Development and application of the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer
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摘要
To better characterize the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols, the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer(MCRD-AES) is developed and applied in this study. By using tunable light source and four parallel cavities, the MCRD-AES covers a wide and atmospherically relevant wavelength range from 360 to 663 nm. Four wavelengths(375 nm, 440 nm, 532 nm, and 620 nm) are particularly tested with ammonium sulfate and nigrosine. The refractive index values obtained from this study agree well with literature data. The stability and accuracy of the MCRD-AES are tested, and the minimum detectable extinction coefficient is 0.5 1/Mm. The high sensitivity, high precision, and wavelength changeable of MCRD-AES indicate its great application prospect in comprehensively quantifying the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.
To better characterize the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols, the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer(MCRD-AES) is developed and applied in this study. By using tunable light source and four parallel cavities, the MCRD-AES covers a wide and atmospherically relevant wavelength range from 360 to 663 nm. Four wavelengths(375 nm, 440 nm, 532 nm, and 620 nm) are particularly tested with ammonium sulfate and nigrosine. The refractive index values obtained from this study agree well with literature data. The stability and accuracy of the MCRD-AES are tested, and the minimum detectable extinction coefficient is 0.5 1/Mm. The high sensitivity, high precision, and wavelength changeable of MCRD-AES indicate its great application prospect in comprehensively quantifying the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.
To better characterize the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols, the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer(MCRD-AES) is developed and applied in this study. By using tunable light source and four parallel cavities, the MCRD-AES covers a wide and atmospherically relevant wavelength range from 360 to 663 nm. Four wavelengths(375 nm, 440 nm, 532 nm, and 620 nm) are particularly tested with ammonium sulfate and nigrosine. The refractive index values obtained from this study agree well with literature data. The stability and accuracy of the MCRD-AES are tested, and the minimum detectable extinction coefficient is 0.5 1/Mm. The high sensitivity, high precision, and wavelength changeable of MCRD-AES indicate its great application prospect in comprehensively quantifying the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.
引文
Adler,G.,Riziq,A.A.,Erlick,C.,Rudich,Y.,2009.Effect of intrinsic organic carbon on the optical properties of fresh diesel soot.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.107,6699-6704.
Baynard,T.,Lovejoy,E.R.,Pettersson,A.,Brown,S.S.,Lack,D.,Osthoff,H.,et al.,2007.Design and application of a pulsed cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer for field measurements.Aerosol Sci.Technol.41,447-462.
Bluvshtein,N.,Flores,J.M.,Riziq,A.A.,Rudich,Y.,2012.An approach for faster retrieval of aerosols'complex refractive index using cavity ring-down spectroscopy.Aerosol Sci.Technol.46,1140-1150.
Bohren,C.F.,Huffman,D.R.,1983.Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles.Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA.
Bond,T.C.,Bergstrom,R.W.,2006.Light absorption by carbonaceous particles:an investigative review.Aerosol Sci.Technol.40,27-67.
Boucher,O.,Randall,D.,Artaxo,P.,Bretherton,C.,Feingold,G.,Forster,P.,Kerminen,V.-M.,et al.,2013.Clouds and Aerosols.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Brown,S.S.,2003.Absorption spectroscopy in high-finesse cavities for atmospheric studies.Chem.Rev.103,5219-5238.
Chen,Y.,Bond,T.C.,2010.Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,1773-1787.
Chen,Q.,Ikemori,F.,Mochida,M.,2016.Light absorption and excitation-emission fluorescence of urban organic aerosol components and their relationship to chemical structure.Environ.Sci.Technol.50,10859-10868.
Dinar,E.,Abo Riziq,A.,Spindler,C.,Erlick,C.,Kiss,G.,Rudich,Y.,2008.The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances(HULIS)retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer(CRD-AS).Faraday Discuss.137,279-295.
Flores,J.M.,Zhao,D.F.,Segev,L.,Schlag,P.,Kiendler-Scharr,A.,Fuchs,H.,et al.,2014.Evolution of the complex refractive index in the UV spectral region in ageing secondary organic aerosol.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,5793-5806.
