moon,Sex Among Allies:Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations(New York,1997);Lee,Service Economies,125-83;Na Young Lee,“The Construction of Military Prostitution in South Korea during the U.S.Military Rule,1945-1948,”Feminist Studies 33,No.3(2007):453-81.
13参见:Lee,Service Economies,134.
14 Lauren Berlant,Cruel Optimism(Durham,2011),192-93.
15 Jane Tompkins,West of Everything:The Inner Life of Westerns(New York,1992),76.
16参见:Joon Oh Jang,Kyungseok Choo,and Kyung-shik Choi,Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Korean Women for Sexual Exploitation to the United States:A Critical Analysis of Transnational Displacement and Anti-Trafficking Measures(Seoul,2009),52;Jesook Song,South Koreans in the Debt Crisis:The Creation of a Neoliberal Welfare Society(Durham,2009),xv-xx;and Youngbee Dale,“South Korea:The Stimulus Plan,Sexism,and Sex Trafficking,”Washington Times,September 26,2011,http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/rights-so-divine/2011/sep/26/south-korea-stimulus-plan-sexism-and-human-traffic/.Jang et al.,Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Korean Women for Sexual Exploitation to the United States,71.
17 Jin-Ho Jang,“Neoliberalism in South Korea:The Dynamics of Financialization,”in New Millennium South Korea:Neoliberal Capitalism and Transnational Movements,48.18,19 Li Puma and Lee,Financial Derivatives,134,167.
20参见:Yoolim Lee,“Korean Corporations Court Bankruptcy with Suicidal KIKOOptions,”Bloomberg,March24,2009,http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid?a DQ1p Zabcy Io&pid?newsarchive.
21 J.A.Kregel,“Derivatives and Global Capital Flows:Applications to Asia,”Cambridge Journal of Economics 22(1998):677-78,686.
22参见:Seung-Ook Lee,Sook-Jon Kim,and Joel Wainwright,“Mad Cow Militancy:Neoliberal Hegemony and Social Resistance in South Korea,”Political Geography 29(2010):360.
23,24 Alexander R.Galloway,“The Poverty of Philosophy:Realism and PostFordism,”Critical Inquiry 39,no.2(2013):347,358,362,360.
2 Roger Eckhardt,“Stan Ulam,Jon von Neumann,and the Monte Carlo Method,”in From Cardinals to Chaos:Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Stainslaw Ulam,ed.Necia Grant Cooper et al.(New York,1989),131.
3 Robert L.Cook et al.,“Stochastic Simplification of Aggregate Detail,”Pixar Technical Memo#06-05a(May 2007),http://graphics.pixar.com/library/Stochastic Simplification/paper.pdf.
4,5 Alexander R.Galloway,The Interface Effect(Malden,MA,2012),54,76,52,9.
6 De Man,“The Rhetoric of Temporality,”207.
7 Galloway,The Interface Effect,54.
8 Ibid.,72.加洛韦附带性地提到但却未予考虑他自己的寓言算法(allegorithm)概念,这个术语是在早期一篇文章中锻造出来的,用来描述游戏者为了赢得游戏而不得不做的事情,其目的是用来它解释各种算法,或者“去发现与之相似的寓言算法。”参见:Alexander R.Galloway,“Playing the Code:Allegories of Control in Civilization,”Radical Philosophy 128(2004):35.
9多谢詹姆斯·德尔恩贝尔格(James Doernberg)和蒂莫西·雷默兹(Timothy Reynolds)向我指出了这些要素。
10 Galloway,The Interface Effect,117.
11 Aaron Kunin,“Character’s Lounge,”Modern Language Quarterly 70,No.3(2009):291.
12 Katharine H.S.Moon,Sex Among Allies:Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations(New York,1997);Lee,Service Economies,125-83;Na Young Lee,“The Construction of Military Prostitution in South Korea during the U.S.Military Rule,1945-1948,”Feminist Studies 33,No.3(2007):453-81.
13参见:Lee,Service Economies,134.
14 Lauren Berlant,Cruel Optimism(Durham,2011),192-93.
15 Jane Tompkins,West of Everything:The Inner Life of Westerns(New York,1992),76.
16参见:Joon Oh Jang,Kyungseok Choo,and Kyung-shik Choi,Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Korean Women for Sexual Exploitation to the United States:A Critical Analysis of Transnational Displacement and Anti-Trafficking Measures(Seoul,2009),52;Jesook Song,South Koreans in the Debt Crisis:The Creation of a Neoliberal Welfare Society(Durham,2009),xv-xx;and Youngbee Dale,“South Korea:The Stimulus Plan,Sexism,and Sex Trafficking,”Washington Times,September 26,2011,http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/rights-so-divine/2011/sep/26/south-korea-stimulus-plan-sexism-and-human-traffic/.Jang et al.,Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Korean Women for Sexual Exploitation to the United States,71.
17 Jin-Ho Jang,“Neoliberalism in South Korea:The Dynamics of Financialization,”in New Millennium South Korea:Neoliberal Capitalism and Transnational Movements,48.18,19 Li Puma and Lee,Financial Derivatives,134,167.
20参见:Yoolim Lee,“Korean Corporations Court Bankruptcy with Suicidal KIKOOptions,”Bloomberg,March24,2009,http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?sid?a DQ1p Zabcy Io&pid?newsarchive.
21 J.A.Kregel,“Derivatives and Global Capital Flows:Applications to Asia,”Cambridge Journal of Economics 22(1998):677-78,686.
22参见:Seung-Ook Lee,Sook-Jon Kim,and Joel Wainwright,“Mad Cow Militancy:Neoliberal Hegemony and Social Resistance in South Korea,”Political Geography 29(2010):360.
23,24 Alexander R.Galloway,“The Poverty of Philosophy:Realism and PostFordism,”Critical Inquiry 39,no.2(2013):347,358,362,360.