空间正义与新型城镇化研究的方法论
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摘要
在经济社会转型和进入新常态的背景下,以往重数量、规模扩张和经济效益的快速城镇化模式引发的许多空间不公正问题开始突显出来,如何实现土地资源配置、空间发展权利等方面的公平,亟需用空间正义的理论思维去反思和重构中国的城镇化发展模式。空间正义理论具有社会空间、多尺度性、批判建构三个主要特征,它们对城镇化研究和实践产生重要影响。西方地理学界对空间正义已有较充分的理论讨论,实践案例亦很丰富,国内还处在初步了解和探索的阶段,缺少适合中国体制和社会发展需求的理论。通过对空间正义思想与理论的梳理,提倡综合运用多种方法,进行多尺度、多主体综合分析和案例比较,探讨和总结基于空间正义的中国城镇化演化机理与发展模式。在社会空间辩证法的指导下,运用定性、多尺度、多智能体的方法,揭示中国城镇化进程的演变机制,寻找改善途径进而实现城市空间正义。将空间正义思想用于城乡发展与规划,可为城镇化研究提供新视角,并引导城镇化转型,实现经济社会及城乡的常态发展。
In the context of economic-social transformation and entering the new normal, many spatial injustice problems have emerged due to the previous rapid urbanization mode, which is characterized by emphasis of the quantity, scale expansion and economic benefits. How to achieve the equality of land resource allocation and space development rights are urgently needed to use the theoretical thinking of spatial justice to reflect and reconstruct China's urbanization development mode. The theory of spatial justice has three features: social space,multi-scale and critical construction, which have a significant impact on urbanization research and practice. Western geographers have already had sufficient theoretical discussions on spatial justice with rich practical cases. However, China is still in the initial stage of exploration,lacking the theory that is suitable for China's system and social development needs. Through combining the ideas and the theories of spatial justice, this paper advocates the integrated use of multiple methods to conduct comprehensive analysis and case comparison of multi-scale and multi-agent, explores and summarizes the evolution mechanism and development mode of China's urbanization based on spatial justice. Informed by the socio-spatial dialectic, this paper uses qualitative, multi-scale and multi-agent methods to reveal the evolution mechanism of China's urbanization, seeking for improvement ways so as to realize urban spatial justice.Utilizing the idea of spatial justice to rural-urban development and planning can provide a new perspective for urbanization research and guide the transformation of urbanization to achieve the normal development of economic society and rural-urban areas.
In the context of economic-social transformation and entering the new normal, many spatial injustice problems have emerged due to the previous rapid urbanization mode, which is characterized by emphasis of the quantity, scale expansion and economic benefits. How to achieve the equality of land resource allocation and space development rights are urgently needed to use the theoretical thinking of spatial justice to reflect and reconstruct China's urbanization development mode. The theory of spatial justice has three features: social space,multi-scale and critical construction, which have a significant impact on urbanization research and practice. Western geographers have already had sufficient theoretical discussions on spatial justice with rich practical cases. However, China is still in the initial stage of exploration,lacking the theory that is suitable for China's system and social development needs. Through combining the ideas and the theories of spatial justice, this paper advocates the integrated use of multiple methods to conduct comprehensive analysis and case comparison of multi-scale and multi-agent, explores and summarizes the evolution mechanism and development mode of China's urbanization based on spatial justice. Informed by the socio-spatial dialectic, this paper uses qualitative, multi-scale and multi-agent methods to reveal the evolution mechanism of China's urbanization, seeking for improvement ways so as to realize urban spatial justice.Utilizing the idea of spatial justice to rural-urban development and planning can provide a new perspective for urbanization research and guide the transformation of urbanization to achieve the normal development of economic society and rural-urban areas.
引文
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[19]Hay A.Concepts of equity,fairness and justice in geographical studies.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series,1995,20(4):500-508.
[20]Soja E.Seeking Spatial Justice.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2010.
[21]Dikec M.Justice and the spatial imagination.Environment and Planning A,2001,33(10):1785-1805.
[22]Merrett C.Social justice:What is it?Why teach it?.Journal of Geography,2004,103:93-101.
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[27]Cutter S.Race,class and environmental justice.Progress in Human Geography,1995,19(1):111-122.
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[29]Adger W.Scales of governance and environmental justice for adaption and mitigation of climate change.Journal of International Development,2001,13(7):921-931.
[30]Kurtz H.Scale frames and counter-scale frames:Constructing the problem of environmental injustice.Political Geography,2003,22:887-916.
[31]Pellow D.The politics of illegal dumping:An environmental justice framework.Qualitative Sociology,2004,27(4):511-525.
[32]Walker G.Beyond distribution and proximity:Exploring the multiple spatialities of environmental justice.Antipode,2009,41(4):614-636.
[33]Kay S,Zhao B,Sui D.Can social media clear the air?A case study of the air pollution problem in Chinese cities.The Professional Geographer,2015,67(3):351-363.
[34]Esnard A,Gelobter M,Morales X."Environmental justice,GIS and pedagogy".Cartographica:The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,2001,38(3-4):53-61.
[35]Mantaay J.Mapping environmental injustices:Pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity.Environmental Health Perspectives,2002,l10(2):161-171.
[36]Most M,Sengupta R,Burgener M A.Spatial scale and population assignment choices in environmental justice analyses.The Professional Geographer,2004,56(4):574-586.
[37]Holifield R,Michael P,Gordon W.Introduction spaces of environmental justice:Frameworks for critical engagement.Antipode,2009,41(4):591-612.
[38]Bickerstaff K,Agyeman J.Assembling justice spaces:The scalar politics of environmental justice in North-east England.Antipode,2009,41(4):781-806.
[39]Buckingham S,Rakibe K.Gendered geographies of environmental injustice.Antipode,2009,41(4):659-683.
[40]哈维.社会正义、后现代主义与城市.朱康译.见罗岗.帝国、都市与现代性.南京:江苏人民出版社,2006.[Harvey David.Social Justice,Postmodernism and Cities.Translated by Zhu Kang.In:Luo Gang.Empire,Cosmopolis and Modernity.Nanjing:Jiangshu People's Press,2006.]
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