Freedman,M.A.,Hasenkopf,C.A.,Beaver,M.R.,Tolbert,M.A.,2009.Optical properties of internally mixed aerosol particles composed of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulfate.J.Phys.Chem.A 113,13584-13592.
Garvey,D.M.,Pinnick,R.G.,1983.Response characteristics of the particle measuring systems active scattering aerosol spectrometer probe(ASASP-X).Aerosol Sci.Technol.2,477-488.
http://gacp.giss.nasa.gov/data_sets/.
Lack,D.A.,Lovejoy,E.R.,Baynard,T.,Pettersson,A.,Ravishankara,A.R.,2006.Aerosol absorption measurement using photoacoustic spectroscopy:sensitivity,calibration,and uncertainty developments.Aerosol Sci.Technol.40,697-708.
Langridge,J.M.,Richardson,M.S.,Lack,D.,Law,D.,Murphy,D.M.,2011.Aircraft instrument for comprehensive characterization of aerosol optical properties,part I:wavelength-dependent optical extinction and its relative humidity dependence measured using cavity ringdown spectroscopy.Aerosol Sci.Technol.45,1305-1318.
Lang-Yona,M.,Rudich,Y.,Segre,E.,Dinar,E.,Abo-Riziq,A.,2009.Complex refractive indices of aerosols retrieved by continuous wave-cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer.Anal.Chem.81,1762-1769.
Laskin,A.,Laskin,J.,Nizkorodov,S.A.,2015.Chemistry of atmospheric brown carbon.Chem.Rev.115,4335-4382.
Lee,H.J.,Aiona,P.K.,Laskin,A.,Laskin,J.,Nizkorodov,S.A.,2014.Effect of solar radiation on the optical properties and molecular composition of laboratory proxies of atmospheric brown carbon.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,10217-10226.
Li,K.,Wang,W.,Ge,M.,Li,J.,Wang,D.,2014.Optical properties of secondary organic aerosols generated by photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons.Sci.Rep.4,4922-4922.
Li,K.,Li,J.L.,Liggio,J.,Wang,W.G.,Ge,M.F.,Liu,Q.F.,et al.,2017.Enhanced light scattering of secondary organic aerosols by multiphase reactions.Environ.Sci.Technol.51,1285-1292.
Li,K.,Li,J.L.,Wang,W.G.,Li,J.J.,Peng,C.,Wang,D.,et al.,2018.Effects of gas-particle partitioning on refractive index and chemical composition of m-xylene secondary organic aerosol.J.Phys.Chem.A 122,3250-3260.
Liu,P.F.,Zhang,Y.,Martin,S.T.,2013.Complex refractive indices of thin films of secondary organic materials by spectroscopic ellipsometry from 220 to 1200 nm.Environ.Sci.Technol.47,13594-13601.
Liu,P.F.,Abdelmalki,N.,Hung,H.M.,Wang,Y.,Brune,W.H.,Martin,S.T.,2015.Ultraviolet and visible complex refractive indices of secondary organic material produced by photooxidation of the aromatic compounds toluene and m-xylene.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,1435-1446.
Liu,J.M.,Lin,P.,Laskin,A.,Laskin,J.,Kathmann,S.M.,Wise,M.,et al.,2016.Optical properties and aging of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosol.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,12815-12827.
Liu,D.T.,Whitehead,J.,Alfarra,M.R.,Reyes-Villegas,E.,Spracklen,D.V.,Reddington,C.L.,et al.,2017.Black-carbon absorption enhancement in the atmosphere determined by particle mixing state.Nat.Geosci.10,184-188.
Lu,J.W.,Flores,J.M.,Lavi,A.,Abo-Riziq,A.,Rudich,Y.,2011.Changes in the optical properties of benzo a pyrene-coated aerosols upon heterogeneous reactions with NO2and NO3.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.13,6484-6492.
Michel Flores,J.,Bar-Or,R.Z.,Bluvshtein,N.,Abo-Riziq,A.,Kostinski,A.,Borrmann,S.,et al.,2012.Absorbing aerosols at high relative humidity:linking hygroscopic growth to optical properties.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12,5511-5521.
Miles,R.E.H.,Rudic,S.,Orr-Ewing,A.J.,Reid,J.P.,2010.Measurements of the wavelength dependent extinction of aerosols by cavity ring down spectroscopy.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.12,3914-3920.
Moise,T.,Flores,J.M.,Rudich,Y.,2015.Optical properties of secondary organic aerosols and their changes by chemical processes.Chem.Rev.115,4400-4439.
Nakagawa,M.,Nakayama,T.,Sasago,H.,Ueda,S.,Venables,D.S.,Matsumi,Y.,2016.Design and characterization of a novel single-particle polar nephelometer.Aerosol Sci.Technol.50,392-404.
Nakayama,T.,Matsumi,Y.,Sato,K.,Imamura,T.,Yamazaki,A.,Uchiyama,A.,2010.Laboratory studies on optical properties of secondary organic aerosols generated during the photooxidation of toluene and the ozonolysis of alpha-pinene.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.115(doi:10.1029/2010JD014387).
Nakayama,T.,Sato,K.,Matsumi,Y.,Imamura,T.,Yamazaki,A.,Uchiyama,A.,2012.Wavelength dependence of refractive index of secondary organic aerosols generated during the ozonolysis and photooxidation of alpha-Pinene.SOLA 8,119-123.
Nakayama,T.,Sato,K.,Matsumi,Y.,Imamura,T.,Yamazaki,A.,Uchiyama,A.,2013.Wavelength and NOx dependent complex refractive index of SOAs generated from the photooxidation of toluene.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,531-545.
Nakayama,T.,Sato,K.,Tsuge,M.,Imamura,T.,Matsumi,Y.,2015.Complex refractive index of secondary organic aerosol generated from isoprene/NOx photooxidation in the presence and absence of SO2.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.120,7777-7787.
O'Keefe,A.,Deacon,D.A.G.,1988.Cavity ring-down optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources.Rev.Sci.Instrum.59,2544-2551.
Peng,C.,Wang,W.G.,Li,K.,Li,J.L.,Zhou,L.,Wang,L.S.,Ge,M.F.,2018.The optical properties of limonene secondary organic aerosols:the role of NO3,OH and O3in the oxidation processes.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.123,3292-3303.
Phillips,S.M.,Smith,G.D.,2014.Light absorption by charge transfer complexes in brown carbon aerosols.Environ.Sci.Technol.Lett.1,382-386.
Pinnick,R.G.,Rosen,J.M.,Hofmann,D.J.,1973.Measured light-scattering properties of individual aerosol particles compared to Mie scattering theory.Appl.Opt.12,37-41.
Riziq,A.A.,Erlick,C.,Dinar,E.,Rudich,Y.,2007.Optical properties of absorbing and non-absorbing aerosols retrieved by cavity ring down(CRD)spectroscopy.Atmos.Chem.Phys.7,1523-1536.
Riziq,A.A.,Trainic,M.,Erlick,C.,Segre,E.,Rudich,Y.,2008.Extinction efficiencies of coated absorbing aerosols measured by cavity ring down aerosol spectrometry.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,1823-1833.
Sappey,A.D.,Settersten,T.,Hill,E.S.,Linne,M.A.,1998.Fixed-frequency cavity ring down diagnostic for atmospheric particulate matter.Opt.Lett.23,954-956.
Sareen,N.,Schwier,A.N.,Shapiro,E.L.,Mitroo,D.,McNeill,V.F.,2010.Secondary organic material formed by methylglyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,997-1016.
Shapiro,E.L.,Szprengiel,J.,Sareen,N.,Jen,C.N.,Giordano,M.R.,McNeill,V.F.,2009.Light-absorbing secondary organic material formed by glyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.9,2289-2300.
Smith,J.D.,Atkinson,D.B.,2001.A portable pulsed cavity ring-down transmissometer for measurement of the optical extinction of the atmospheric aerosol.Analyst 126,1216-1220.
Song,C.,Gyawali,M.,Zaveri,R.A.,Shilling,J.E.,Arnott,W.P.,2013.Light absorption by secondary organic aerosol from alpha-pinene:effects of oxidants,seed aerosol acidity,and relative humidity.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.118,11,741-11,749.
Toon,O.B.,Pollack,J.B.,Khare,B.N.,1976.Optical-constants of several atmospheric aerosol species-ammonium sulfate,acuminum-oxide,and sodium-chloride.J.Geophys.Res.Oceans Atmos.81,5733-5748.
Trainic,M.,Abo Riziq,A.,Lavi,A.,Flores,J.M.,Rudich,Y.,2011.The optical,physical and chemical properties of the products of glyoxal uptake on ammonium sulfate seed aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,9697-9707.
Wang,L.,Wang,W.G.,Ge,M.F.,2012.Extinction efficiencies of mixed aerosols measured by aerosol cavity ring down spectrometry.Chin.Sci.Bull.57,2567-2573.
Washenfelder,R.A.,Flores,J.M.,Brock,C.A.,Brown,S.S.,Rudich,Y.,2013.Broadband measurements of aerosol extinction in the ultraviolet spectral region.Atmos.Meas.Tech.6,861-877.
White,H.E.,Jenkins,F.A.,1976.Fundamentals of Optics.4th ed.McGraw-Hill Higher Education,New York.
Wu,Y.,Cheng,T.H.,Zheng,L.J.,Chen,H.,2016.Black carbon radiative forcing at TOA decreased during aging.Sci.Rep.6,38592.
Zarzana,K.J.,Cappa,C.D.,Tolbert,M.A.,2014.Sensitivity of aerosol refractive index retrievals using optical spectroscopy.Aerosol Sci.Technol.48,1133-1144.
Zhang,X.Y.,Sun,J.Y.,Wang,Y.Q.,Li,W.J.,Zhang,Q.,Wang,W.G.,et al.,2013.Factors contributing to haze and fog in China.Chin.Sci.Bull.58,1178-1187.
Zhang,R.Y.,Wang,G.H.,Guo,S.,Zamora,M.L.,Ying,Q.,Lin,Y.,et al.,2015.Formation of urban fine particulate matter.Chem.Rev.115,3803-3855.
Zhao,D.F.,Qin,C.B.,Ji,M.,Zhang,Q.,Chen,Y.,2009.Absorption spectra of AsH2radical in 435-510 nm by cavity ringdown spectroscopy.J.Mol.Spectrosc.256,192-197.
Zhong,M.,Jang,M.,2011.Light absorption coefficient measurement of SOA using a UV-visible spectrometer connected with an integrating sphere.Atmos.Environ.45,4263-4271.
Zhong,M.,Jang,M.,Oliferenko,A.,Pillai,G.G.,Katritzky,A.R.,2012.The SOA formation model combined with semiempirical quantum chemistry for predicting UV-Vis absorption of secondary organic aerosols.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.14,9058-9066.
Baynard,T.,Lovejoy,E.R.,Pettersson,A.,Brown,S.S.,Lack,D.,Osthoff,H.,et al.,2007.Design and application of a pulsed cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer for field measurements.Aerosol Sci.Technol.41,447-462.
Bluvshtein,N.,Flores,J.M.,Riziq,A.A.,Rudich,Y.,2012.An approach for faster retrieval of aerosols'complex refractive index using cavity ring-down spectroscopy.Aerosol Sci.Technol.46,1140-1150.
Bohren,C.F.,Huffman,D.R.,1983.Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles.Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA.
Bond,T.C.,Bergstrom,R.W.,2006.Light absorption by carbonaceous particles:an investigative review.Aerosol Sci.Technol.40,27-67.
Boucher,O.,Randall,D.,Artaxo,P.,Bretherton,C.,Feingold,G.,Forster,P.,Kerminen,V.-M.,et al.,2013.Clouds and Aerosols.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Brown,S.S.,2003.Absorption spectroscopy in high-finesse cavities for atmospheric studies.Chem.Rev.103,5219-5238.
Chen,Y.,Bond,T.C.,2010.Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,1773-1787.
Chen,Q.,Ikemori,F.,Mochida,M.,2016.Light absorption and excitation-emission fluorescence of urban organic aerosol components and their relationship to chemical structure.Environ.Sci.Technol.50,10859-10868.
Dinar,E.,Abo Riziq,A.,Spindler,C.,Erlick,C.,Kiss,G.,Rudich,Y.,2008.The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances(HULIS)retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer(CRD-AS).Faraday Discuss.137,279-295.
Flores,J.M.,Zhao,D.F.,Segev,L.,Schlag,P.,Kiendler-Scharr,A.,Fuchs,H.,et al.,2014.Evolution of the complex refractive index in the UV spectral region in ageing secondary organic aerosol.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,5793-5806.
Freedman,M.A.,Hasenkopf,C.A.,Beaver,M.R.,Tolbert,M.A.,2009.Optical properties of internally mixed aerosol particles composed of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulfate.J.Phys.Chem.A 113,13584-13592.
Garvey,D.M.,Pinnick,R.G.,1983.Response characteristics of the particle measuring systems active scattering aerosol spectrometer probe(ASASP-X).Aerosol Sci.Technol.2,477-488.
http://gacp.giss.nasa.gov/data_sets/.
Lack,D.A.,Lovejoy,E.R.,Baynard,T.,Pettersson,A.,Ravishankara,A.R.,2006.Aerosol absorption measurement using photoacoustic spectroscopy:sensitivity,calibration,and uncertainty developments.Aerosol Sci.Technol.40,697-708.
Langridge,J.M.,Richardson,M.S.,Lack,D.,Law,D.,Murphy,D.M.,2011.Aircraft instrument for comprehensive characterization of aerosol optical properties,part I:wavelength-dependent optical extinction and its relative humidity dependence measured using cavity ringdown spectroscopy.Aerosol Sci.Technol.45,1305-1318.
Lang-Yona,M.,Rudich,Y.,Segre,E.,Dinar,E.,Abo-Riziq,A.,2009.Complex refractive indices of aerosols retrieved by continuous wave-cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer.Anal.Chem.81,1762-1769.
Laskin,A.,Laskin,J.,Nizkorodov,S.A.,2015.Chemistry of atmospheric brown carbon.Chem.Rev.115,4335-4382.
Lee,H.J.,Aiona,P.K.,Laskin,A.,Laskin,J.,Nizkorodov,S.A.,2014.Effect of solar radiation on the optical properties and molecular composition of laboratory proxies of atmospheric brown carbon.Environ.Sci.Technol.48,10217-10226.
Li,K.,Wang,W.,Ge,M.,Li,J.,Wang,D.,2014.Optical properties of secondary organic aerosols generated by photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons.Sci.Rep.4,4922-4922.
Li,K.,Li,J.L.,Liggio,J.,Wang,W.G.,Ge,M.F.,Liu,Q.F.,et al.,2017.Enhanced light scattering of secondary organic aerosols by multiphase reactions.Environ.Sci.Technol.51,1285-1292.
Li,K.,Li,J.L.,Wang,W.G.,Li,J.J.,Peng,C.,Wang,D.,et al.,2018.Effects of gas-particle partitioning on refractive index and chemical composition of m-xylene secondary organic aerosol.J.Phys.Chem.A 122,3250-3260.
Liu,P.F.,Zhang,Y.,Martin,S.T.,2013.Complex refractive indices of thin films of secondary organic materials by spectroscopic ellipsometry from 220 to 1200 nm.Environ.Sci.Technol.47,13594-13601.
Liu,P.F.,Abdelmalki,N.,Hung,H.M.,Wang,Y.,Brune,W.H.,Martin,S.T.,2015.Ultraviolet and visible complex refractive indices of secondary organic material produced by photooxidation of the aromatic compounds toluene and m-xylene.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,1435-1446.
Liu,J.M.,Lin,P.,Laskin,A.,Laskin,J.,Kathmann,S.M.,Wise,M.,et al.,2016.Optical properties and aging of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosol.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16,12815-12827.
Liu,D.T.,Whitehead,J.,Alfarra,M.R.,Reyes-Villegas,E.,Spracklen,D.V.,Reddington,C.L.,et al.,2017.Black-carbon absorption enhancement in the atmosphere determined by particle mixing state.Nat.Geosci.10,184-188.
Lu,J.W.,Flores,J.M.,Lavi,A.,Abo-Riziq,A.,Rudich,Y.,2011.Changes in the optical properties of benzo a pyrene-coated aerosols upon heterogeneous reactions with NO2and NO3.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.13,6484-6492.
Michel Flores,J.,Bar-Or,R.Z.,Bluvshtein,N.,Abo-Riziq,A.,Kostinski,A.,Borrmann,S.,et al.,2012.Absorbing aerosols at high relative humidity:linking hygroscopic growth to optical properties.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12,5511-5521.
Miles,R.E.H.,Rudic,S.,Orr-Ewing,A.J.,Reid,J.P.,2010.Measurements of the wavelength dependent extinction of aerosols by cavity ring down spectroscopy.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.12,3914-3920.
Moise,T.,Flores,J.M.,Rudich,Y.,2015.Optical properties of secondary organic aerosols and their changes by chemical processes.Chem.Rev.115,4400-4439.
Nakagawa,M.,Nakayama,T.,Sasago,H.,Ueda,S.,Venables,D.S.,Matsumi,Y.,2016.Design and characterization of a novel single-particle polar nephelometer.Aerosol Sci.Technol.50,392-404.
Nakayama,T.,Matsumi,Y.,Sato,K.,Imamura,T.,Yamazaki,A.,Uchiyama,A.,2010.Laboratory studies on optical properties of secondary organic aerosols generated during the photooxidation of toluene and the ozonolysis of alpha-pinene.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.115(doi:10.1029/2010JD014387).
Nakayama,T.,Sato,K.,Matsumi,Y.,Imamura,T.,Yamazaki,A.,Uchiyama,A.,2012.Wavelength dependence of refractive index of secondary organic aerosols generated during the ozonolysis and photooxidation of alpha-Pinene.SOLA 8,119-123.
Nakayama,T.,Sato,K.,Matsumi,Y.,Imamura,T.,Yamazaki,A.,Uchiyama,A.,2013.Wavelength and NOx dependent complex refractive index of SOAs generated from the photooxidation of toluene.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,531-545.
Nakayama,T.,Sato,K.,Tsuge,M.,Imamura,T.,Matsumi,Y.,2015.Complex refractive index of secondary organic aerosol generated from isoprene/NOx photooxidation in the presence and absence of SO2.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.120,7777-7787.
O'Keefe,A.,Deacon,D.A.G.,1988.Cavity ring-down optical spectrometer for absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources.Rev.Sci.Instrum.59,2544-2551.
Peng,C.,Wang,W.G.,Li,K.,Li,J.L.,Zhou,L.,Wang,L.S.,Ge,M.F.,2018.The optical properties of limonene secondary organic aerosols:the role of NO3,OH and O3in the oxidation processes.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.123,3292-3303.
Phillips,S.M.,Smith,G.D.,2014.Light absorption by charge transfer complexes in brown carbon aerosols.Environ.Sci.Technol.Lett.1,382-386.
Pinnick,R.G.,Rosen,J.M.,Hofmann,D.J.,1973.Measured light-scattering properties of individual aerosol particles compared to Mie scattering theory.Appl.Opt.12,37-41.
Riziq,A.A.,Erlick,C.,Dinar,E.,Rudich,Y.,2007.Optical properties of absorbing and non-absorbing aerosols retrieved by cavity ring down(CRD)spectroscopy.Atmos.Chem.Phys.7,1523-1536.
Riziq,A.A.,Trainic,M.,Erlick,C.,Segre,E.,Rudich,Y.,2008.Extinction efficiencies of coated absorbing aerosols measured by cavity ring down aerosol spectrometry.Atmos.Chem.Phys.8,1823-1833.
Sappey,A.D.,Settersten,T.,Hill,E.S.,Linne,M.A.,1998.Fixed-frequency cavity ring down diagnostic for atmospheric particulate matter.Opt.Lett.23,954-956.
Sareen,N.,Schwier,A.N.,Shapiro,E.L.,Mitroo,D.,McNeill,V.F.,2010.Secondary organic material formed by methylglyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,997-1016.
Shapiro,E.L.,Szprengiel,J.,Sareen,N.,Jen,C.N.,Giordano,M.R.,McNeill,V.F.,2009.Light-absorbing secondary organic material formed by glyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.9,2289-2300.
Smith,J.D.,Atkinson,D.B.,2001.A portable pulsed cavity ring-down transmissometer for measurement of the optical extinction of the atmospheric aerosol.Analyst 126,1216-1220.
Song,C.,Gyawali,M.,Zaveri,R.A.,Shilling,J.E.,Arnott,W.P.,2013.Light absorption by secondary organic aerosol from alpha-pinene:effects of oxidants,seed aerosol acidity,and relative humidity.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.118,11,741-11,749.
Toon,O.B.,Pollack,J.B.,Khare,B.N.,1976.Optical-constants of several atmospheric aerosol species-ammonium sulfate,acuminum-oxide,and sodium-chloride.J.Geophys.Res.Oceans Atmos.81,5733-5748.
Trainic,M.,Abo Riziq,A.,Lavi,A.,Flores,J.M.,Rudich,Y.,2011.The optical,physical and chemical properties of the products of glyoxal uptake on ammonium sulfate seed aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11,9697-9707.
Wang,L.,Wang,W.G.,Ge,M.F.,2012.Extinction efficiencies of mixed aerosols measured by aerosol cavity ring down spectrometry.Chin.Sci.Bull.57,2567-2573.
Washenfelder,R.A.,Flores,J.M.,Brock,C.A.,Brown,S.S.,Rudich,Y.,2013.Broadband measurements of aerosol extinction in the ultraviolet spectral region.Atmos.Meas.Tech.6,861-877.
White,H.E.,Jenkins,F.A.,1976.Fundamentals of Optics.4th ed.McGraw-Hill Higher Education,New York.
Wu,Y.,Cheng,T.H.,Zheng,L.J.,Chen,H.,2016.Black carbon radiative forcing at TOA decreased during aging.Sci.Rep.6,38592.
Zarzana,K.J.,Cappa,C.D.,Tolbert,M.A.,2014.Sensitivity of aerosol refractive index retrievals using optical spectroscopy.Aerosol Sci.Technol.48,1133-1144.
Zhang,X.Y.,Sun,J.Y.,Wang,Y.Q.,Li,W.J.,Zhang,Q.,Wang,W.G.,et al.,2013.Factors contributing to haze and fog in China.Chin.Sci.Bull.58,1178-1187.
Zhang,R.Y.,Wang,G.H.,Guo,S.,Zamora,M.L.,Ying,Q.,Lin,Y.,et al.,2015.Formation of urban fine particulate matter.Chem.Rev.115,3803-3855.
Zhao,D.F.,Qin,C.B.,Ji,M.,Zhang,Q.,Chen,Y.,2009.Absorption spectra of AsH2radical in 435-510 nm by cavity ringdown spectroscopy.J.Mol.Spectrosc.256,192-197.
Zhong,M.,Jang,M.,2011.Light absorption coefficient measurement of SOA using a UV-visible spectrometer connected with an integrating sphere.Atmos.Environ.45,4263-4271.
Zhong,M.,Jang,M.,Oliferenko,A.,Pillai,G.G.,Katritzky,A.R.,2012.The SOA formation model combined with semiempirical quantum chemistry for predicting UV-Vis absorption of secondary organic aerosols.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.14,9058-9066.